geology II test 1

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magmas that produce __________ igneous rocks contain about 50% silica or less

magic/basaltic

contact metamorphism results whenever

magma is in contact with and bakes colder country rock

what causes magma to rise within the earth

magma is less dense than the surrounding rock

rhyolitic/granitic magma

magma of felsic composition

andesitic magme

magma of intermediate composition

basaltic magma

magma of magic composition

what is magmatic differentiation

magmatic differentiation is the process by which the same magma may produce igneous rocks of different composition

Matthews and Vine found:

magnetic anomalies on the seafloor; magnetic reversals that supported the seafloor spreading hypothesis and tectonic plates hypothesis

which of maths major divisions makes up over 82 percent of our planets volume

mantle

calcite in limestone recrystallizes to form larger interlocking calcite grains. this rock is

marble

which one of the following metamorphic rocks is generally non foliated

marble

metamorphic rocks with the same mineral assemblage belong to the same

metamorphic facies

Dynamic Metamorphism

metamorphism that occurs as a consequence of shearing alone, with no change in temperature or pressure. exhibits a smeared banded texture

Metamorphism involving the interaction of rocks and minerals with hot reactive fluids in which there is an exchange of ions between the hot reactive fluid and the minerals is termed _______.

metasomatism

schistose

mica or needle shaped minerals are coarse grained and aligned parallel to foliation plate

A metamorphic rock (typically a gneiss) that has undergone partial melting and rapid recrystallization of the felsic-mineral bands to produce a hybrid metamorphic-igneous rock is called

migmatite

the smallest unit of a compound that is still that compound

molecule

what is the name of the volcano which erupted in 1980 in Washington state and caused widespread damage in the washington and oregon region

mount saint helens

laccolith

a mass of igneous rock, typically lens-shaped, that has been intruded between rock strata causing uplift in the shape of a dome.

volcanic breccia

a pyroclastic igneous rock that consists of fragments of volcanic debris, which either fall through the air and accumulate, or form when solidifying lava breaks up during flow

igneous rock

a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface

what is a crater lake

a water-filled collapsed caldera from a cataclysmic volcanic eruption that occurred about 7,700 years ago

shield volcano

a wide, gently sloping mountain made of layers of lava and formed by quiet eruptions

which two minerals are characteristic of lower crystallization temperatures and are absent in basalt and gabbro

muscovite and quartz

gneissic

new minerals separated into light and dark bands , layers, or lenses

are the basalt and gabbros genetically related? in other words, did they both form from the same batch of magma? why or why not?

no, even though both rocks are mafic, the fact that the gabbros had amphibole means it is more evolved than the olivine basalt

cleavage of olivine

none

cleavage of quartz

none

slab

oceanic lithosphere that subjects under a continental plate

the igneous rock peridotite contains mostly the mineral ___

olivine

ferromagnesian silicates (dark in color, mafic)

olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, magnetite

cleavage of biotite and muscovite

one plane

the most abundant element in earths crust is ____

oxygen

shear force causes mineral to align in

parallel direction to the force

fragmental/pyroclastic

particles blasted apart by explosive eruptions

what type of volcanoes are composed of interbedded lava flows and pyroclastic, usually have snow-capped peaks, and are predominantly found along subduction zones

stratovolcanos

a magma's viscosity is directly related to its _____ content

silica

the most common class of rock-forming minerals is the ______ class

silicate

which of these did wegener use to support his theory of continental drift?

similar rocks and similar fossils on different continents

Protolith: shale, mudstone, siltstone: politic Texture: Dull, earthy luster; excellent rock cleavage (breaks in sheets). Metamorphic Grade: low-grade metamorphism Mineralogy: Microscopic micas (muscovite, biotite, chlorite) Foliation: Slaty Rock Name:

slate

dull, earthy luster, not shiny at all; lowest metamorphic grade, protlith is shale

slate

which of the following list of metamorphic rocks depicts the correct order from least metamorphosed to most metamorphosed?

slate-phyllite-schist-gneiss-migmatite

types of texture in metamorphic rocks

slaty, phyllitic, schistose, gneissic

intrusive, plutonic rocks cool ______ and extrusive, volcanic rock cool

slowly underground, quickly above ground

andean type volcanic arc

some of the magma reaches the surface in the form of continental arc volcanism

if you were to chemically analyze this mineral, where would you find the greatest abundance of sodium

spot B, the edge of the mineral

the process by which pieces of surrounding country rock get dislodged and fall into intruding magma bodies, where they are either remelted or incorporated into the magma as xenoliths, is known as

stoping

which type of volcano is typically found along oceanic-continental subduction zones and continental rift zones

stratovolcano/ composite-cone

which type of volcano produces the most explosive eruption

stratovolcano/ composite-cone

Why is the rim of the Pacific Ocean is called the "Ring of Fire"?

the margins of the pacific ocean are lined almost exclusively with subduction zones and hence the most continuous belt of continental and island arc volcanoes

the energy that powers earths internal processes, such as volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building, is supplied by ___

the original heat from earths formation and the decay of radioactive isotopes

ridge push and slab pull

the process in which new material at a ridge or rift pushes older material aside, moving the tectonic plates away from the ridge; the heavy slab pulls more of the plate down

the most important fact affecting the texture of an igneous rock is

the rate of cooling of the magma or lava

hotspots

the surface expression of a mantle plume

doming

-a mountain building process in which magma unable to break through the earth's crust pushes it up -(a) doming is a type of volcanism -(b) doming is a "CONSTRUCTIVE" FORCE

physical properties of a mineral

-color -streak -luster -hardness -specific gravity -crystal habit -fracture or cleavage

a mineral with which of the following silicate structures would dave the highest silica content?

3D or framework silicate structure

What is the net charge of the Si-O tetrahedron?

4-

rift valley

A deep valley that forms where two plates move apart

lava dome

A mountain or hill made from highly viscous lava, which plugs the central conduit of volcanoes

transform boundary

A plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite directions

Lithosphere

A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust and makes up the tectonic plates

cinder cone

A steep, cone-shaped hill or small mountain made of volcanic ash, cinders, and bombs piled up around a volcano's opening

inductive reasoning

A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observation; attempts to explain phenomena by looking at their past causes

metamorphic rock

A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.

sedimentary rock

A type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together or precipitated

composite cone

A volcano composed of both lava flows and pyroclastic material

Who came up with the theory of continental drift?

Alfred Wegener

The image above is a microscope slide of a section of basalt that shows a pyroxene reaction rim surrounding the olivine core. what other mineral would you expect to find in this sample of basalt?

Ca-Plagioclase (maybe)

list the rocks in order of increasing silica content (lowest to highest)

B-E-A basalt, andesite, rhyolite

carbonates

CO3 2-

where would you expect to find the youngest seafloor

D because spreading faster

who developed the seafloor spreading hypothesis

Hess

what was the smoking gun piece of evidence that confirmed the meteorite theory? (Extinction of dinosaurs)

Iridium and shocked quartz at KT boundary

Which statement is true about magma and volcanoes? (Hint: Pay attention to the words in bold)

Low-viscosity, gas-poor magma will flow more readily and easily than high-viscosity magma. Therefore, the eruption will be effusive.

Are the basalt and the gabbro genetically related? In other words, did they both form from the same batch of magma? Why or why not?

No. Even though both rocks are mafic, the fact that the gabbro had amphibole means it is more evolved than the olivine basalt.

common elements

O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg

oxides

O2-, but not bonded to Si, C or S

convergent boundaries

Occur where two plates slide TOWARD each other, commonly forming a subduction zone

Which of the following minerals contains an isolated, or independent, silicate structure (the simplest silicate structure)?

Olivine

decompression melting

Partial melting of hot mantle rock when it moves upward and the pressure is reduced to the extent that the melting point drops, forming magma

Foliated Metamorphic Rocks:Phyllite Protolith: Shale, mudstone, siltstone (politic) Texture: Silky luster, glossy sheen, and wavy surface; good rock cleavage. Metamorphic Grade: low to medium grade, a step up from slate. Mineralogy: Microscopic micas (muscovite, chlorite), but bigger than slate's so as to give the rock its luster. Foliation: Phyllitic Rock Name:

Phyllite

transform boundaries

Places where tectonic plates slide along beside one another as they move

The texture of the igneous rock above can best be described as _______.

Plutonic / Pegmatitic

Deposition

Process in which sediment is laid down in new locations.

Which type of magma, with a silica content of > 65 %, has the greatest tendency to form pyroclastic material and highly explosive eruptions?

Rhyolitic

Sulfides

S2-

Sulfates

SO4 2-

silicates

SiO4 4-

permeability

The ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through its open spaces, or pores.

Gondwanaland

The continents of Africa, South America, India, Australia, and Antarctica when all the continents were a single landmass.

Pumice

igneous rock with froth texture that is felsic to intermediate composition

stratovolcano

The most common volcano. Known for its layers of lava flows and cinder. Built up by violent eruptions that leave the tephra followed by calm eruptions that leave lava flows. They build tall and steep volcanoes.

Subduction

The process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary.

crustal thickening

The process by which the continental crust increases in thickness, becoming up to 70 km thick (vs. normal thickness of about 35 - 40 km); it can occur during continental collision.

lithification

The process that converts sediments into solid rock by compaction or cementation. ex. sediment into sedimentary rock

subduction zone

The region where oceanic plates sink down into the asthenosphere.

Paleomagnetism

The study of the alignment of magnetic minerals in rock,specifically as it relates to the reversal of Earth's magnetic poles; also the magnetic properties that rock requires during formation

mantle wedge

The wedge-shaped area of mantle above a subduction zone where magma is produced.

Calcite fizzes and releases CO2 when exposed to acid

True

Pegmatitic

Very large crystals formed by extremely slow cooling, or in the presence of water

caldera

a large crater caused by the violent explosion of a volcano that collapses into a depression

the main assumption in all the physical science is called _____. This idea states that the laws and principles of nature have been uniform through time. the forces and effects of geologic processes we observe today have been occurring throughout geologic time

actualism

examples of modern continental rifts

afar triple junction caused by the africa super plume

fragmental

all the stuff blown out of an explosive volcanic eruption

examples of failed rifts during the breakup of pangea

amazon river, mississippi river, niger river

lower silica content: pyroxene, plagioclase feldspar= gabbro; higher silica content: k-feldspar, Na-plagioclase feldspar, quartz, small amounts of amphibole, biotite, and muscovite

amount of silica

biotite schism and muscovite schist are metamorphic rocks with a politic (shale) protolith. within which dominant metamorphic facies would you expect to biotite schist and muscovite schist

amphibolite facies

If the partial melt of a gabbro parent rock were to erupt at the surface, the rock that would form would be _______.

andesite

description: intermediate, porphyritic with phenocrysts of plagioclase and pyroxene, grayish groundmass

andesite

if the partial melt of a gabbros parent rock were to erupt at the surface, the rock would form would be

andesite

More Mg present causes ______ to form more frequently

aragonite

decreased mid-ocean ridge activity causes ______ seas

aragonite

icehouse climate makes up mostly ______ seas

aragonite

the oceanic crust is made up of

basalt

which of the following rocks would best record magnetic reversals

basalt

shield volcanoes are composed primarily of _______ and are the worlds ______ volcanoes

basalt, largest

Which of the following lists of magma compositions is the correct order of decreasing (highest to lowest) magma viscosity?

basaltic - andesitic - rhyolitic

Mantle plumes and mid-oceanic ridges both undergo the process of decompression melting to generate magma. Why does mantle peridotite begin to partially melt at a greater depth within mantle plumes than at mid-oceanic ridges?

because mantle plumes originate at the core-mantle boundary and are much hotter than the convective flow at mid-oceanic ridges.

Ferromagnesian minerals (olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite) _______.

belong to a class of minerals called silicates. are composed of independent, single-chain, double-chain, and sheet silicate structures, respectively All the answers are correct. ****** contain iron and magnesium in their chemical composition. are dark in color.

transition zone

below the asthenosphere, upper boundary marked by a sudden increase in density from pressure induced phase transition

tephra

bits of rock or solidified lava dropped from the air during an explosive volcanic eruption; ranges in size from volcanic ash to volcanic bombs and blocks

which of the following metamorphic rocks form in a subduction zone

blue schist and eclogites

according to bowen's reaction series for cooling magma, what minerals is/are likely to form a phenocryst in porphyritic basalt

both olivine and pyroxene

vesicular

bubble holes forze and preserved where gas escaped from the lava

amphibolite is a foliated metamorphic rock composed principally of hornblende and plagioclase feldspar. how might it form

by regional metamorphism of volcanic rocks, such as andesite and basalt

greenhouse climate makes up mostly _______ seas

calcite

increased mid-ocean ridge activity causes _____ seas

calcite

increased and fast mid-oceanic ridge activity results in ___ seas, while decreased mid-oceanic ridge activity results in ____ seas

calcite, aragonite

what is the mineral class for C? (Co3)2-

carbonate

Assimilation

changing a magmas composition by the assimilation of outside matter (ex, more matter can be added to magma by the magma heating up surrounding rock)

diagenesis

chemical, physical, and biological changes that take place after sediments are deposited. low grade burial

Which type of volcano is composed almost exclusively of highly vesicular pyroclastic debris of mafic composition?

cinder cone

in a _____ system, energy can move in and out but matter cannot

closed

phaneritic

coarse grained; all minerals visible to the naked eye

Asymmetry of Overdetermination

collecting trace bits of evidence that indicate an certain event occurred; you don't need to see an actual volcano to know a volcano erupted when you see volcanic ash

rocks that ar subjected to intense heat when they are intruded by magma undergo a process called

contact metamorphism

divergent boundary that forms wishing a continent can develop into which of the following tectonic features

continental rift

andesitic magma lava and andesitic volcanoes are most often associated with a _____ plate boundary

convergent

the magma generated at mid-ocean ridges and hot spots is due to

decompression melting

what process causes the partial melting of mantle peridotite at mid-ocean ridges?

decompression melting

when water is added to mantle peridotite, the melting temperature of mantle peridotite

decreases with depth

granite forms in a

deep intrusive body

if you were to chemically analyze this mineral and the surrounding quenched magma, the spot D (magma) would show it to be ____ in Ca2+

depleted

whenever minerals crystallize and grow within magma, the magma becomes ________ in the elements that compose those minerals and _____ in the elements that remain in the melt

depleted, enriched

which of the following is the best explanation of the process that produced the texture of the metaconglomerate int eh photograph above

deposits in a river system- burial and diagnosis - burial and impact metamorphism flattened and elongated the clasts

porphyritic

describing an igneous rock composed of both large and small crystals

flat, platy micas and elongated minerals will align themselves parallel or sub-parallel to each other in response to

differential force

when stress is applied unequally in different directions, it is termed

differential stress

eroded country rock with an igneous structure sticking out

dike

triple junction

doming of as much as 2-3 km produces a 3-armed rift (Radial fractures)

amphibole is a _____ chain silicate structure

double chain silicate structure

different minerals have unique physical and chemical properties

each mineral has a well-defined chemical composition and a definite crystalline structure

what metamorphic facies exists at a temperature of 600 c and 14 kilobits?

eclogite

in general, magma is composed of

essential all the elements int eh periodic table in various proportions, dissolved gaseous volatiles, minerals that have begun to crystallize in the melt, liquid rock called melt

pyroclastics

exploded from volcano

rocks that solidify from lava flows are typically finer grained than those that crystallize intrusively. why?

extrusive magma cools quickly at the surface, si the mineral grains do not have time to grow large, if at all

Mafic magmas tend to be colder and more viscous than silicic (felsic) magmas.

false

all igneous rocks are composed of minerals

false

because both aragonite and calcite fizz like mad with dilute HCl, the only way to tell them apart is to use X-ray diffraction in order to distinguish their different internal crystalline structures

false

sodium-rich plagioclase crystallizes at higher temperatures than calcium-rich plagioclase

false

the greater the viscosity and volume of gases in a magma, the less likelihood of a violent explosive eruption

false

non-ferromagnesian silicates (light in color, felsic)

feldspars (Ca-plagioclase, K-feldspar), quartz, muscovite

silicates

feldspars, pyroxenes, amphiboles, micas, quartz, clay minerals

what is the chemical composition of obsidian

felsic

as olivine crystals grown in a mafic magma, the magma itself becomes more _____ just due to the fact that the magma is being _______ in Fe and Mg by the growing olivine

felsic, depleted

aphanitic

fine grained; all minerals are microscopic in size

linear lakes

form from the continual stretching in a divergent boundary that forms these lakes and rift valleys

extrusive igneous rocks (volcanic)

formed at earths surface. magma exits or extrudes the subsurface through vents or fissures on the ground, building a volcanic edifice or a plateau

intrusive igneous rocks (plutonic)

formed underground, magma intrudes the surrounding country rock via cracks and faults, or makes its own room by pushing the surrounding ductile rocks aside

trigonal

four axes, three of equal length at 120 degrees from each other. the fourth is either longer or shorter but at a right angle to the other corners

You find a phaneritic igneous rock while hiking. The rock is mainly dark in color. You can't readily identify the black minerals, but you can identify about 30 % Ca-plagioclase and about 17 % olivine. You decide correctly that the rock must be _______.

gabbro

magic, pahneritic, dark in color,

gabbro

volatiles

gaseous components of magma dissolved in the melt. They will readily vaporize at surface pressures

scoria

igneous rock with frothy texture that is of magic composition

Confining pressure at depth _______ melting of dry mantle peridotite and raises its melting temperature.

generates inhibits**** enhances promotes All of the answers are correct.

the continental crust is made up of

granite

which of the following contains the greatest amount of silica

granite

identify the rock above: protolith: granite texture: weakly foliated, minerals are stretched due to ductile shearing MM environment: in a shear zone associated with a large fault system

granite mylonite

Igneous rocks that form from the last minerals to crystallize from magma will have ____ composition consisting of quartz, potassium feldspar, and sodium-rich plagioclase feldspar

granitic (felsic)

the earths geothermal gradient is

greater over volcanic regions

which of the following metamorphic rocks form within the interior of continents as temperature and pressure increase at roughly the same rates

green schist- amphibolite- granulite

aphanitic is also called ____

groundmass

what is the major source of heat for contact metamorphism

heat from a nearby magma body

agents of metamorphism

heat, pressure (stress), chemically active fluids

based on the minerals in granite and the silicate structures of this minerals, granite is a rock with a ____ silica content

high

flood basalt provinces are thought to be the initial expression of

hot spot volcanism

silicate structure (Scroll down)

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjv_sL3pLndAhVMJt8KHfgjAtEQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdarkwing.uoregon.edu%2F~drt%2FClasses%2F201_99%2FRice%2FMinerals.html&psig=AOvVaw1ixE5CvJlyU1s8ly2lZYQL&ust=1536973048484216

Modus Tollens

if just one experiment or prediction fails, then the hypothesis is discarded

confining pressure at depth ____ melting of dry mantle peridotite and raises its melting temperature

inhibits

which of earths major divisions is thought to be the source of earths magnetic field?

inner core

diorite

intermediate, phaneritic

mantle plumes

intra-plate blobs of hotter than normal mantle material that ascend through the mantle. they are not associated with activity at plate margins and are fixed in their location under the lithosphere

which of the following statements concerning isotopes of an element is correct?

isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

calculate the total volume (m3) of tephra erupted during the eruption

just add the values together

phenocrysts

large crystals

Batholith

large mass of intrusive igneous rock believed to have solidified deep within the earth

The figure above depicts a certain type of lava flow. This type of flow is typically composed of intermediate to rhyolitic magma and plugs volatile escape routes via the vent. This type of lava flow is called _______.

lava dome

the ease with which volatiles can move through a magma is termed ____. the lower the viscosity of the magma, the greater the magma _____. the higher the viscosity of the magma, the lower the magma ___.

permeability

compressive stress will cause minerals to align

perpendicular to the force and parallel to each other

The textural term for the green mineral (olivine) in this rock is _______.

phenocryst

Slightly shiny appearance Crenulated surface Minerals are still too small to be seen with the naked eye.

phyllite

fine grained, silky luster, crinkled surfaces

phyllite

______ is the study of earths systems, , earths materials, changes at the surface and interior of the earth, and the forces that cause those changes

physical geology

Asthenosphere

plasticlike layer below the lithosphere

What term means a large crystal in a finer-grained metamorphic rock?

porphyroblast

during metamorphism, certain non-platy minerals (like garnet, andalusite, kyanite, staurolite) can form very large crystals that are embedded in the mica matrix of the rock

porphyroblasts

lithostatic pressure

pressure exerted on rocks by the weight of overlying rocks

Seafloor Spreading Hypothesis

process by which new seafloor forming at spreading ridges pushes lithospheric plates on the Earth's surface, thus moving continents

regional metamorhism

produces foliated metamorphic rocks, is associated with convergent plate margins and mountain building, produces metamorphic rocks over large areas, and involves differential stress and high temperatures

felsic and frothy rock (white color)

pumice

which of the following minerals contains a single chain silicate structure

pyroxene

contact metamorphism of a sandstone prtolith will result in a rock called

quartzite

sandstones can be baked to form

quartzite

what is the difference between the protolith of marble and the protolith of quartzite

quartzite is made from sandstone, marble is made from limestone

deductive reasoning

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)

the graph indicates that the addition of water to the system ____ the melting temperature of sodium phosphate

reduces

which of the following causes plate movement

ridge push, slab pull, and convection in the asthenosphere

roof pendant

roof of a magma chamber that has been metamorphosed due to contact metamorphism

Which rock formed from volatile-rich mafic lava?

scoria

magic frothy, red

scoria

peridotite turns into what rock with metasomatism

serpentinite

one mechanism that allows magmatic differentiation is crystal

settling

what type of volcano is the largest, not only on earth but in the solar system

shield volcano

which type of volcano is formed form low-vipocosity basaltic lava flows

shield volcano

which type of volcano would most likely be composed primarily of basaltic lava flows?

shield volcano

the glen fault is a

strike-slip fault

what type of volcano is fueling the volcanoes in the cascade region

subduction zone

fluid flux partial melting of mantle peridotite occurs at which tectonic environment?

subduction zones

what is the mineral class for D (So4)2-

sulfate

divergent boundaries

tectonic plates spreading apart, new crust being formed (ex. mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys).

Bowen's Reaction Series illustrates relations between:

temperature, chemical composition, and mineral structure.

Metamorphic rocks are classified primarily according to _______.

texture - the presence and type of foliation

metamorphic rocks are classified primarily according to

texture- the presence and type of foliation

the image above shows (geothermal gradient graph)

that the average geothermal gradient never intersects the melting curve of dry peridotite, thereby suggesting that no partial melting of the mantle occurs due solely to earths internal temperature

Orthorhombic

three axes, all are unequal in length and at 90 degrees to each other

Stratovolcanoes are intermediate (andesitic) to felsic (rhyolitic) in composition

true

a rock can be vesicular and aphanitic, and vocanic

true

a turbulent mass of dense, hot gas and pyroclastic material flowing down the side of a volcano as a result of either dome collapse or column collapse is know as pyroclastic flow

true

as depicted by the figure above, plate tectonics essentially operates via mantle convection and gravity

true

at divergent plate boundaries, decompression melting generates partial melting of the asthenosphere

true

at divergent plate boundaries, two plates move away from each other as new lithosphere is produced along the rift that develops

true

foliation occurs during high pressure and temperature environments

true

if a volcano experiences a colossal and extremely violent eruption, its edifice and surrounding land may collapse into the partially evacuated magma chamber to form a structure called a caldera

true

in general, water has the effect of lowering the melting temperatures of mantle minerals

true

in the discontinuous branch of bowens reaction series, more complex silicate structures form as the temperature decreases

true

lava tubes are natural conduits, made of cooled and hardened lava, through which fluid basaltic lava flows and is insulated from heat loss

true

most magma begins as partially melted peridotite from the mantle

true

the main differences in the physical properties of aragonite and calcite are hardness, density, and cleavage

true

the two main criteria for identifying igneous rocks are 1)texture and 2) composition

true

to explain continental drift, weaner proposed that the continents broke through the oceanic crust, much as icebreakers through ice

true

unconsolidated (loose) ash and pyroclastic debris deposited on the ground is called tephra

true

ignimbrite

tuff deposited while hot that welds together

cleavage of pyroxene

two 90 degree angles

cleavage of potassium feldspar and plagioclase

two 90 degrees

polymorph

two minerals that have the same chemical composition but a different crystal lattice structure (ex. aragonite and calcite)

cleavage of amphibole

two planes and 60 degrees and 120 degrees

underplating

underneath less-dense continental lithosphere, basaltic magma may pond

which one of the following is not included in the definition of a mineral?

unordered internal chemical structure

Mantle plume model

upwelling mantle plume pushes upward on continental crust, stretching and thinning the crust due to divergent circulation of convective material

fracture zones

vast majority of transform faults occur along segments of oceanic ridges. these breaks are ----

slaty

very fine grained, earth luster, splits easily into thin sheets

frothy

very high magma gas content

pegmatitic

very large minerals

the variety of periodic in the picture above is called unite. Unite is composed almost 100 % of the mineral olivine. based on the silica structure of olivine, the rock unite contains a ______ amount of silica

very low

composed of dome rock fragments, mineral crystals, tiny pumice grains, and glass shards, are collectively called ____

volcanic ash

glassy

volcanic glass; cooled quickly

the addition of _____ to the mantle wedge at subduction zones causes the melting temperature of peridotite to decrease with depth

water

Fluid-flux melting

water reduces the melting temperature of mantle minerals, resulting in partial melting and the production of magma

many scientists rejected continental drift when it was first proposed because

weaner had no mechanism proposed with the theory

igneous rock to sediment

weathering and erosion

magma mixing

when one magma body intrudes into another one

based on hot spot tracks alone, is there any evidence that the direction of movement of the pacific plate has changed in the geologic past? if so, what evidence

yes. the emperor seamount chain shows the pacific plate once moved in a northward direction until about 48 million years ago

which of the following statements apply to the asthenosphere?

zone in the upper mantle that deforms by plastic flow over which tectonic plates move

contact aureole

zone of alteration that forms in the rock surrounding the magma


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