Geology Chapter 1- The Nature of Geology

_______ rocks are formed directly by precipitates from hot water. Some geologists consider these to be a type of metamorphic rock

Hydrothermal

_______ is the balance or equilibrium of adjacent blocks of brittle lithosphere floating on the ductile asthenosphere.

Isostasy

The physical state of Earth's inner core is ______ and the outer core is __________.

Solid, molten

Weathering

The breaking down of rocks either mechanically or chemically

Which of the following correctly describe the primary differences between continents and ocean basins? The continents experience varying temperatures, but the ocean do not The continents vary in topography, but the ocean basins do not The continents and ocean basins have different rock types The continents and ocean basins have different rock thicknesses

The continents and ocean basins have different rock types The continents and ocean basins have different rock thicknesses

oceanic crust

basalt

There are two main types of crust on Earth; they are _____ and ______

continental and oceanic

twenty-eight thousand years ago, earth was _______ than it is today, and the continental ice sheets covered large areas of land as a result

cooler

Geology is the scientific study of the ocean the atmosphere earth living things

earth

Besides liquid water, the other two transportation agents of sediments are _______ and _______. Gravity also plays a role in moving sediments.

glaciers, wind

Continental crust

granite

Select three external forces that act on earth radioactive decay in earth's core gravitational forces from the moon gravitational forces from the sun heating from magma within earth electromagnetic forces from the sun

gravitational forces from the moon gravitational forces from the sun electromagnetic forces from the sun

Radioactive decay in Earth, especially in Earth's crust, creates a tremendous amount of ________

heat

Metamorphism involves which three of the processes included in the list below heat pressure weathering deformation erosion

heat, pressure, deformation

The greenhouse effect is the result of _____ that becomes trapped by earth's atmosphere, causing Earth to be much warmer than it otherwise would be. gravity infrared energy condensation ultraviolet radiation

infrared energy

core

iron and nickel

steep mountain fronts

large, angular rocks

Sedimentary rocks are formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments in a process classed __________. erosion weathering deposition lithification

lithification

The asthenosphere is located beneath the _________. mantle lithosphere outer core

lithosphere

The ______ is the rigid portion of Earth composed of the ______ and uppermost part of the mantle

lithosphere, crust

Melting of rocks at great depth produces

magma

A(n) _____ rock type is formed when heat and pressure are applied to a preexisting metamorphic, igneous, or sedimentary rock, without causing melting

metamorphic

The age of the rock and how the rock formed are the two geologic factors that affect where ______ resources, such as copper and iron, are located

mineral

Sand dunes

mostly sand shifted by wind action

Transportation

moving pieces of rock by wind, ice, or water

seafloor

mud and the remains of sea creatures

Deposition

occurs when the energy of the transported materials decreases

mantle

olivine

Lava is molten rock that cools _________. on the surface underground

on the surface

Lithification

process of sediment turning into rock

Select the three primary delivery systems that transport sediments from land into the oceans. rivers gravity wind earthquakes elevation

rivers, gravity, wind

The process in which a rock may move from one place to another or be converted into a new rock type is the _____ cycle.

rock

River channels

sand, pebbles, and cobbles, along with silt and clay

When rocks are broken down and worn away, they form loose materials of all sizes called ____

sediment

Select all of the correct answers that are related to the fate of solar energy entering Earth's atmosphere solar energy evaporates water in the atmosphere some light is converted into chemical energy by plants some light is converted into infrared radiation it's heats Earth's atmosphere the light converted into ultraviolet radiation is not dangerous to life-forms on earth

solar energy evaporates water in the atmosphere some light is converted into chemical energy by plants some light is converted into infrared radiation it's heats Earth's atmosphere

Which two of the following processes might magma undergo as it cools? deposition sedimentation solidification erosion crystallization

solidification, crystallization

Two factors that affect regional elevations are ________. distance from the outer core temperature of the lithosphere density of the rock distance from the inner core

temperature of the lithosphere, density of the rock

Which of the following describe the eastern part of North America compared to the western part? Choose all that apply volcanoes are numerous mountains and valleys make it appear more complex the coast is surrounded by a broad shelf the mountains are more subdued

the coast is surrounded by a broad shelf the mountains are more subdued

What happens to a mountain range in terms of isostatic adjustment following a period of significant erosion? the continental crust underneath will subside erosion does not affect isostasy the continental crust underneath will be uplifted

the continental crust underneath will be uplifted

What happens to material that is hotter than its surrounding material deep within Earth? Nothing. the hot material doesn't move at all the hot material slowly moves up toward the surface the hot material moves slowly down the toward the core

the hot material slowly moves up toward the surface

The lithosphere is _______ also called the mantle the rigid portion of Earth(crust and upper mantle) also called the crust where convection occurs in the mantle

the rigid portion of Earth(crust and upper mantle)

______ are geologic considerations when identifying physically safe places for human habitation the availability of nutrients in the soil the strength of underlying geology faults in earth's crust that can potentially cause earthquakes the steepness of hillsides proximity of residential areas

the strength of underlying geology faults in earth's crust that can potentially cause earthquakes the steepness of hillsides

Magma is molten rock that occurs on the surface underground

underground

Uplift

upward movement of underground rocks to the surface

What are the three primary agents that act to deposit sediments, which may eventually become sedimentary rocks? water tides ice elevation wind

water, ice, wind(air)