GEOS 3220 Ch. 13, 16-18

18.2---Figure 18.15, (p.521)

A visitor marvels at a 3-meter (10-foot) tall puffin sculpture fashioned entirely out of debris washed ashore near Bandon, Oregon, USA

Figure 16.25

A whale-fall community off the California coast. These communities may act as "stepping stones" for the specialized organ- isms that inhabit vent communities.

The "High Seas" are defined by the 1982 United Nation Draft Convention on Law of the Sea as:

All Ocean areas outside the exclusive economic zones EEZs.

Key Concepts 13.3

All life activity is involved, directly or indirectly, in energy transformation and transfer.

18.2---Figure 18.16, (p.521)

Generation and recovery (recycling) of plastics in the United States since 1960. Plastics are not usually biodegradable and accumulate in the marine environment.

18.5---Figure 18.26, (p.531)

Global carbon emission by source, 1800-2000. 1. Petrolium 2. Coal 3. Natural gas 4. Cement production

Dissolved Organic Nitrogen (DON)

Nitrogen-containing organic molecules dissolved in seawater. Most DON is in the form of protein.

18.2---Figure 18.3 (p.514) Average Worldwide Annual Releases of Petroleum by Source (1990-1999), in thousands of metric tons per year. (National Academy of Sciences)

North American Marine Waters 256.1 Total 160 thousand metric tons per year --- Natural Seeps 84 thousand metric tons per year --- Consumption of Petroleum 9.1 thousand metric tons per year --- Transportation of Petroleum 3 thousand metric tons per year --- Extraction of Petroleum Worldwide Marine Waters 1278 Total 600 thousand metric tons per year --- Natural Seeps 480 thousand metric tons per year --- Consumption of Petroleum 160 thousand metric tons per year --- Transportation of Petroleum 38 thousand metric tons per year --- Extraction of Petroleum

10%

Not all pollutants enter the ocean in a dissolved state; much of the burden arrives in solid form. About 134 million metric tons of plastic is produced each year, and about ---- % ends up in the ocean. Although crude oil spills get more attention as a potential environmental threat, plastic is a far more serious danger. Oil is harmful, but unlike plastic, it biodegrades relatively quickly.

10% (((Roughly 134 million metric tons of plastic is generated every year - 13 million metric tons of that end up in the ocean every year.)))

Not all pollutants enter the ocean in a dissolved state; much of the burden arrives in solid form. About 134 million metric tons of plastic is produced each year, and about ______% ends up in the ocean. Although oil spills get more attention as a potential environmental threat, plastic is a far more serious danger. Oil is harmful, but unlike plastic, it biodegrades much faster.

China

was the number one harvester of marine life in 2011 (((Figure 17.14a shows the top five countries in terms of annual marine harvest (millions of metric tons) in 2011. China harvested just over to 15 million metric tons. Peru had the next highest total - roughly 8 million metric tons. Indonesia, USA and India rounded out the top 5.)))

Young Forest (26-50 years)

Thicker forest and larger plants

18.5---Figure 18.34, (p.536)

Thilafushi, an island in the indian Ocean nation of maldives, is devoted almost exclusively to waste disposal by accumulation and incineration. The plume contains toxic heavy metals such as mercury, lead, and cadmium.

Global warming is the process by which humans have increased the carbon dioxide concentrations of the Troposphere sufficiently to generate increased Tropospheric warmth. The resulting sea level rise would still be controversial if engineers had not:

developed satellites that measure the height of the ocean surface with great precision over a global scale (((Sea-level rise is complex. To really see that the entire ocean volume is rising we need to look at the surface of the entire ocean)))

Oxygen

is not a dangerous heavy metal being introduced to the ocean.

Silent Spring

is the influential book that Rachel Carson published in 1962.

Bycatch

is the term for unintended organisms killed while fishing for desired ones (catching dolphins in tuna nets, or albatrosses in long lines, for example) (((Like the doublespeak term "friendly fire", invented by our government to reduce the horror of people killed by their own comrades, "bycatch" is a fishing industry term intended to soften the impact of the wrongful death of tons of marine organisms necessary to maintain a balanced ecosystem.)))

True

it is generally agreed that greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere have increased as a result of human contributions

Plants Stage (first 5 years)

low shrubbery

Bleaching

some coral reef communities have experienced episodes of coral ---- (expelling of symbiotic zooxanthellae). This action may be linked to global warming. Other coral reefs are damaged by being "harvested" for building materials or fished beyond recovery

Mutualism, in which both creatures benefit from the relationship

the symbiotic interaction between a type of dinoflagellate called zooxanthellae and coral polyps is a form of ---- (((The three types of symbiosis are mutualism (host benefits-symbiont benefits), commensalisms (host unaffected-symbiont benefits), and parasitism (host suffers-symbiont benefits). Notice that the symbiont, which is defined as the smaller creature, always benefits from the relationship. See Lesson 1: "Organisms in Communities can live in Symbiosis" to read about coral polyps.)))

Considering that the seawater coming from the basalt may have temperatures in excess of 100°C and the temperature of deep and bottom waters (from chapter 6 & 9), the individuals that live here are most likely:

tolerant of a large temperature range (((Eurythermal - tolerant of a very wide temperature range)))

Coral bleaching has been seen to occur when

tropical surface waters stay hotter than normal high temperatures

Ch. 16

Ch. 16

Ch. 17

Ch. 17

Ch. 18

Ch. 18

Ch. 13

Ch.13

Energy

The capacity to do work

Over the 20th century, the human population grew by 400%. Over that same period, there has been an average 4.5-fold increase in the economic activity of each person. The result has been: (Select all that apply).

(((THESE ARE NOT CORRECT))) At least a 4-fold increase in use of fisheries resources. At least a 8-fold increase in the use of natural resources, such as oil, coal and natural gas. At least an 8-fold reduction in the use of wild-caught fish as a result of conservation regulations to keep the natural environment untouched by humans.

oceanic

(the region beyond the shelf slope boundary).

Neritic

(the region from low tide to the shelf-slope boundary - the rest of the shelf)

Models of Global Warming also predict sea level rise. The sea level rise is a result of: (select all that apply)

*** not just increased ocean temperature, melting of glaciers, and melting of the arctic ice cap (((Warmer water is less dense because the water molecules are vibrating faster. That is, it takes up more space, so sea level rises. Glaciers store a lot of water on land, when they melt that water goes back to the ocean. The Arctic ice cap is sea ice. It is already in the ocean and when it melts it does not change sea level. Increasing CO2 concentrations in the oceans does not, in itself impact the volume of the oceans)))

Global warming is the process by which humans have increased the carbon dioxide concentrations of the Troposphere sufficiently to generate increased Tropospheric warmth. The huge increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide would not have occured if scientists had not:

***NOT THIS ONE --- collected data on atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases on remote islands and collected and analyzed data on atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases over the last 300,000 years in ice cores. (((We are talking about science here. What basic scientific understanding was required for people to realize that there was a tremendous energy resource trapped in buried marine sediments?)))

Evidence of global warming indicates an almost 1°C average temperature rise since 1800. The observed temperature rise is LEAST:

***NOT THIS ONE --- on the continents and in high southern hemisphere latitudes (((Maps of global climate change show that the heating is greatest on the continents and in high northern latitudes. The Antarctic glacier is keeping high southern latitudes cold. High specific heat keeps the oceans from warming very fast)))

Mariculture

---- is the name given to the practice of growing and farming of marine organisms, usually in estuaries, bays, or nearshore environments, or in specially designed structures using circulating seawater. (((Aquaculture is the general terms that includes growing and farming aquatic organisms - both freshwater and marine. Mariculture specifically refers to the growing and farming of marine organisms.)))

Mangroves

---- is/are a type of vascular plant found in tropical to subtropical estuaries that binds sediment with its roots. (((Refer back to figure 14.19, which shows the latitudinal distribution of both mangroves and kelp. Mangroves are vascular plants and are found in tropical to subtropical shorelines. Kelp are not vascular plants, but instead multicellular algae found in temperate to subpolar waters.)))

nonextractive

---- marine resources include transportation of people and commodities by sea, and recreation

Ecology

---- refers to the study of relationships among organisms interacting with their environment, especially within and between organisms that compose communities (((The word ecology is derived from Greek "oikos" = house + "logos" = study. Bionomics is the French equivalent term for the English ecology.)))

If a CO2 molecule is hit by energy of the wavelength indicated by the arrow labeled D there is a __% chance that it will get excited. (((D is on far left)))

0 (((The yellow curve shows the absorption spectrum for CO2 molecules. This curve is zero at arrow D, so there is about a 0% chance that it will get excited by that wavelength of radiation. If it was impacted by the wavelengths indicated by arrows G it would respond 100% of the time to that energy. At F it is closer to 20%.)))

Place the following pollutants in order of increasing persistence (1 least persistent, 3 most persistent)

1 - eutrophication 2 - crude oil spill 3 - synthetic organics

Earth's radiation spectrum and that of the sun...continued

1. The energy that Earth radiates is infrared radiation, and the wavelengths are all longer than the radiation coming in from the sun. 2. The total energy coming in to Earth from the sun is (when added up) the same as the total energy that Earth sends out to space Remember, this assumes that the Earth is a perfect black body with no atmosphere. Now let's make our discussion of the Earth's energy balance more realistic (and complex) by adding our atmosphere. And some of the gases in the atmosphere are greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are gases that get excited by the infrared wavelengths of light that Earth emits.

18.5---Figure 18.25, (p.530) How the greenhouse effect works

1. The sun powers Earth's climate system by emitting shortwave radiation. 2. Roughly half of this incoming solar radiation is absorbed by Earth's surface, warming it 3. Some of the incoming solar radiation is reflected by Earth's surface and atmosphere back out to space 4. The solar radiation absorbed by Earth's surface is converted to heat and emitted as infrared long wave radiation. This radiation has a longer wavelength than solar radiation, since earth is cooler than the sun. 5. Some of the infrared radiation escapes into space, but most is absorbed by greenhouse gases in clouds and Earth's atmosphere. It is then reradiated back to Earth, upon which it warms the planet's surface and lower atmosphere

Natural Selection

A mechanism of evolution that results in the continuation of only those forms of life best adapted to survive and reproduce in their environment.

True

13 million tons of plastic find their way to the oceans annually. Some of this plastic accumulates as a floating mass of trash in the center of gyres.

Ch. 13 Sections and page #'s

13.1 Life on Earth is Notable for Unity and its Diversity (p.370) 13.2 The Concept of Evolution Helps Explain the Nature of Life in the Ocean (p.370) a. Evolution Appears to Operate by Natural Selection aa. Darwin's Main points b. Evolution "Fine-Tunes" Organisms to their environment 13.3 Rapid, Violent Changes Causes Mass Extinctions (p.373) 13.4 Oceanic Life is Classified by Evolutionary Heritage (p.375) a. Systems of Classification May be Artificial or Natural aa. Bio. Classification b. Scientific Names Describe Organisms 13.5 The Flow of Energy Allows Living things to maintain complex organization (p.377) a. Energy can be stored through photosynthesis b. Energy can also be stored through chemosynthesis bb. Pyramid of Biomass c. Food Webs Disperse Energy through Communities 13.6 Living Organisms are Built from a few elements (p.379) 13.7 Elements Cycle between living Organisms and their surroundings (p.380) a. The Carbon Cycle is Earth's largest Biogeochemical Cycle b. Nitrogen Must be "fixed" to be available to Organisms c. Lack of iron and other trace metals may restrict the growth of marine life cc. Nitrogen Cycle 13.8 Environmental Factors Influence the Success of Marine Organisms (p.383) a. Photosynthesis depends on light (DEFINITIONS OF DIFFERENT ZONES) b. temperature influences metabolic rate (Graph of temperatures and what can live there) c. Dissolved Nutrients are required for the production of Organic Matter d. Salinity Influences the Function of Cell Membranes e. Dissolved Gas Concentrations Vary with Temperature (graph) f. Dissolved Carbon Dioxide influences the Ocean's Acid-Base Balance g. Hydrostatic Pressure is rarely limiting h. substances move through cells by diffusion, osmosis, and active transport

Figures 16. 15,16,17

15 - This larval sea urchin is a part-time member of the plank- ton community, so we call it meroplanktonic. As it matures, it will leave the plankton and settle to the seabed. 16 - Krill (Euphausia superba). These shrimplike crustaceans, shown here about twice actual size, occur throughout the world ocean. They are particularly numerous in Antarctic seas, where they are the main prey of the largest whales. 17 - A foraminiferan (genus Globigerina) rests on the head of a match. The word means "bearers of windows." Light streams into the organism through thin parts of the shell.

The Ocean and the Environment Chapters and sections

18.1---An Introduction to Marine Environmental Issues (p.512) 18.2---Marine Pollutants May Be Natural or Human Generated (p.512) a. Pollutants Interfere with an Organism's Biochemical Processes (p.512) Insight from a National Geographic Explorer 18.1 (p.513) a. Oil Enters the Ocean from Many Sources (p.513) b. Cleaning a Spill Always Involves Trade-offs (p.515) c. Toxic Synthetic Organic Chemicals May Be Biologically Amplified (p.517) d. Heavy Metals Can Be Toxic in Very Small Quantities (p.519) e. Eutrophication Stimulates the Growth of Some Species to the Detriment of Others (p.519) f. Plastic and Other Forms of Solid Waste Can Be Especially Hazardous to Marine Life (p.520) g. Phytoplankton Are in Decline (p.522) h. Pollution Is Costly (p.523) 18.3---Organisms Cannot Prosper if Their Habitats Are Disturbed (p.523) a. Bays and Estuaries are Especially Sensitive to the Effects of Pollution (p.523) b. Introduced Species Can Disrupt Established Ecosystems (p.524) c. Coral Reefs Are Stressed by Environmental Change (p.524) d. Rising Ocean Acidity Is Jeopardizing Habitats and Food Webs (p.525) e. Sound Is Also a Pollutant (p.525) 18.23---SPOTLIGHT FIGURE (p.526) 18.4---Marine Protected Areas Are Refuges (p.527) 18.5---Earth's Climate Is Changing (p.527) a. Earth's Surface Temperature Is Rising (p.527) 18.24---SPOTLIGHT FIGURE (p.528) b. Mathematical Models Are Used to Predict Future Climates (p.532) c. Can Global Warming Be Curtailed? (p.533) 18.6---What Can Be Done? (p.536)

If a H2O molecule is hit by energy of the wavelength indicated by the arrow labeled D there is a __% chance that it will get excited.

50 (((The blue curve shows the absorption spectrum for H2O molecules. Because the curve only goes about half way to the top of the plot at arrow D, there is about a 50% chance that it will get excited by that wavelength of radiation. If it was impacted by the wavelengths indicated by arrows H it would respond 100% of the time to that energy. At G it is closer to 5%)))

Place the following greenhouse gases in order from lowest (1) global warming potential (GWP) to highest (4) GWP. Also shown is the approximate current concentrations of each gas.

1__ Carbon dioxide (CO2) ≈ 400 parts per million __4__ Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ≈ 300 parts per trillion __3__ Nitrous Oxide (N2O) ≈ 320 parts per billion __2__ Methane (CH4) ≈ 1700 parts per billion (((The GWP is in inverse order of gas concentration. At 400 ppm (parts per million) CO2 is the lowest. This is followed by CH4 at 1700 ppb (parts per billion) and N2O at 320 ppb and CFCs have the highest GWP with concentrations in the parts per trillion. The more abundant the gas is naturally, the less is the effect of adding to it through human activities. )))

18.2---Figure 18.2 (p.514) Sources of Marine Pollution

30% --- Sewage 20% --- Air Pollutants 20% --- Farm Runoff 10% --- Marine Transportation 10% --- Industrial Wastewater 5% --- Offshore Oil Drilling 5% --- Litter and Trash

Earth's average temperature at the surface is about ____ °C higher than it would be if it was a a "black body" (no atmosphere, but entirely black in color).

33 (((33°K is a whole lot of heat, and the difference between liquid oceans and a ball of ice)))

False

53% of the ocean's total biomass is concentrated in the upper 500 meters of the water column. (((83% of the ocean's total biomass is concentrated in the upper 200 meters of the water column. The number in this question is way too low.)))

Figure 16.24

A bacterial mat coats the seabed at a cold seep. These chemosynthetic organisms form the base of a limited food chain in the area. The two red dots, 10 centimeters apart, are used to measure the size of objects at a distance from the robot submersible.

biological factor

A biologically generated aspect of the environment, such as predation or metabolic waste products, that affects living organisms. Biological factors usually operate in association with purely physical factors such as light and temperature.

Figure 16.19

A bioluminescent mesopelagic lantern fish. Large light- producing organs on the body mask the fish's shadow and may identify it to potential mates. This fish is 8 centimeters (3.5 inches) long.

Black Body Earth Assumptions

A black orb the size of Earth, getting the same amount of solar energy that Earth does and returning that same amount of energy to space. For this black body to send out as much energy to space as it receives from the sun it must heat up to an average temperature of 255°K = -18°C. T his is below the freezing point of water by 18°C. And, clearly, if you considered a more realistic Earth, without an atmosphere, but with brown dirt and blue seas, not all of the solar radiation would be absorbed and Earth would be even colder. Since all life is composed of mainly liquid water, life, if it existed at all at that freezing temperature, would be very different from the life that we see on Earth today. Remember that the requirements for the building blocks of life to form (from Chapter 1) included carbon-containing gases, water, energy (lightning) and heat. So why is Earth's average temperature above the freezing point of water? For that we need to add an atmosphere and greenhouse gases.

Estuary

A body of water partially surrounded by land where freshwater from a river mixes with ocean water, creating an area of remarkable biological productivity.

Mass Extinction

A catastrophic, global event in which major groups of species perish abruptly.

Main Concepts 16.1

A community is composed of many populations of organisms that interact within a particular location. A population is a group of organisms of the same species occupying a specific area.

Population

A group of individuals of the same species occupying the same area.

Food Web

A group of organisms associated by a complex set of feeding relationships in which the flow of food energy can be followed from primary producers through consumers.

Main Concepts 16.2

A habit is an organism's "address" within its community, its physical location. Each habitat has a degree of environmental uniformity. An organism's niche is its "occupation" within that habitat, its relationship to food and predation, an indication of what the organism is doing.

Mutation

A heritable change in an organism's genes.

18.5---Figure 18.30, (p.533)

A melting arctic The change in arctic ice from September 1997 to September 2007. A photo taken 3° south of the north Pole in the summer of 2011. Open water leads are clearly visible.

artificial system of classification

A method of classifying an object based on attributes other than its reason for existence, its ancestry, or its origin. Compare natural system of classification.

Natural System of Classification

A method of classifying an organism based on its ancestry or origin.

Trophic Pyramid

A model of feeding relationships among organisms. Primary producers form the base of the pyramid; consumers eating one another form the higher levels, with the top consumer at the apex.

Limiting Factor

A physical or biological environmental factor whose absence or presence in an inappropriate amount limits the normal actions of an organism.

Key Concepts 18.2

A pollutant causes damage by interfering directly or indirectly with the biochemical processes of an organ- ism. About three quarters of the pollution entering the ocean comes from human activities on land.

True

A population is a group of organisms of the same species.

Deep Scattering Layer (DSL)

A relatively dense aggregation of fishes, squid, and other mesopelagic organisms capable of reflecting a sonar pulse that resembles a false bottom in the ocean. Its position varies with the time of day.

A renewable resource is defined as:

A resource that is replenished naturally at rates faster than a human's life span.

18.2---Figure 18.10, (p.517)

A robot photographs oil gushing from the Deepwater Horizon wellhead. During the 85 days required to plug the well, around 4.9 million barrels (206 million gallons) of crude oil flowed into the Gulf of mexico.

Mathematical Model (p.532, p.533, p.535, 18.5---Mathematical Models Are Used to Predict Future Climates...Can Global Warming Be Curtailed?)

A set of equations that attempts to describe the behavior of a system.

eutrophication (p.519, p.520, 18.2---Eutrophication Stimulates the Growth of Some Species to the Detriment of Others...Plastic and Other Forms of Solid Waste Can Be Especially Hazardous to Marine Life)

A set of physical, chemical, and biological changes brought about when excessive nutrients are released into water.

18.1---Figure 18.1 (p.512)

A sewage spill closes beaches near San Diego, California.

Copepod

A small planktonic arthropod, a major marine primary consumer.

introduced species (p.524, 18.3---Introduced Species Can Disrupt Established Ecosystems)

A species removed from its home range and established in a new and foreign location; also called exotic species.

Main Concepts 16.4

A stable, long-established community is known as a climax community. This self-perpetuating aggregation of species tends not to change unless disrupted by external forces.

Climax Community

A stable, long-established community of self-perpetuating organ- isms that tends not to change with time.

hypoxia (p.519, 18.2---Heavy Metals Can Be Toxic in Very Small Quantities)

A state of low oxygen saturation.

Plankton and Nekton (((names of organisms p.469)))

A stylized representation of some of the plankton and nekton in the pelagic zone of the subtropical Atlantic ocean. note the relative magnifi- cation of organisms in the plankton community (in the white ovals). b. Key. This drawing shows organisms to be much more crowded than they are in real life.

pollutant (biodegradable pollutant (p.513), cost of pollutant (p.523), pollutant effects on organism's biochemical processes (p.512, p.513), natural and human-generated pollutant (p.512), oil pollutant (p.513) sources of pollutant (p.514))

A substance that causes damage by interfering directly or indirectly with an organism's biochemical processes.

Commensalism

A symbiotic interaction between two species in which only one species benefits and neither is harmed.

Mutualism

A symbiotic interaction between two species that is beneficial to both.

Parasitism

A symbiotic relationship in which one species spends part or all of its life cycle on or within another, using the host species (or food within the host) as a source of nutrients; the most common form of symbiosis.

Figure 16.14

A zooplanktonic copepod. Copepods of the genus Cala- nus—named after a mythical East Indian wanderer—probably are the most abundant and widely distributed animal in the world. The species shown here reaches a maximum size of about 0.5 millimeter (about 0.02 inch).

Key Concepts 13.1

All Earth's life forms are related. All have apparently evolved from a single ancient instance of origin.

Greenhouse effect explained

A. greenhouse gases get excited by radiation that Earth sending out toward space. They do not stay excited. Instead they eject the same quantum energy. B. Some of the energy that hits greenhouse gases is returned to Earth, so the amount going out is less than the amount coming from the sun, and Earth's surface gets warmer. C. Earth Reaches a new thermal equilibrium when the surface is warm enough so that the amount of energy going out to space is equal to the amount coming in from the sun

Biodegradable (p.513, 18.2---oil enters the ocean from many sources)

Able to be broken down by natural processes into simpler compounds.

Motile

Able to move about

p.520

About 134 million metric tons (147 million tons) of plastic are produced each year, and about 10% ends up in the ocean (Figure 18.15). Americans use more plastic per person than any other group (Figure 18.16). We now generate about 31 million metric tons (34 million tons) of plastic waste, about 120 kilograms (240 pounds) per person, each year. We consume an average of 167 bottles of water per person per year—some 25 million per hour! Slightly more than 4% of world oil production goes to the manufacture of plastics. The attributes that make plastic items useful to consum- ers—their durability and stability—also make them a problem in marine environments. Scientists estimate that some kinds of synthetic materials—plastic six-pack holders, for example—will not completely decompose for about 400 years!

Which of the following is not true of algin?

Actually, all of the statements are true. (((It is an important commercial product. It is produced from the mucus coatings of seaweed. It is used in a wide variety of products such as ice cream, fabrics, salad dressings and beer. The U.S. seaweed gel industry produces more than $220 million worth of algin every year.)))

Increased / lowered

Addition of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere has resulted in _____ CO2 concentrations in the oceans and has ______ the pH of the oceans. (((CO2 is highly soluble in seawater so the increased atmospheric concentrations have increased the concentrations of this gas in seawater. CO2 is a buffer for H+ in the oceans. Adding it releases H+ions. This lowers the pH of seawater making it less alkaline. )))

Sandy beaches tend to be lower in diversity than rocky intertidal setting. What factors might explain this?

All of these are true --- wave energy that moves particles around, abrasive sand particles, tides and the problem of exposure and desiccation

Environmental Resistance

All the limiting factors that act together to regulate the maximum allowable size, or carrying capacity, of a population.

Environmental Resistance

An S-shaped population curve develops due to:

Physical Factor

An aspect of the physical environment that affects living organisms, such as light, salinity, or temperature.

Species-Specific Relationship

An exclusive relationship between two species. Parasites are usually species-specific; that is, they can usually parasitize only one species of host.

adaptation

An inheritable structural or behavioral modification. A favorable adaptation gives a species an advantage in survival and reproduction. An unfavorable adaptation lessens a species' ability to survive and reproduce.

Let's consider the following scenario (which could happen in the future): Scientists & engineers discover an inexpensive technology which would allow them to extract metals from manganese nodules, making direct harvesting from the seafloor economically viable (that is, the harvester can make a lot of money). Select the statement below that you feel is most true:

An international law should be passed immediately stopping harvesting until the environmental impact is fully assessed. This would solve an important problem, lack of heavy minerals such as Copper and Zinc that are required for generating many of the needs of modern society. Scientific advances will have made this new method possible, since we would not even know that manganese nodules exist and/or where to find them without scientific work. This will pose a significant danger to delicate ecosystems, since it will likely result in dredging of very slowly deposited very fine-grained sediments on vast areas of the seafloor. (((This is a deep question. Would the international community come together to study the impact of this industry and develop regulations before exploiting it? Can the metals found in manganese nodules solve the problem of hydrocarbon generated energy? And with this innovation would there be no/less pollution? Does science play a role in developing natural resources? Is there life at the ocean floor where manganese nodules are found? These are all issues that are true.)))

Let's consider the following scenario (which could happen in the future): Scientists & engineers discover an inexpensive technology which would allow them to extract metals from manganese nodules, making direct harvesting from the seafloor economically viable (that is, the harvester can make a lot of money). Select the statement below that you feel is most true:

An international law will be passed immediately stopping harvesting until the environmental impact is fully assessed. This would contribute to the generation of hydrocarbon-free energy, thus meeting the needs of modern society and reducing pollution. Scientific advances will have made this new method possible, since we would not even know that manganese nodules exist and/or where to find them without scientific work. This will pose no pollution danger to ecosystems, since nothing lives at the very deep depths in which manganese nodules are found.

Top Consumer

An organism at the apex of a trophic pyramid, usually a carnivore.

Endothermic

An organism capable of generating and regulating metabolic heat to maintain a steady internal temperature. Birds and mammals are the only animals capable of true endothermy. A warm-blooded organism.

Ectotherm

An organism incapable of generating and maintaining steady internal temperature from metabolic heat and therefore whose internal body temperature is approximately the same as that of the surrounding environment; a cold-blooded organism.

Heterotroph

An organism that derives nourishment from other organisms because it is unable to synthesize its own food molecules.

autotroph

An organism that makes its own food by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Zooplankton

Animal members of the plankton community.

Macroplankton

Animal plankters larger than 1 to 2 centimeters (to 1 inch). An example is the jellyfish.

Species

Any group of actually or potentially interbreeding organisms reproductively isolated from all other groups and capable of producing fertile offspring. (Note: The word species is both singular and plural.)

Nutrient

Any needed substance that an organism obtains from its environment except oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water.

The northwest passage is

Area north of Canada. Area that is now ice-free most of the time. Trade route that was actively searched for in the early European exploration of North America. Trade route that is now open due to climate change.

18.3---Figure 18.21, (p.525)

As a result of the disastrous Japanese tsunami of 2011, hundreds of marine organisms alien to north America are being transported to our shores. Organisms riding debris on ocean currents can enter ecosystems in which they have no predators. They may overwhelm local inhabitants. This striped beakfish was found in a submerged compartment of a derelict boat washed up on the Washington coast. Tens of other foreign species were also along for the ride.

p.519

As noted in Chapter 17, an up-to-date list of safe seafood can be obtained from the Monterey Bay Aquarium's website: http://www.mbayaq.org/cr /seafoodwatch.asp

18.2---Figure 18.19, (p.523)

As plastic degrades, it breaks into ever smaller pieces but does not disappear altogether. Even laundry lint containing synthetic fibers makes its way to sea. Broad areas of the ocean now contain more plastic than living plankton, as illustrated in this sample.

p.525

As you may remember from Chapter 7, as the ocean absorbs more of the carbon dioxide that results from the increased burning of fossil fuels, carbonic acid forms and the pH of seawater falls. Over the past 200 years, the ocean has taken up about 35% of the excess carbon dioxide generated by the burning of fossil fuels—ocean surface acidity has increased by nearly 30% since the 17th century. Average oceanic pH has fallen by 0.025 units since the early 1990s and is expected to drop to pH 7.8 by 2100, lower than any time in the past 420,000 years (Figure 18.23). Fewer carbonate ions will be available for shell-building organisms. Eventually, corals, plankton, and other organisms will fail to form strong skeletons. ***For more on this troubling practice, see Questions from Students #6, page 539.

Taranaki, New Zealand

At low tide mussels show clumped distribution on this rock face in Taranaki, New Zealand

Methane hydrate

At present, _________ is not being utilized as a natural resource even though it is more abundant than other extractive energy resources. (((Oil and gas is being extracted as a marine resource. Tar sands are on land. The tides are being used but they are a non-extractive energy resource. Ooids are not an energy resource. Read about methane hydrates in Chapter 17.2 "Larg Methane Hydrate ..." &/or Lesson 2: "Methane Hydrates")))

18.5---Figure 18.27, (p.531)

Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations through time. Short-term variations versus long-term warming trend. note that the most recent short-term trend (uppermost blue line) seems to indicate a pause in global warming. The long-term trend continues upward, however.

Sessile

Attached; nonmotile; unable to move about.

__________ is not one of the top five countries in annual harvesting of marine organisms (measured in tonnes).

Australia (((Australia has a relatively low population. It is not a large fishery nation. Refer to figure 17.14a for the list of the top five harvesters and their hauls.)))

Evolution

Change; the maintenance of life under constantly changing conditions by continuous adaptation of successive generations of a species to its environment.

What Influences Intertidal Community Structure`

Back in the 1960s, J. H. Connell Fundamental Niche Realized Niche Control Two species of intertidal Barnacle: Chthamalus Semibalanus Geographic Information System (GIS) Experimental manipulations on a rocky shore in a Hong Kong marine preserve examine the effects of shading on the settle- ment of barnacle larvae at different tidal heights.

denitrifying bacteria

Bacteria capable of converting nitrite or nitrate to gaseous nitrogen.

Nitrifying Bacteria

Bacteria capable of fixing gaseous nitrogen into nitrite, nitrate, or ammonium ions.

MPA or Marine Protected Areas --- regions in which human activity is restricted to protect the natural environment, despite their name, protected areas are not always off-limits to commercial fishing, trawling, or dredging

Beginning in 1972, the U.S. federal government has estab- lished more than 1,600 MPAs covering 36% of U.S. marine wa- ters. These vary in size but include coral reefs, whale migration corridors, undersea archaeological sites, deep canyons, and zones of extraordinary beauty and biodiversity. The MPAs vary widely in purpose, legal authorities, managing agencies, management approaches, level of protection, and restrictions on human uses. Other countries are actively involved. By the end of 2010, more than 5,880 MPAs had been set aside, encompassing 1.17% of the world ocean. On 1 April 2010, the British government established the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean as the world's largest marine reserve. At 640,000 square kilometers (247,000 square miles), it is larger than France or the state of California. Its designation essentially doubled the total area of environmental "no take" zones worldwide.

1000 parts per billion

Between the last ice age (when there was an ice sheet covering Kalamazoo) and 1800 the increase in methane was about 300 ppb (parts per billion). Between 1800 and 2014 the increase in methane (due to human activities) was about ____ . (((We have actually increased concentrations in the atmosphere by over 3 times more (actually a little more) than the natural change from glacial to interglacial climates. [What is 3 times 300 ppb?] Methane is generated by the animal husbandry, fertilizer, and release of methane by destruction of tundra, among other things)))

120 parts per million

Between the last ice age (when there was an ice sheet covering kalamazoo) and 1800 the increase in carbon dioxide was about 100 ppm (parts per million). Between 1800 and 2014 the increase in carbon dioxide due to human activities) was about ---- (((We have actually increased concentrations in the atmosphere more than the natural change from glacial to interglacial climates. Carbon dioxide is genterated by the burning of fossil fuels - oil, natural gas, coal, peat. )))

False

Biodegradation refers to the damage done to organisms influenced by pollution. (((Biodegradation is the breakdown of chemical compounds by organisms - it produces compounds that are safer than their parent compounds)))

False

Biodiversity is a measure of the number of organisms per a unit area

Pollutants, higher

Biomagnification is the process by which the concentration of _____________ increases as one moves __________________ in the food web.

True

Biotourism is an important nonextractive resource. (((A lot of people go on marine boating tours to watch whales and other animals in their natural habitat. Diving on coral reefs to look at the community of organisms that make up the reef is another great example of biotourism.)))

Marine pollution consists of:

Both human-derived and natural harmful subtances that humans have influenced in some way.

Main Concepts 17.1

By most calculations, we have used more natural resources since 1955 than in all of recorded human history up to that time.

Food

General term for organic molecules capable of providing energy to heterotrophs when combined with oxygen during biochemical respiration.

Synthetic Organics

Chlorinated hydrocarbons are among the most abundant and dangerous examples of:

The industrial revolution has caused a dramatic rise in CO2 (p.530)

Carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere now lies at 398 parts-per-million by volume (mid-2014) and is rising. At no time in the past 10 million years has the concentration been as high.

Linnaeus (Carl von Linne)

Carl von Linné (1707-1778). Swedish "father" of modern taxonomy.

Six major greenhouse gases

CFC (chlorofluorocarbons) CH4 (methane) H20 (water vapor) O3 (ozone) N20 (Nitrous Oxide) CO2 (carbon dioxide)

The greenhouse gas that humans influence and responds to a wide range of the spectrum that Earth emits a great deal of is:

Carbon dioxide (((The Earth emits most energy at the wavelengths that water is least excited by. Earth is not emiting a lot of energy at the wavelengths that excite methane. CFC's have the narrowest wavelength response, and Earth emits a lot of energy at these wavelengths. Earth is emitting a lot of energy at the wavelengths that excite CO2, and this is a pretty broad range of wavelengths. This is the one we are looking for here. Please read lesson 18b "Absorption spectra of greenhouse gases".)))

False

Carrying capacity is the total number of species in a habitat.

18.5---Figure 18.33, (p.535) Some of the possible effects of climate warming

Climate Change Attribution A mathematical model of climate change. Five factors capable of altering climate are summed to provide an estimate of change (brown line). The model is tested against observations (black line). The closer the agreement, the more accurately the model is said to predict future conditions. There is close agreement. (maybe) Five Factors --- Greenhouse gases, solar, ozone, volcanic, man-made sulfates Ends up around .5 / .6 degrees Celsius higher.

Match the resources on the right with the generalized descriptions on the left.

Cod --- overexploited biological resource salt --- renewable physical resource Oil --- Nonrenewable physical resource algin --- underexploited biological resource

True

Cold seeps are characterized by bacterial mats (chemosynthsizers) coating the sea floor.

IWL 16.2

Communities consist of interacting producers, consumers and decomposers.

18.2---Figure 18.6 (p.515)

Congealed crude oil washes up on Orange Beach, Alabama, about 145 kilometers (90 miles) from the site of the Deepwater Horizon spill.

p.521

Contrary to popular belief, this plastic debris does not form vast mats that one could easily see or even walk across. The particles are small—sometimes too small to be seen from the deck of a ship—and widely spaced.

18.3---Figure 18.22, (p.525)

Coral bleaching. Environmental damage can cause coral animals to expel their symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae). if conditions do not improve, the colony can weaken, be overtaken by algae, and die

high

Coral reefs tend to develop in tropical settings with ___________ wave and or current energy, which provides a constant supply of nutrients to the corals. (((Corals are filter feeders, so they filter food particles out of seawater. High wave energy provides a constant stream of nutrients to these animals.)))

Dinoflagellates

Corals have a symbiotic relationship with a type of plankton that we described back in chapter 14. Which type of plankton is found as endosymbionts (lives within the tissue) of coral? (((Refer to discussion of mutualism in Chapter 16.7 &/or Lesson 1: "Organisms in Communities can live in Symbiosis". One of the examples of this symbiotic relationship is that of corals and dinoflagellates.)))

Dinoflagellates

Corals in modern reefs have a type of symbiont that generates carbohydrates and oxygen that the coral uses. which group of plankton do these symbionts belong too?

Each of the following are considered an inorganic physical resource except for __________.

Crustaceans are living organisms like crabs, shrimp and lobsters. So they are not inorganic. Physical resources include inorganic mineral deposits like salts (sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, and gypsum) and other minerals like manganese nodules.

up

Current projections suggest that hydrocarbon (oil, natural gas, coal) demand will go __________ in the next 20 years.`\

18.2---Figure 18.12, elements (p.518)

DDT in fish-eating birds (pelicans 25 ppm) DDT in large fish (needlefish 2 ppm) DDT in small fish (minnows .5 ppm) DDT in small zooplankton .04 ppm DDT in Water .000003 ppm Concentration has increased 10 million times

greenhouse gases (p.18, p.193, p.530, 18.5---Earth's surface temperature is rising)

Gases in Earth's atmosphere that cause the greenhouse effect; include carbon dioxide, methane, and CFCs.

National Geographic 16.1

DR. ENRIC SALA shares his thoughts upon completion of an expedition to the Southern Line Islands, a pristine area of coral reefs in the South Pacific Ocean. All good things come to an end. After an extraordinary six weeks studying the southern Line Islands, we're back home. It's time to reflect on what we learned, and what are the implications. Our expedition was strenuous but it yielded amazing insights, and your support—right up to the hundreds of wonderful welcome back notes you sent our way—kept us going through it all. We set out on this journey to discover and to share with you what coral reefs were like before the impact of humans. What we found—abundant top predators and spectacular coral formations—exceeded our expectations. Moreover, all the scientific data confirm that humans are the most important factor in determining the health of coral reefs. What kills reef ecosystems is not natural events or oceanography, but a combination of the local impact of human activities such as fishing and pollution with the global impact of human-induced climate change. We also learned that reefs need all of their parts, including sharks and other top predators, to be functional and resilient—that is, so that they can recover from warming events and overfishing. How can we ensure that all parts of the ecosystem are present and functioning? Simply by taking out less and throwing in less. Measures that have proven effective include marine reserves that allow for the recovery of marine life within and beyond their boundaries. Although the expedition is over and we're back on terra firma now, Ocean now is just beginning. It won't be long before we set out again in pursuit of our mission: documenting the seas' last pristine places, increasing awareness, and fighting to preserve as much of the ocean as possible. As we move ahead to the next step, we're counting on your continued engagement and support.

National Geographic explorer 18.1

DR. JaRED DIaMOND warns of overexploitation of resources and future turmoil. Because we are rapidly advancing along this non-sustainable course, the world's environmental problems will get resolved, one way or another, within the lifetimes of the children and young adults alive today. The only question is whether they will become resolved in pleasant ways of our own choice, or in unpleasant ways not of our choice, such as warfare, genocide, starvation, disease epidemics, and collapses of societies. While all of those grim phenomena have been endemic to humanity throughout our history, their frequency increases with environmental degradation, population pressure, and the resulting poverty and political instability. Globalization makes it impossible for modern societies to collapse in isolation, as did Easter Island and the Greenland Norse in the past. Any society in turmoil today, no matter how remote. . . can cause trouble for prosperous societies on other continents and is also subject to their influence (whether helpful or destabilizing). For the first time in history, we face the risk of a global decline. But we also are the first to enjoy the opportunity of learning quickly from developments in societies anywhere else in the world today, and from what has unfolded in societies at any time in the past. Excerpts from Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, Jared Diamond, Viking, 2005. Boats leave wakes of clean water through the oil the day after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Alaska, USA, 1989.

National Geographic Explorer

DR. ROBERT BALLARD describes vent communities. To marine biologists, vent communities are as strange as a lost valley of prehistoric dinosaurs. The "dandelion," first spotted suspended by filaments above the seafloor during the 1977 Galapagos expedition, proved to be a new species. Related to the Portuguese man of war, it consists of a gas-filled structure for buoyancy, surrounded by hundreds of members with specific functions—some capture food, others ingest it, still others handle reproduction. Brought to the surface, the fragile animal started to fall apart, so we quickly put it in a fixative. Another unusual animal, a small worm, forms a tube from minerals in the water, cementing itself near chimneys that spew solutions hotter than 350°C (660°F). This effluent cools so quickly on meeting the seawater that the worms don't actually live in the hottest water. Geologists dubbed them Pompeii worms, since they must survive a constant rain of metal precipitates. They turn out to be bristle worms, or polychaetes, which probably consume bacteria with feeding tentacles. Among hundreds of specimens collected, we discover even more new species of whelks, barnacles, leeches, and a red-blooded bristle worm. While dissecting mussels, [an] invertebrate zoologist. . . finds the worm living in the mantle cavity. On board Lulu, [dr. Ballard] examines the largest tube worm brought to the surface; its body fills more than half of the 2.5 meter (8-foot) tube. Several juveniles had cemented themselves to this adult. We also find on such tubes a new variety of filter-feeding limpet, a living representative of fossils from the Paleozoic era.

18.2---Figure 18.9, (p.517)

Deepwater Horizon moments before sinking.

Brackish

Describing water intermediate in salinity between seawater and freshwater.

Niche

Description of an organism's functional role in a habitat; its "job."

18.2---Figure 18.18, (p.522)

Discarded plastic can pose direct or indirect dangers Sea lions and seals die by the hundreds each year after becoming entangled in plastic debris, especially discarded and broken fishing nets. A decaying albatross reveals the cause of its death. Plastic trash (mistaken for food) has blocked its digestive system. On midway Atoll, about 40% of albatrosses die in this way.

Uniform Distribution

Distribution of organisms within a community characterized by equal space between individuals (the arrangement of trees in an orchard); the rarest natural distribution pattern.

Clumped Distribution

Distribution of organisms within a community in small, patchy aggregations, or clumps; the most common distribution pattern.

Random Distribution

Distribution of organisms within a community whereby the position of one organism is in no way influenced by the positions of other organisms or by physical variations within that community; a rare distribution pattern.

Desiccation

Drying.

p.536

EPA and Nuclear Energy

True

Each greenhouse gas responds to some of the energy within the spectrum that Earth emits. (((each greenhouse gases respond to a limited range of wavelengths)))

15 degrees C

Earth's average temperature at the surface is about ---- C

Main Concept 18.2b

Earth's climate system is complex due to feedbacks

Infrared

Earth's surface temperature is about 288°K. As a result it emits radiation at the following wavelengths: (select all that apply)

18.5---Figure 18.29, (p.532)

Earth's total heat content is growing. About 90% of excess heating of Earth's surface since 1950 is stored in the upper 700 meters (2,330 feet) of the ocean.

nuclear energy (p.536, 18.6---What Can Be Done?)

Energy released when atomic nuclei undergo a nuclear reaction such as the spontaneous emission of radioactivity, nuclear fission, or nuclear fusion. About 17% of the electrical power generated in the United States is provided by the nuclear fission of uranium in civilian power reactors.

True

Estuaries serve as nurseries for many pelagic species

Brackish, mix of seawater and freshwater

Estuarine organisms need to tolerate ___________ water, which is composed of _________ (((Brackish water is a mixture of freshwater and seawater, because of this it tends to have lower salinity then seawater.)))

Krill

Euphausia superba, a thumb-size crustacean common in Antarctic waters.

During the night, photosynthetic algae that make up the algal loom use up much of the oxygen in the water column - this causes other organisms to suffocate

Eutrophication is the set of processes by which one species reproduces at exponential rates due to the increase in the supply of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous. What secondary impact do they have on the other species living in the area?

18.2---Figure 18.7, elements (p.516)

Evaporation photooxidation thin film on water tar balls Resuspension Particles Dissolution Sedimentation Water-in-oil emulsion oil slick on surface

on the continents and in high northern hemisphere latitudes

Evidence of global warming indicates an almost 1 degree C average temperature rise since 1800. the temperature rise is greatest:

Key Concepts 13.2

Evolution happens. Organisms change as time passes, adapting by natural selection to their environments.

If a CFC molecule is hit by energy of the wavelength indicated by the arrow labeled ___ there is a 100% chance that it will get excited.

F (((The red curve shows the absorption spectrum for several CFC molecules. Because the curve reaches the top of the plot at arrow F, there is 100% chance that it will get excited by that wavelength of radiation. If it was impacted by the wavelengths indicated by arrows D, E, G or H it would not respond to that energy.)))

The greenhouse effect and global warming are the same thing

False (((Global warming refers to the human-generated impact of adding greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The greenhouse effect is the response of any greenhouse gases (natural or otherwise) to infra-red wavelength radiation that Earth emits.)))

About 20% of oil released to the ocean if from natural seeps of crude oil.

False (((The amount of crude oil released to the oceans, naturally, in seeps is about 600 thousand metric tons of oil per year - which is just under half the amount released to the oceans annually. This is not pollution, the other half (released through human activities) is pollution.)))

ionizing radiation (p.536, 18.6---What Can Be Done?)

Fast moving (fast-moving) particles or high-energy (high energy) electromagnetic radiation emitted as unstable atomic nuclei disintegrate. The radiation has enough energy to dislodge one or more electrons from atoms it hits to form charged ions, which can react with and damage living tissue.

Main Concepts 17.4

Fish provide more than 1.5 billion people with nearly 20% of their average per capita animal protein intake.

p.531

For a daily report of CO2 concentration, go to: http://keelingcurve.ucsd .edu/

p.525

For reasons that are not well understood, when water temperature exceeds a normal summer high by 1°C (1.8°F) or more for a few weeks, coral polyps eject their dinofla- gellates, turn pale, and begin to starve. If the water temperature returns to normal in a few weeks, the coral can regain their algae populations and survive the bleaching event. If not, filamentous algae or other decomposers overtake the polyps. A coral reef's ability to survive bleaching depends on the level of stress that it endures before and during such events. The warm El Niño year of 1998 saw the death of about 16% of living corals worldwide. As the ocean warms, bleaching events will probably be more widespread.

18.2---Figure 18.13, (p.519)

For the people of minamata, Japan, who were poisoned by mercury released into the ocean from a nearby factory, heavy metal pollution is a continuing horror story. Between 1953 and 1960, more than 100 people who ate shellfish taken from minamata Bay were afflicted by a form of mercury poisoning now called minamata disease. Their symptoms included kidney damage, neuromuscular deterioration, birth defects, insanity, and eventually death.

Oil exploration and transportation / polar wildlife

Global warming is decreasing the permanent sea ice in the Artic Ocean. This is good for _______ and bad for________. (((This is opening up continental shelves to oil and gas exploration and providing a new seaway for transporting materials. Polar wildlife, however, is suffering from the change in the environment to which they were adapted)))

What process is considered to be the culprit behind the rapid increase in sea level over the time period shown on the plot?

Global warming which has heated the oceans and melted glaciers adding meltwater to the ocean basin. (((Global warming, which causes glaciers to melt -- releasing that water back into the oceans. Warmer water also expands, taking up more space and causing sea level rise.)))

Chemosynthetic bacteria (in animal tissues, in water, and on rocks)

Goes in - Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, Carbon dioxide Goes Out (Produce) - Carbohydrates, Water, Elemental Sulfur

True

Greenhouse gases are gases that are excited by radiation that Earth is emitting

****not ultraviolet radiation, radiation that earth emits, radiation that the sun emits, infrared wavelength radiation (((probably same without sun)))

Greenhouse gases are gases that become exited (their electrons jump to higher energy states) when they are impacted: (select all that apply) (((A greenhouse gas is a gas that gets excited by radiation that Earth is emitting. Because if Earth's temperature that is infrared radiation. The other wavelengths of energy do not excite greenhouse gases.)))

Hierarchy

Grouping of objects by degrees of complexity, grade, or class. A hierarchical system of nomenclature is based on distinctions within groups and between groups.

True

Healthy coral reefs exhibit both construction and destruction. (((Construction is through the growth of the corals. Destruction is through wave energy and storm events which act to break down parts of the reef creating a lot of rubble. Also boring organisms and others are desctructive of the reef.)))

Consider, for example, some of the many factors thought to affect Earth's climate that are included in climate models such as that shown in Figure 18.33:

How much greenhouse gas is being produced? • What are the relative contributions of methane, water vapor, and carbon dioxide to warming? • How have volcanic eruptions affected climate? • How do variations in solar output affect warming? • How fast is carbon dioxide being absorbed by the ocean?

International Quiet Ocean Experiment

Human activities generated background sound in the oceans that may be heard over large distances. This is being studied by the:

True

Human activities release about 5 times as much mercury and 17 times as much lead into the ocean as natural sources of these two metals.

Spotlight Figure 18.24 --- p.528

Human-made sound is affecting marine organisms. Animals use sound to find food and mates, to avoid predators, to orient to their surroundings, and to communicate. Anthropogenic noise has multiplied a hundredfold since 1960. The consequences are as yet unknown.

Carbon dioxide

Humans have increased the amount of ________ gas in the atmosphere as a result of their demand for quick energy to fuel industrial growth. (((Carbon dioxide is genterated by the burning of fossil fuels - oil, natural gas, coal, peat... )))

Black body Earth

I think we had best all be on the same page regarding color. White light, like the light from the sun, is the combination of all of the wavelengths of the visible spectrum. When you see a green plant, what are you seeing? The red part of the spectrum has been absorbed by the plant (to do photosynthesis) and the blues and yellows have been reflected, so you see the color green. When a body absorbs all the visible wavelengths, you see no color at all. That is what we call "black". The black body Earth's black is even more special: it absorbs all wavelengths of radiation (ultra violet, visible and infrared) that the sun is sending out. And with no atmosphere and no clouds this black body Earth does not reflect any solar energy back to space without absorbing it first (the real Earth is quite different as shown in Fig. 8.5 in the text). That is, we are calculating the maximum average temperature of Earth (without an atmosphere)

-18

If Earth was a "black body" (no atmosphere, but entirely black in color) its' average temperature at the surface would be about ____ °C.

J-Shaped

If a species was brought into a new environment where there were no environmental limits on its reproduction, what would the curve of number of individuals as a function of time look like?

p.518

If you drag a beached porpoise into the ocean, you could theoretically receive a $10,000 fine for improper disposal of polluted materials!

Match the scientific or technical advance on the left with the societal or economic result on the right

Improved understanding of ocean primary productivity --- real-time satellite chlorophyl images of the sea surface reduction in fishery productivity and decreased economic viability of fisheries --- improved fishing technology resulting in fishing beyond the maximum sustainable yield ability to predict where decreased growth of reef building coral will impact tourist and fishing industries --- scientific maps of decreased pH in the surface waters of the oceans Reduction in bycatch during tuna fishing operations --- turtle exclusion devices

False

In a mutualist symbiotic relationship, only the symbiont benefits

Desiccation

In a rocky intertidal community, what factor causes faunal zonation to develop with zones running parallel to the shoreline? (((Remember that the intertidal zone is defined as the belt of the shoreline that is between the lowest low tide extent and the highest high tide level. So organisms that live here need to be able to handle desiccation. And their ability to tolerate it will have to increase, the higher they are in the littoral zone.)))

Taxonomy

In biology, the laws and principles covering the classification of organisms.

As of 10 years ago (2008)

In fact the average temperature of the Earth is (/was) 15°C (288°K) or 33°C (≈60°F) warmer than it would be if it was a black body. To put this in context, during the last ice age Earth's average temperature was 4°C colder than today (based mainly on estimates of sea surface temperatures). And during the last ice age there was a glacier about a kilometer thick sitting on Kalamazoo. And to get back to the issue of life on Earth. . . Well, life as we know it owes its existence to the greenhouse effect. The bottom line is: The greenhouse effect is real and we should be very grateful for greenhouse gases.

Environmental Resistance

In nature very few populations reproduce at their maximum possible rate because limiting factors in the environment slow the rate of population growth. The sum of the effects of these limiting factors in the environment is called:

Fundamental Niche

The broadest of all possible niches that an organism theoretically can occupy.

Chemosynthesis

In seabed communities in the aphasic zone, the primary producers must be capable of ---- in order to produce carbohydrates (((In the aphotic zone, the only way that primary producers can produce carbohydrates is through chemosynthesis. Remember that chemosynthesis is the process by which organisms chemically reduce iron, sulfate or manganese to generate carbonhydrates.)))

p.537

In the United States alone, the population is growing by the equivalent of four Washington D.C.s every year, another New Jersey every 3 years, another California every 12

False

In the absence of the greenhouse effect, Earth's average temperature would be about -18 degrees C. Life as we know it would NOT have had any problem evolving in this environment. (((At these temperatures water would freeze an life, as we know it, would not have evolved.)))

Optimal Range

In which of these zones do environmental factors favor large numbers of organisms from a species?

biomagnification (p.517, 18.2---Toxic Synthetic Organic Chemicals May Be Biologically Amplified)

Increase in the concentration of certain fat-soluble chemicals such as DDT or heavy-metal compounds in successively higher trophic levels within a food web.

The sun's surface temperature is about 6000°K. As a result it emits radiation at the following wavelengths: (select all that apply)

Infrared, ultraviolet, and visible

Primary Consumer

Initial consumer of primary producers. The consumers of autotrophs; the second level in food webs.

Spotlight Figure 18.24, elements pt. 2 --- p.528

Intensity --- the higher the decibel level, the more likely a sound is to harm animals. 80 dB --- wind, rain 95 dB --- submarine 105 dB --- cod 120-170 dB --- can disturb animal behavior 170 dB --- Right whale 192 dB --- Cargo Ship 170+ dB --- can injure marine animals 260 dB --- Oil-prospecting air guns, lightning

p.522

Is recycling the answer? The United States generated 33.6 million metric tons (37.0 million tons) of post-consumer plastic waste in 2008. Of this, 6.5% was recycled and 7.7% burned for energy. Nearly all of the rest was discarded in landfills or aban- doned at sea. The Japanese currently recycle about 50% of their solid waste and are importing even more; scrap metal and waste paper headed for Asia are the two biggest exports from the Port of New York. Americans are buying back their own refuse in the form of appliances, automobiles, and the cardboard boxes that hold their MP3 players and smart phones. Massachusetts and California have set a goal of recycling 25% of their waste; the city of Seattle is now approaching 30%. The country of Singapore is on track to recycle nearly 100% of its waste by 2020. The direct savings to consumers, as well as the environmental rewards to ocean and air, will be significant.

Climax Forest (150-300 years)

Its nice

True

Just considering the temperature of the Troposphere: In the absence of the greenhouse effect, life as we know it would not exist. (((Yes, there would be no liquid water.)))

False

Kelp forests are the Earth's most uniform environment for a community to flourish.

Shrub Stage (6-25 years)

Larger Shrubs and some trees

An international law ^SHOULD^ be passed immediately stopping harvesting until the environmental impact is fully assessed.

Let's consider the following scenario (which could happen in the future): Scientists & engineers discover an inexpensive technology which would allow them to extract metals from manganese nodules, making direct harvesting from the seafloor economically viable (that is, the harvester can make a lot of money). Select the statement below that you feel is most true: (((This is a deep question. Would it be important to study the impact of this industry and develop regulations before exploiting it? Is there life at these depths? Does science play a role in developing natural resources? Can the metals found in manganese nodules solve the problem of hydrocarbon generated energy? And with this innovation would there be no/less pollution? what do you think?)))`

False (((Lionfish are one example, where fish released from aquaria managed to find a new home in the Caribbean Sea. They are natives of the Indo-Pacific, but flourished when released into the Caribbean Sea. One of the problems with lionfish is that they are poisonous.)))

Lionfish are native species of the Caribbean Sea that have prospered in the tropical part of the into-pacific region after being released from aquaria

Marine

Mariculture is the growth and farming of __________ organisms for commercial purposes, such as food and pearls. (((Aquaculture is the more general term for farming and growth of aquatic organisms. Mariculture is more specific and refers to the farming and growth of marine organisms.)))

IWL 16.3

Marine communities change as time passes.

False

Marine resources can be classified as either renewable or nonrenewable. Oil, gas, and solid minerals are renewable resources

Sustainable yield

Maximum _______ is the maximum amount of each type of fish, crustacean, or mollusc that can be caught without impairing future populations. (((Refer to Chapter 17.4 "Most of Today's Fisheries Are Not Sustainable" &/or Lesson 1: "Fisheries Sustainability")))

False

Methane Hydrates freeze when they are brought to the surface, forming a solid composed of methane-laced ice. (((When methane hydrates are brought to the surface they go from a higher pressure zone to a lower pressure zone (there is also a steep change in temperature). What happens is the methane-ice mix sublimates - it turns to gas and bubbles off of the associated sediments.)))

2 to 6 *C

Models of future climates based on various scenarios of greenhouse gas emission predict a global temperature rise since 1900 of about _____ by 2100.

Main Concepts 16.5

More than half of the animal species known to science are not free-living. Most are actively involved in close symbiotic relationships with at least one other life-form in the community.

True

Most fisheries are curretly being harvested at or beyond the maximum sustainable yield

Neritic Zone***

Most oil platforms are located in the _______ zone. (((Chapter 17.2. Remember that the neritic zone is the zone between the intertidal (littoral) and oceanic zone. (Fig. 4.33))))

Figure 16.26

Mutualism. Some species of sea anemones have a symbiotic relationship with anemone fish, in which the fish receives protec- tion from predators and the anemone receives scraps of food from the fish.

True

Nations hold sovereignty over resources, economic activity, and environmental production within their exclusive economic zone (EEZ). By agreement among most of the most powerful countries in the world, the EEZ extends 370 kilometers (200 nautical miles) from a nation's shoreline

Spotlight Figure 18.24, elements pt. 3 --- p.529

Natural Noises --- storms and earthquakes are intense sources. But the animals themselves add to the din-even cod, which grunt a lot in spawning season. Interference --- sounds close in frequency interfere, cancelling each other. A ship's propeller miles away can mask a right whale's call Frequency --- the lower the sound frequency in Hertz (Hz), the longer the wavelength. Whale call frequencies overlap the ranges of many other sources

biogeochemical cycle

Natural processes that recycle nutrients in various chemical forms from the nonliving environment to living organisms and then back to the nonliving environment.

This map shows one of the factors that was considered in the construction of the "human impacts" map shown on the inside back cover of your textbook. This "ocean-based pollution" map is probably mainly showing _______ pollution.

Oil (((We are pretty much looking at transportation routes crossing the oceans. And we remember that most of the oil pollution is from ships at sea. Heavy metals and eutrophication / HAB (harmful algal blooms) are going to be found very near the coasts. Plastics are going to be seen mainly in the centers of gyres.)))

The map associated with these questions is included inside the back cover of your textbook. Use it to answer this question. The highest impact of humans on the oceans is:

On continental shelves near human population centers (((The most impacted regions are on continental shelves near western Europe and off the coasts of China, Japan and Indonesia. The U.S. has some heavily impacted shelves, but it is not quite as intensely impacted as these areas.)))

True

On the Gulf of Mexico coast, the bycatch of shrimping is about 4 lbs. to every 1 lb. of shrimp caught.

Foraminiferan

One of a group of planktonic amoeba-like animals with a calcareous shell, which contributes to biogenous sediments.

Giant tube worms

One of the unique organisms found at deep sea vents is:

True

Ooids are an ingredient of Portland Cement.

Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC)

Organic (carbon-containing) molecules dissolved in water.

IWL 16.5

Organisms in communities can live in symbiosis.

True

Organisms that ingest plastic may experience intestinal blockages and may eventually die

Introduced species or invasive species

Organisms that manage to establish themselves in an area far from their home waters, by hitching a ride in the ballast waters of a ship (or even attached to the outside of the ship in some cases) are called:

Bycatch is defined as:

Organisms that were unintentionally killed while collecting desirable organisms.

18.5---Figure 18.35, (p.537)

Our Earth at night. Human-made light beams from populated areas on the surface, a striking display of the present extent of industrialization and resource use.

Key Concept 18.5

Our present rates of resource consumption and environ- mental degradation are unsustainable.

True

Overfishing occurs when so many fish have been harvested that the remaining breeding stock is insufficient to replenish the species. Many marine species are overfished.

Holoplankton

Permanent members of the plankton community. Examples are diatoms and copepods. Compare meroplankton.

Main Concepts 17.2

Petroleum and natural gas are the ocean's most valuable resources.

Main Concepts 16.3

Physical and Biological factors in the environment determine the location and composition of a community.

Wave Shock

Physical movement, often sudden, violent, and of great force, caused by the crash of a wave against an organism.

Which of the following are types of marine resources? (select all that apply):

Physical resources Biological resources Marine energy resources Nonextractive resources.

Hypertonic

Referring to a solution having a higher concentration of dissolved substances than the solution that surrounds it.

Hypotonic

Referring to a solution having a lower concentration of dissolved substances than the solution that surrounds it.

Isotonic

Referring to a solution having the same concentration of dissolved substances as the solution that surrounds it.

p.520-521

Phytoplankton productivity in the past 25 years has dropped by about 9% in the North Pacific and nearly 7% in the North At- lantic. Researchers at Canada's Dalhousie University estimate that since 1950, phytoplankton biomass has shrunk an estimated 40% in 8 out of 10 major ocean basins. What could cause such a drastic change? One possibility is increased ocean stratification. As the ocean surface grows warmer (a subject we will address in a mo- ment), it becomes more difficult for nutrient-rich bottom water to mix with the sunlit upper layers where most primary productivity occurs. Warmer water may also diminish the midlatitude winds that provide the light dusting of terrestrial iron needed for phytoplankton metabolism. Another possibility is exposure of phytoplankton to higher levels of solar ultraviolet radiation because of a thinning ozone layer. Yet another possibility is the chemical disruption caused by microfine plastic debris (Figure 18.19). Sunlight, wave ac- tion, and mechanical abrasion break plastic into ever smaller particles. These tiny bits tend to attract oily toxic residues like PCBs, dioxin, brominated flame retardants, and other noxious organic chemicals. In the middle of the Pacific Ocean, 1,000,000 times more toxins are concentrated on the plastic debris and plastic particles (such as microbeads used in mildly abrasive skin cleaners) than in ambient seawater. The microscopic plastic particles outweighed zooplankton by 6 times in water taken from the North Pacific subtropical gyre (the "East Pacific Garbage Patch"). Might these synthetic chemicals be interfering with some aspect of phytoplankton physiology? Less phytoplankton means less carbon dioxide uptake and significant changes in oceanic ecosystems.

18.3---Figure 18.20, (p.524)

Plastic debris mixes with natural material in this southern California estuary.

18.2---Figure 18.17, (p.522)

Plastic pieces in the north Atlantic gyre. The estimated total amount of plastic in the area shown (most of which consists of particles about 1 millimeter—1⁄16 of an inch—in size) is 1,100 metric tons (1,210 tons).

Increased, increased

Plastic production has ________exponentially over the last 60 years, while recovery (recycling) has _______slightly.

True

Pollution influences entire habitats, especially the most complex and biologically sensitive shallow-water habitats, such as bays and estuaries

False

Primary production in hydrothermal vent communities is accomplished by photosynthesis

18.2---Figure 18.11, (p.518)

Rachel Carson, author of the influential 1962 book Silent Spring on the misuse of synthetic pesticides. This work is generally cred- ited with beginning the environmental movement in the United States.

impermeable shales / hydrofracturing

Recent innovations in hydrocarbon exploitation, allows industry to extract oil and gas from ____________ using a method called ____________. (((This is in the news. Hydrocarbons are extracted from impermeable shales using "fracking" or hydrofracturing. Look at the discussion in the Lesson 2 "Oil and Natural Gas".)))

18.5---Figure 18.32, (p.534) Some of the possible effects of climate warming

Regions most vulnerable to sea level rise Melting Permafrost --- the thawing and decomposition of vast quantities of organic material could greatly intensify. Earth's greenhouse warming through the release of methane, potentially creating a positive feedback loop that would lead to runaway climate change Precipitation changes --- drying trends affect already dry areas in Europe and North America, as well as rain forests in South America and Africa Receding glaciers --- rising temperatures in Iceland melted away more than 200 feet of the soljeimajukull glacier in six months in 2006, part of a worldwide glacial retreat. If warming continues, Iceland will lose 40 percent of its glaciers by 2100 and be ice-free by 2200 More Intense Storms --- in parts of Asia, heavier and more frequent summer rains have helped trigger destructive floods. Seasonal monsoon systems are expected to intensify.

True

Renewable resources are naturally replaced by either biological or natural physical processes and are replenished at rates that are shorter than a person's life span.

In conventional hydrocarbon exploitation, oil collects in ____________, (=zones of porous rock in the subsurface), which are overlain by _________ (=zones of impermeable rock).

Reservoirs / Seals

7.8 - 8.3

Review question: What is the average pH of the oceans?

facts

Roughly 40% of the world's population lives within 100 kilometers of the ocean. So the coastlines are densely populated. And of course coastlines are also the sites of ports and harbors where a lot of shipping occurs. So both help explain the pattern of invasive species occurrences.

Over the 20th century, the human population grew by 400%. Over that same period, there has been an average 4.5-fold increase in the economic activity of each person. How is this possible? (Select all that apply).

Science allowed improved understanding of resources and how to harvest them.

True

Scientists use mathematical models of Earth's climate system to predict the impact of greenhouse gases on our future climate. The models are tested by comparing modeled climate with observed climate over the last 100 years.

True

Scientists use mathematical models of earth's climate system to predict the impact of greenhouse gases on our future climate. these predictions suggest that some island nations will be flooded in the next 50 years

Kelp Forests

Sea Otters and Sea Urchins are found in which community?

p.532

Sea level is projected to rise another 60 centimeters (2 feet) by the year 2100.

Sea Urchins

Sea urchins in a kelp bed. The urchins can absorb carbohydrates that leak from the algae or gnaw the stipes and holdfasts with their teeth. Too many urchins can destroy a kelp forest by releasing the kelp from its holdfasts.

Deep Sea vents are the product of:

Seawater circulation through complex fracture systems in hot young ocean crust. (((Seawater infiltrates fractures in the crust at divergent plate boundaries (the crest of mid-ocean ridges). As it is cold water it is more dense and it sinks. Eventually that water starts to warm up due to interaction with hot rock or magma. The now hot water is less dense, so it rises through the fracture system towards the sea floor. While rising, the hot water leaches metals from the surrounding rock. Eventually the hot water is released to the ocean at deep sea vents, where the metals precipitate out as sulfide minerals around the vent.)))

Place the following communities in order from those members need have the widest tolerance limits (1) to those which have the narrowest tolerance limits (4):

See Fig. 16.8. The lower intertidal zone tide pools have the least exposure of all (#4). As such, organisms that live there experience the least variations in temperature, salinity, etc. The uppermost littoral zone experiences the most extremes so organisms that live there will have the widest tolerance zones ((( 1---Uppermost rocky littoral zone community 2---Mussel and gooseneck barnacle community of the rocky littoral zone 4---Lower tide pool community within the rocky littoral zone 3---Anemone and sea star community of the rocky littoral zone)))

1/2

Ships transport to market nearly ---- of the world's crude oil production

p.527

Ships' propellers are a major source of oceanic noise. The volume of cargo transported by sea has been doubling approximately every 20 years—the background noise level is relentlessly rising, especially along shipping lanes of the North Pacific and around the British Isles. In 1994 the International Whaling Commission voted to ban whaling in about 21 million square kilometers (8 million square miles) around Antarc- tica, thus protecting most of the remaining large whales, which feed in those waters. The killing ban is not enforced.

Key Concepts 18.1

Since 1961, human demand on Earth's organisms and raw materials has more than doubled and now exceeds Earth's natural replacement capacity by at least 20%.

Mature Forest (51-150 years)

Some decomposing trees, larger trees, and thicker forest

True

Some mariculture projects actually produce oysters that make jewelry-quality pearls. (((Oyster farms of the coasts of Japan, French Polynesia and Australia are producing pearls)))

True

Some pollutants come from both natural and human-related sources. But humans are always involved.

False

Sound is not a type of pollutant in the marine environment.

18.2---Figure 18.4 (p.514)

Storm drains empty directly into rivers, bays, and ultimately the ocean. Each year, more than 240 million gallons of used motor oil—about 8 times the volume of the 2010 Gulf of mexico spill— is dumped down drains, poured into dirt, or concealed in trash headed for landfills. much of this finds its way to the ocean.

Ecology

Study of the interactions of organisms with one another and with their environment.

Remember Chapter 6

That is where we will begin. In fact we already know that the sun emits light (radiative energy) that strikes the Earth (land and ocean), much of which is absorbed by those land and water molecules causing them to vibrate. The speed of the vibration is temperature and the amount of vibration is heat (remember chapter 6). The heat is radiated out to space, heating the Troposphere from below. When we talk about the greenhouse effect we are talking about warming of the Troposphere. Interestingly, it causes the Stratosphere to cool at the same time, but we won't go into that here. Here are some things that we will use to help us understand the greenhouse effect that you might not know... The wavelength of radiation that any body emits is a function of the temperature of that body. The sun's surface is about 6000°K (0°K = zero degrees Kelvin is "absolute zero" = no motion, no energy = -273°C). At 6000°K the radiation that the sun emits forms an approximately normal distribution centered on the visible wavelengths (what we call light). Our sun's radiation spectrum. Diagram traced by Kominz, modified from Peixoto and Oort.

Exclusive Economic Zone

The "---- zone" is the oceanic zone where nations hold sovereignty over resources, comic activity, and environmental protection

Habitat is defined as:

The "address" that an organism lives at within a community

Clumped Form

The ---- form of marine community distribution is the most common one found in nature. (((The clumped form of colonial growth is so common in nature because ideal habitats for growth tend to occur in discrete places over time, such as in: cracks and fissures within rock, pockets of high nutrient concentration, large food deposits when marine mammals die, thermal hot zones in custal fractures, and the like. Likewise, in human communities, economic hot zones often come and go in a clumping fashion, the silver and gold miners of the old west in Nevada and the neo-techies of Silicon Valley in California, for example.)))

Listed for reasons of species diversity, area, and unique hab- itats, other important MPAs are: (p.527)

The Bowie Seamount on the Coast of British Columbia, Canada. • The Great Barrier Reef in Queensland, Australia. • The Ligurian Sea Cetacean Sanctuary in the seas of Italy, Monaco, and France. • The Dry Tortugas in the Florida Keys,United States. • Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument in Hawai'i. • The Phoenix Islands Protected Area, Kiribati. • The Channel Islands Marine Protected Areas in California, United States. • The Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean. • The Antarctic Whaling Preserve

False (((The Deepwater Horizon accident occurred in May 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico.)))

The Deepwater Horizon accident occurred in 2010 and contaminated most of the North Sea.

Main Concepts 17.5

The International Law of the Sea nominally governs marine resource allocation.

J-Curve

The J-curve shows the growth of a population with time in an environment with no limits (e.g., space or nutrients). Most organisms exhibit a S-shaped population growth. In this case, the growth rate is reduced by environmental resistance. With limits imposed, the population expands to the carrying capacity - the maximum number of individuals that can be supported under those stable environmental conditions. The J-shaped curve of population growth of a species is converted to an S-shaped curve when the population encounters envi- ronmental resistance. The physical or biological conditions responsible for the cessation of growth are called limiting factors.

Mare Liberium

The Law of the Sea was first described in a 1609 publication by Hugo Grotius called _____________

Hydrothermal (Black smoker) vent community.

The above picture represents the __________ community. This is one of the marine communities that was discussed.

True

The aphotic pelagic oceanic (bathypelagic) zone is almost devoid of life

70.0%

The approximate amount of plastic that settles to the sea floor - where it can smother benthic organisms.

Key Concepts 13.4

The atoms and small molecules that make up the biochemicals, and thus the bodies, of organisms move between the living and nonliving realms in biogeo- chemical cycles.

__________ is (approximately) in thermal equilibrium. (select all that apply)

The black body Earth in the astrophysicist's calculation of average Earth temperatures without greenhouse gases., AND Earth one million years ago, with greenhouse gases and no human impact on the atmosphere. AND Venus with 96.5% of it's atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide and a surface temperature of about 730°K (about 500°C). (((We have added greenhouse gases to the atmosphere so rapidly that thermal equilibrium has not yet been reached. The sun is generating energy through nuclear fusion, it is not in thermal equilibrium. The other 3 are (or were))))

p. 537

The carrying capacity of the whole Earth as commons may already have been exceeded. Births now exceed deaths by about 3 people per second, 10,400 per hour. Each year there are 95 million more of us, a total equal to nearly one third of the population of the United States. The number of people tripled in the 20th century and is expected to double again before reaching a plateau sometime in this century. Another billion humans will join the world's present population of 71 billion in the next 10 years, 92% of them in developing countries.13 One fifth of the world's people already suffer in abject poverty and hunger. This exploding population is not content with using the same proportion of resources used today. Citizens of the world's least developed countries are influenced by education and ad- vertising to demand a developed-world standard of living. They look with misguided envy at the United States, a country with 5% of the planet's population that consumes 32% of its raw material resources and 24% of its energy, while generating 22% of industry- and transport-related carbon dioxide. As long as our economic systems require constant growth, we will continue to degrade the world ecosystem. Human demand has exceeded Earth's ability to regenerate resources since at least the early 1980s. Since 1961, human demand on Earth's organisms and raw materials has more than doubled and now exceeds Earth's replacement capacity by about 20% (Figure 18.35). Can the world support a population whose expectations are rising as rapidly as their numbers? In Garrett Hardin's words, "We can maximize the number of humans living at the lowest possible level of comfort, or we can try to optimize the quality of life for a smaller population." The burgeoning human popula- tion is the greatest environmental problem of all. The solution to environmental problems, if one exists, lies in education and action.

Succession

The changes in species composition that lead to a climax community.

Symbiosis

The co-occurrence of two species in which the life of one is closely interwoven with the life of the other; mutualism, commensalism, or parasitism.

18.2---Figure 18.12, (p.518)

The concentration of the pesticide DDT in the fatty tissues of organisms was biologically amplified approximately 10 million times in this food chain of an estuary adjacent to Long island Sound, near new York City. Dots represent DDT, and arrows show small losses of DDT through respiration and excretion. Concentrations of DDT interfere with, among other functions, calcium metabolism. Pelicans off the California coast were similarly affected and unable to form proper eggshells. Their population plummeted.

18.2---Figure 18.14, (p.520)

The consequences of eutrophication. A toxic algal bloom chokes the waters off Little Gasparilla Island, Florida. "Dead" hypoxic zones worldwide. Unless nutrient runoff is limited, the zones will grow in size and number. Oxygen depletion - annual, episodic, periodic, persistent, unknown

Hydrostatic Pressure

The constant pressure of water around a submerged organism.

Main Concepts 17.3

The contribution of marine animals and plants to the human intake of proteins is small - probably around 6%.

Spotlight Figure 18.24, elements --- p.528

The cost of noise...a right whale calling to another faces the twin challenges - intensity and frequency - that noise poses to many marine animals Injury - intense noises, such as air gun blasts that ricochet off the seafloor, drown out animal sounds and may cause hearing loss and other damage

Nitrogen Cycle

The cycle in which nitrogen moves from its largest reservoir (the atmosphere) through the ocean, ocean sediments, and food webs, and then back to the atmosphere.

aphotic zone

The dark ocean below the depth to which light can penetrate.

Figure 16.20

The deep-sea gulper eel (genus Eurypharynx), a bathypelagic species with a worldwide distribution beneath tropical waters. Its length is about 60 centimeters (24 inches).

Osmosis

The diffusion of water from a region of high water concentration to a region of lower water concentration through a semipermeable membrane.

convergent evolution

The evolution of similar characteristics in organisms of different ancestry; the body shape of a porpoise and a shark, for instance.

18.2---Figure 18.7 (p.516)

The fate of oil spilled at sea. Smaller molecules evaporate or dissolve into the water beneath the slick. Within a few days, water motion coalesces the oil into tar balls and semisolid emulsions of water-in-oil and oil-in-water. Tar balls and emulsions may persist for months after formation. if crude oil is left undisturbed, bacterial activity will eventually consume it. Refined oil, however, can be more toxic, and natural cleaning processes take a proportionally longer time to complete.

Excess sediment

The following type of pollution is best described as having low toxicity, high quantity and low persistence

Scientific Name

The genus and species name of an organism.

light / heat

The glass in a greenhouse is transparent to _________ but opaque to (does not transmit) __________.

Key Concept 18.4

The global temperature trend has been generally up- ward in the 18,000 years since the last ice age, but the rate of increase has recently accelerated. We are entering a period of rapid climate warming, much of which is almost certainly caused by human activity.

Main Concept 18.4b

The global temperature trend has been generally upward in the 18,000 years since the last ice age, but the rate of increase has recently accelerated. We are entering a period of rapid climate warming, most of which is caused by human activity.

Main Concept 18.1b

The greenhouse effect has been shown to be true, scientifically. It explains the relationship between certain gases in our atmosphere and Earth's surface temperature. The greenhouse effect is good for life on Earth.

p.523

The hardest-hit habitats are estuaries, the hugely productive coastal areas at the mouths of rivers where freshwater and seawa- ter meet. Pollutants washing down rivers enter the ocean at estuaries, and estuaries often contain harbors, with their potentials for oil spills. As little as 1 part of oil for every 10 million parts of water is enough to seriously affect the reproduction and growth of the most sensitive bay and estuarine species. Some of the estuaries along Alaska's Prince William Sound, site of the 1989 Exxon Valdez accident, were covered with oil to a depth of 1 meter (3.3 feet) in places. The spill's effects on the $150-million-a-year salmon, herring, and shrimp fishery will be felt for years to come. Estuaries and bays along the U.S. Gulf Coast, one of the most polluted bodies of water on Earth, are also being severely stressed. About 40% of the nation's most productive fishing grounds, including its most valuable shrimp beds, are found in the Gulf. Nearly 60% of the Gulf's oyster- and shrimp-har- vesting areas—about 13,800 square kilometers (5,300 square miles)—are either permanently closed or have restrictions

marine pollution (p.512, 18.2---Marine Pollutants May Be Natural or Human Generated)

The introduction by humans of substances or energy into the ocean that changes the quality of the water or affects the physical and biological environment.

Kingdom

The largest category of biological classification. Five kingdoms are presently recognized.

Operational Discharge from large ships

The largest source of oil pollution is: (((The largest source of oil is natural seeps, but humans do not influence that, so it is not pollution. The next largest is normal shipping activities. If you put all of the contamination due to normal on-land oil use, it is higher, but it was not an option here... )))

disphotic zone

The lower part of the photic zone, where there is insufficient light for photosynthesis.

Intertidal Zone

The marine zone between the highest high-tide point on a shoreline and the lowest low-tide point. The intertidal zone is sometimes subdivided into four separate habitats by height above tidal datum, typically numbered 1 to 4, land to sea.

chlorinated hydrocarbons (p.517, 18.2---Toxic Synthetic Organic Chemicals May Be Biologically Amplified)

The most abundant and dangerous class of halogenated hydrocarbons, synthetic organic chemicals hazardous to the marine environment.

Nematodes

The most common and successful animal parasite in the modern oceans is/are: (((Nematodes are the most successful parasites in modern oceans (and on land).)))

Parasitism

The most common symbiotic relationship is:

carbon cycle

The movement of carbon from reservoirs (sediment, rock, ocean) through the atmosphere (as carbon dioxide), through food webs, and back to the reservoirs.

active transport

The movement of molecules from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration through a semipermeable membrane at the expense of energy.

diffusion

The movement, driven by heat, of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

Realized Niche

The niche that an organism actually occupies. It is narrower than an organism's fundamental niche because of interspecific competition.

Population Density

The number of individuals per unit area.

p.526 --- Spotlight Figure 18.23

The ocean is becoming more acidic as it absorbs additional carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. A less alkaline environment will make it more difficult for organisms to build hard structures containing calcium (shells, coral skel- etons, among others) from dissolved carbonates. The charts show changes in sea surface pH from the late 1800s to the year 2100. Tropical coral reefs may be unable to survive.

Key Concept 18.3

The ocean's increasing acidity is a serious threat to calcium- deposition organisms. Coral reefs are especially endan- gered by acidification.

18.2---Figure 18.5 (p.515)

The oil slick extending from the Deepwater Horizon accident on 24 may 2010, about a month after the spill began. Oil smooths the sea surface, making the sun's reflection brighter. Tendrils of oil extend to the north and east of the main body of the slick. A small dark plume along the edge of the slick indicates a possible controlled burn of oil on the ocean surface.

Chemosynthesis

The organisms at the base of the food web in this community utilize __________ to generate their food. (((The microbes at the base of the food web rely on chemosynthesis. There is no sunlight in this environment.)))

Figure 16.22

The path of water associated with a hydrothermal vent. Seawater enters the fractured seabed near an active spreading center and percolates downward, where it comes into contact with rocks heated by a nearby magma chamber. The warmed water expands and rises in a convection current. As it rises, the hot water dissolves minerals from the surrounding fresh basalt. When the water shoots from a weak spot in the seabed, some of these minerals condense to form a "chimney" up to 20 meters (66 feet) high and 1 meter (3.3 feet) in diameter. As the vented water cools, metal sulfides precipitate out and form a sedimentary layer downcurrent from the vent. Bacteria in the sediment, in the surrounding water, and within specialized organisms make use of the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the water to bind carbon into glucose by chemosynthesis. This chemosynthesis forms the base of the food chains of vent organisms. (This illustration is not to scale.)

The two photos are of the Muir glacier in Alaska. Which statement below is most correct?

The photo on the left was taken in the late 1800's and the one on the right was taken in the early 2000's. (((This is a fairly typical before and after picture. In 200 years the glacier has disappeared from this spot)))

Habitat

The place where an individual or population of a given species lives; its "mailing address."

Meroplankton

The planktonic phase of the life cycle of organisms that spend only part of their life drifting in the plankton.

Community

The populations of all species that occupy a particular habitat and interact within that habitat.

the error bars on the measurements become more narrow as you look at the graph from left to right because:

The precision of measurements have improved as we develop new methods, like use of satellites.

Photosynthesis

The process by which autotrophs bind light energy into the chemical bonds of food with the aid of chlorophyll and other substances. The process uses carbon dioxide and water as raw materials and yields glucose and oxygen.

p.516

The public usually demands a cleanup. At the peak of the 2010 Gulf spill, more than 23,000 cleanup workers were on duty. By the time the spill is resolved, British Petroleum, the company leasing Deepwater Horizon at the time of the accident, will have paid an estimated US$60 billion in penalties, equipment expenditures, and cleanup costs.

Metabolic Rate

The rate at which energy-releasing reactions proceed within an organism.

Mutualism

The relationship between sea anemones and anemone fish is one of:

Carrying Capacity

The size at which a particular population in a particular environment will stabilize when its supply of resources—including nutrients, energy, and living space—remains constant.

Key Concepts 13.5

The success of marine organisms depends on their relation with the physical and biological factors influencing them. Rapid chance may result in mass extinction.

chemosynthesis

The synthesis of organic compounds from inorganic compounds using energy stored in inorganic substances such as sulfur, ammonia, and hydrogen. Energy is released when these substances are oxidized by certain organisms.

Photic Zone

The thin film of lighted water at the top of the world ocean. The photic zone rarely extends deeper than 200 meters (660 feet). Compare euphotic zone.

Domain

The three main kinds of living things above the Linnaean level of kingdom: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Control

The trial group in an experiment that does not contain the experimental variable.

mutualism

The tube worm riftia (photo on the right) and the giant clams Calyptogena (photo on the left) have endosymbiontic bacteria living within their tissues. We discussed a similar symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae and corals. What is this type of symbiotic relationship called?

False

The u.s. signed the 1982 United Nations draft convention on the law of the sea

Euphotic Zone

The upper layer of the photic zone in which net photosynthetic gain occurs. Compare photic zone.

Biodiversity

The variety of different species within a habitat.

p.514

The world's accelerating thirst for oil is currently running at about 3,800 liters (1,000 gallons) per second, slightly more than half of which is transported to market in large tankers. In the decade of the 1990s, about 1,300 thousand metric tons (1,430 thousand tons) of oil entered the world ocean each year. Natural seeps accounted for about half of this annual input—600,000 metric tons annually. About 8% of the total was associated with marine transportation. Some of this oil was not spilled in well- publicized tanker accidents but was released during the loading, discharging, and flushing of tanker ships. Between 150,000 and 450,000 marine birds are believed to be killed each year by oil released from tankers. Much more oil reaches the ocean in runoff from city streets or as waste oil dumped down drains, poured into dirt, or hid- den in trash destined for a landfill. Every year more than 900 million liters (about 240 million gallons) of used motor oil— about 8 times the volume of the 2010 Gulf of Mexico spill— finds its way to the sea (Figure 18.4). This used oil is much more toxic than crude oil because it has developed carcinogenic and metallic components from the heat and pressure within internal combustion engines. And not all hydrocarbon pollution is "wet"—aromatic compounds released when crude oil evapo- rates will eventually find their way back into the ocean.

18.2---Figure 18.8, (p.516)

The world's largest oil spills. For comparison, the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill in Alaska's Prince William Sound released about 11 million gallons of crude oil. 1. Persian Gulf, 1991 --- intentional release by Iraq --- 240 million gal. 2. Gulf of Mexico, 2010 --- blowout --- 206 million gal. 3. Gulf of Mexico, 1979 --- Well Blowout --- 140 million gal. 4. Trinidad, 1979 --- Ship Collision --- 84.2 million gal. 5. Persian Gulf, 1983 --- Blowout --- 80 million gal. 6. Uzbekistan, 1992 --- blowout --- 80 million gal. 7. South Africa, 1983 --- Tanker Fire --- 78.5 million gal. 8. Portsall, France, 1978 --- Ship grounding --- 68.7 million gal. 9. North Atlantic, 1988 --- tanker rupture --- 43.1 million gal. 10. Libya, 1980 --- blowout --- 42 million gal.

The greenhouse effect is:

Thegreenhouseeffectisnecessaryforlife;withoutit,Earth's average atmospheric temperature would be about 218°C (0°F). Earth has been kept warm by natural greenhouse gases. The removal of these gases by photosynthesis and absorption by seawater appears to prevent the planet from overheating

True

There are isopods (small arthropods) that essentially replace the tongues of fish as an example of a parasitic relationship.

Main Concept 18.3b

There is ample evidence of a relationship between greenhouse gas concentrations and climate in Earth's geologic past.

Optimal Range

There is an upper and lower limit of tolerance where population size can thrive. While there also is an upper and lower zone of physiological stress. Range of tolerance to a physical factor—in this case, temperature—for a population of organisms.

Main Concept 18.5b

This has an impact not only on temperature, but also on glacial ice and Arctic ice, on the pH of the oceans, on the height of sea level and on the intensity of storms. The ocean's increasing acidity is a serious threat to calcium-secreting organisms. Coral reefs are especially endangered by acidification.

Sand and Gravel

This resource, when derived from marine sediments, is about 1% of the total production of that resource. Most production is on land. (((Sand and gravel are only important marine resources for island nations. The majority of sand and gravel production occurs on land (99%).)))

p.517

Today, accidental spills from plat- forms represent about 1% of petroleum discharged in North American waters and about 3% worldwide.

greenhouse effect (p. 382, p.530, 18.5---Earth's surface temperature is rising)

Trapping of heat in the atmosphere. Incoming short-wavelength solar radiation penetrates the atmosphere, but the outgoing longer-wavelength (long-wavelength) radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases and reradiated to Earth, causing a rise in surface temperature.

On average, of the energy that strikes and excites greenhouse gases about half of it is re-transmitted back to Earth, heating up the planet.

True (((Exactly. It is a little bit more complicated than an actual, plant-growing greenhouse. In that case, all the infrared wavelength radiation is blocked by the glass)))

Some times the best solution to cleaning up an oil spill is to do nothing.

True (((This is a paraphrase of a quote by Sylvia Earle, a scientist at NOAA, who was discussing that clean up of an oil spill can be worse than the spill itself. In particular chemical dispersants may kill the very bacteria that degrade crude oil.)))

False

Turtle Excluder Devices are used to capture just marine turtles as a way to harvest enough turtles to make lots of turtle soup. (((Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) are used to allow turtles to escape nets, while other organisms like shrimp or small fish are funneled into the net.)))

IWLearn 16.1

Understand that marine organisms live in communities.

J-shaped curve

Unlimited, unchecked, and unbridled exponential growth of a population of organisms, prior to their feeling the effects of limiting factors, is associated with what "letter-shaped" graphical curve (((In an exponentially-growing community of organisms, the birth and growth rate may start off slowly, but its growth rate will continue to accelerate until limiting factors put a lid on it. When that happens the J-shaped curve flattens out to an S-shaped one.)))

The atmospheric gases that absorb heat energy include:

Water vapor, carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) (((yes, but this is not all)))

True (ch.16.4)

Wave shock is the force of crashing waves

IWL 16.4

We will look at several examples of marine communities

Figure 16.27

Whale barnacles. These arthropods can be buried up to 3 centimeters (11⁄4 inches) deep in the skin of certain whales. They derive part of their nutrition from the flesh and circulating fluids of the whale. Some individuals are up to 7.6 centimeters (3 inches) across.

False

Whalers from Norway and Japan have stopped taking whales since the international whaling commission, an organization of whaling countries established to manage whale stocks, placed a moratorium on the slaughter of large whales in 1986 (((Japan has harvested many whales since 1988. Norway briefly halted whaling, but resumed whaling in 1993. Norway has a yearly quota of roughly ~1200 whales. Several other countries (Iceland, Chile, Peru and North Korea) have limited whale hunts as well. The International Whaling Commission was started in 1986 and placed the ban at a time when whaling was no longer economic. While they haven't completely stopped whaling, whale populations have started to slowly rise. In fact, California Gray Whales have become abundant enough to have been taken off the endangered species list.)))

True (((think about DDT and PCB's and HFC's.)))

When scientists develop synthetic organic materials for use in industry and/or agriculture, they are trying to improve human economies and health, but there are often unintended dangerous pollution-related impacts from these materials.

True

When societies face a choice between increased economic growth and short-term gains over long-term preservation of the environment, usually short-term gains and economic growth prevails.

Harry Truman

Which U.S. President expanded the limits of the nation's control over marine territory from the traditional 5 kilometer limit to the area encompassing the coastal shelf?

Parasitism, commensalism, mutualism

Which of the following are types of symbiotic relationships? (select all that apply):

Whale-fall community

Which of the following is a deep sea benthic community (((remember that benthic refers to the seafloor)))

Osmosis

Which of the following is not used as a type of desalination process?

Fertilizers

Which one of the following marine pollutants actually encourages growth of autotrophs, ultimately choking the waterway and sapping it of available oxygen. (((Fertilizers tend to have a lot of important nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous)))

Main Concepts 17.6

With few exceptions, our present level of growth and exploitation of marine resources is unsustainable

True

With the exclusion of Japan, Norway and a few other countries, most of the world has stopped harvesting large whales. (((Chapter 17.4 "Whaling Continues". The International Whaling Commission banned large whale harvesting back in 1987. A few countries allow harvesting of whales for "scientific research". The U.S. and Canada both allow very limited whaling for Native American communities.)))

Place the following communities in order from those whose members need have only narrow tolerance limits (1) to those which must have the widest tolerance limits (4):

_2__ Coral reef community __4__ Rocky littoral community __1__ Deep benthic oceanic zone community __3__ Esturine community (((The more varied the environment the wider the tolerance ranges of the critters that live there. There is very little variety in the oceanic benthic zone, the coral reef community is consistently warm, clear, sunny saline... but not as constant as the deep sea floor. The esturaine community is often subject to wide fluctuations in salinity. The rocky littoral zone suffers huge fluctuations in salinity, temperature, exposure etc.)))

Anchoveta

___________ is the most commonly harvested type of fish (by weight). (((Refer to figure 17.15 in Chapter 17.4. Anchovies were the most commonly harvested fish in 2011, with 8.3 million tons harvested)))

Pollutant

a ---- causes damage by interfering directly or indirectly with biochemical processes of an organism

A climax community is defined as

a community that is stable and long-established

Greenhouse gas definition according to the lesson

a gas that gets excited by, absorbs and re-transmits energy at the wavelengths that Earth is sending back towards space.

Population

a group of organisms of the same species

The relationship between amount of exposure and vertical zonation in a rocky intertidal community.

a. A graph showing intertidal height versus hours of exposure. The 0.0 point on the graph, the tidal datum, is the height of mean lower low water. b. (((picture of zones))) Vertical zonation, showing four distinct zones. The uppermost zone (I) is darkened by lichens and cyanobacteria; the middle zone (II) is dominated by a dark band of the red alga Endocladia; the low zone (III) contains mussels and gooseneck barnacles; and the bottom zone (IV) is home to sea stars (Pisaster) and anemones (Anthopleura). The bands in the photograph correspond approximately to the heights shown in the graph.

Figure 16.21 Some representative deep benthic animals.

a. An abyssal holothuran (Scotoplanes), a relative of the sea star, cruises the deep seabed for nutritious bits. (They're informally called "sea pigs. b. Deep-sea gigantism in amphipods. Most amphipods are the size of large ants. These, recovered from the Kermadec Trench, measured 28 centimeters (11 inches). c. A blind tripod fish. The very long, curved projections on the fish's fins and gills are thought to aid in sensing the distant vibrations of prospective prey. d. A xenophyophore, the largest single-celled animal known, rests on the seabed absorbing nutrients.

Sand Beach Organisms

a. Dime-sized bean clams (Donax) lie at the surface awaiting a ride up the beach on an incoming wave. They will bury themselves in the loose sediment, push up their siphons, and filter the water for food. When the tide retreats, they will again pop to the surface and allow the waves to take them back down the beach. b. A sand crab (Emerita), beloved of all beach-going children and beginning lab students, attempts to bury itself in antic- ipation of an onrushing wave. It gleans food from passing water with its feathery antennae.

Figure 16.23 Some large organisms dependent on hydrothermal vents.

a. Riftia, large tube worms (pogonophorans) that contain masses of chemosynthetic bacteria in special interior pouches. b. A vent field dominated by the giant white clam Calyptogena. Each clam is about the size of a man's shoe and contains chemosynthetic bacteria within its gill filaments

The movements of deep scattering layers, as recorded by an echo sounder.

a. Three distinct layers move toward the surface at sunset a.1. Sunset 18.38hr. (((seems to be the lowest/deepest point before it rises other time highlighted is 18.43 and 19.35hr/shallowest point))) (0-700 m or 0-2300ft) b. Before sunrise, the layers move down again. This phenomenon is caused by organisms that migrate up and down with changing amounts of sunlight. (In both traces, another scattering layer remains at a constant depth.) b.1. 0.5.30hr, Sunrise 5.59hr, 6.00hr, 06.30hr

Experimental manipulation of two intertidal barnacle species

a. Under natural condi- tions, Chthamalus and Semibalanus live in slightly different levels in the intertidal zone. b. When Chthamalus was experimentally removed, Semibalanus did not colonize the newly opened space since it could not tolerate the increased physical disturbance at that level. c. When Semibalanus was removed, Chthamalus quickly colonized the space where its com- petitor barnacles had been.

An estuarine marsh

a. urban developers often destroy coastal marshes to build marinas or homes, but citizens near this marsh in orange County, California, have recognized its natural value and have set it aside as a marine preserve. b. Snails (genus Cerithidea) in an estuary search the surface mud for food.

1/3

about ---- of the world's table salt is currently produced from seawater by evaporation. In 2013 the United States produced about 40.1 million metric tons of table salt with a value of about US$1.6 billion (((Refer to Chapt. 17.2. Roughly a third of the world's salt is produced by evaporating seawater. The rest comes from ancient salt deposits.)))

6%

about how much of humanity's nutritional protein needs are supplied by the ocean (((About 6.5% of human intake of protein is derived from direct marine resources. p. 493.)))

False

all greenhouse gases respond to all the energy that the earth emits (((Each greenhouse gases respond to a limited range of wavelengths. They are indicated by the colored regions in the graph for each of the greenhouse gases. If the color reaches the top, there is 100% chance that gas will get excited by that wavelength of energy, if it reaches half way there is only a 50% change that gas will get excited)))

False (((Figure 18.16)))

although we continue to produce increasing amounts of plastics each year, recycling efforts are catching up so that the amount that enters the environment as pollution is now decreasing yearly

A niche is defined as:

an organism's "occupation" within a habitat

The greenhouse gas that responds to a very narrow range of the spectrum that Earth emits a great deal of is:

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) (((The Earth emits most energy at the wavelengths that water is least excited by. Earth is not emiting a lot of energy at the wavelengths that excite methane. Earth is emitting a lot of energy at the wavelengths that excite CO2, but this is a pretty broad range of wavelengths. CFC's have the narrowest wavelength response, and Earth emits a lot of energy at these wavelengths.)))

Global warming is the process by which humans have increased the carbon dioxide concentrations of the Troposphere sufficiently to generate increased Tropospheric warmth. We would not know of the human-generated, huge increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide if scientists had not:

collected data on atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases on remote islands and collected and analyzed data on atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases over the last 300,000 years in ice cores. (((What information was collected that shows that carbon dioxide has been rising in the atmosphere? How do we know that these changes did not occur naturally, that they are larger than natural fluctuations of this gas?)))

Global warming is the process by which humans have increased the carbon dioxide concentrations of the Troposphere sufficiently to generate increased Tropospheric warmth. The huge increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide would not have occured if ENGINEERS had not:

developed technologies used to map the subsurface, and technologies allowing us to tap oil and gas resources.

crustaceans

each of the following are considered an inorganic physical resource except for ----

Match the scientific or technical advance on the left with the societal or economic result of the right.

enhanced fishing of near-surface nekton --- real-time satellite chlorophyl images of the sea surface disturbance of seafloor marine communities --- increased size of trawling nets and shift to nylon nets Ability to determine maximum sustainable yield of a fishery --- in-depth study of a fishery, including productivity, mortality, age of maturity for males and females, habitat impacts

True

eutrophication is a set of physical, chimerical, and biological changes that take place when excessive nutrients are released into the water. the most visible manifestations of eutrophication are the red tides, yellow forms, or thick green slimes of vigorous plankton blooms.

The impact of bottom trawling for benthic fish (e.g., orange roughy or shrimp) includes:

extensive bycatch resuspension of sediment habitat destruction

The most valuable living marine resources are:

fish, crustaceans and mollusks

18.5---Figure 18.31, (p.534) Sea Level is rising

global mean sea level seasonal signals removed trend: 2.9 ± 0.4 mm/year Sea level rise since 1992 as measured by the TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1 and Jason-2 satellites. Doggerlanders would feel right at home when reading this chart. For island nations such as the maldives, even a small rise in sea level could spell disaster. This lowest, flattest country on Earth is strung out across 880 kilometers (550 miles) of the indian Ocean. nearly all of its inhabitants live less than a meter (3.3 feet) above sea level. most of the population lives in maale, where the effects of this century's sea level rise of 10 to 25 centimeters (4 to 10 inches) have already been felt. Of the country's 1,180 islands, only a handful would survive the median estimate of sea level rise by 2100. Venice, Italy perhaps the world's most beautiful city, is sinking at a rate of about 3 millimeters (0.12 inches) a year—about 30 centimeters (one foot) a century. The seabed on which it rests is also tilting eastward a millimeter or two each year. During times of high tides and storms, the ocean creeps into rooms on the "ground" floor, rendering them uninhabitable. The population of the city is falling as long-time residents abandon this great city for higher ground. A costly mitigation system is being planned.

True (((Exactly. This is Global Warming. It is more specific than the Greenhouse Effect.)))

global warming is the response of earth's climate system to increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere as a result of human contribution

Remember chapter 7

his is, in fact, a simple problem. First we note that Earth (and any other planetary body) is in thermal equilibrium. That just means that (like the ocean in chemical equilibrium in Chapter 7) the amount of energy coming in must equal the amount of energy going out. This means that Earth's temperature is stable; it is not going to turn into a molten blob of lava by continuing to absorb more and more solar energy and it is not going to turn into a frozen wasteland by somehow shedding more energy than it gets. So, with the principle of thermal equilibrium in mind, all we need to know is how much solar energy hits Earth and how much of that Earth absorbs. Astrophysicists know how much energy the sun emits and how much of that hits Earth (a very small percent, really). And as for how much Earth absorbs, they begin with the simple assumption that Earth is a black body with no atmosphere.

Match the scientific or technical advance on the left with the societal or economic result on the right.

improved ability to find and mine natural resources from ancient pieces of ocean crust left on land during ocean-continent & continent-continent collisions --- Understanding of the formation of metallic sulfides at divergent plate boundaries. improved ability to discover conventional oil and gas reservoirs --- Seismic imaging of ancient and modern continental margins. ability to tap source rocks for oil and gas using the technique commonly known as "fracking" --- Improved drilling techniques allowing horizontal drilling along precise geologic formations. Ability to determine good locations to tap the biggest natural resource for "clean" (pollution free) energy --- real-time data on wind distributions over the ocean

the increase in per capita fish caught for market in the 20th century has been mainly a result of:

improved technology and fishing at or beyond the maximum sustainable yield, which is a bad thing

Sea-level rise

increased greenhouse gases and global warming could be expected to cause (((Be careful. pH is buffered by CO2 and increased CO2 drives it to become more acidic, lowering pH. Warming is generally associated with melting of ice on the poles, or elsewhere. And that melting (in addition to heating of the oceans) causes sea level rise)))

This map shows one of the factors that was considered in the construction of the "human impacts" map shown on the inside back cover of your textbook. The very broad impacts shown here are a result of addition of CO2 to the atmosphere. This map shows:

lowering of the pH of the surface oceans with red being the largest decrease (((About 35% of the CO2 added by humans has been absorbed by the oceans. The result is a lowering of the pH (that is it has become increasingly acid). The pH is already low at high latitudes because the oceans are naturally cold, so the impact is greatest at low latitudes. You already know that the impact on temperature is warming and that the greatest impact on temperatures are at high latitutdes.)))

Which of the following are examples of physical marine resources? (select all that apply):

manganese nodules salts sand and gravel oil and natural gas (((Refer to Chapter 17.1, where the types of physical resources are listed, they include solid minerals (something we discussed in Chapter 5 - remember hydrogenous sediments?), oil and natural gas, sand and gravel, salts, and freshwater.)))

The following are nonextractive resources except:

mariculture

Nonextractive

marine resources include transportation of people and commodities by sea, and recreation.

18.5---Figure 18.28, (p.532)

mean global surface air temperatures, 1881-2010, shown as a 12-month moving average. The chart shows how temperatures have varied from their average for the years 1951-1980 (the baseline). These data are based on surface air measurements at meteorological stations and satellite measurements of surface temperature.

Increased greenhouse gases and global warming could be expected to cause:

melting of polar ice, lowered pH of the oceans, and sea-level rise

Methane Hydrates consist of:

methane laced ice (((Methane if a type of hydrocarbon. It is present beneath the sea floor as methane hydrate, which consists of ice laced with methane. The ice of course is water in the solid state.)))

The marine pollutant that can best be described as highly toxic, highly persistent and very low quantity is:

nuclear waste (((HABs and eutrophication are short lived, crude oil spills are also pretty short lived, but generally last longer than eutrophication. In the 1960's some low-level nuclear waste was dumpped into the oceans, additionally, there was some nuclear waste that entered the ocean as a result of above-ground and atoll testing of atomic weapons. Finally, the recent Fukushima tsunami resulted in the release of radioactive materials from power plants into the ocean. Concentrations are very low, but this is toxic material and it will be at least thousands of years before it stops emiting radiation.)))

Aphotic Pelagic (Bathypelagic) Zone

of the following marine habitats which is most devoid of life (((The bathypelagic (aphotic oceanic pelagic) zone is largely devoid of life because the creatures above in the aphotic/disphotic deep scattering layer eat most of the detritus raining down from above, plus there is no substrate (benthos) directly below them upon which to feed. In addition, basic nutrients are in short supply and sunlight is non-existent.)))

False

on average, of the energy that strikes and excites greenhouse gases almost all of it is re-transmitted back to Earth, effectively blocking it from going out to space and heating up the planet

PCBs --- Polychlorinated Biphenyis

once widely used to cool and insulate electrical devices and to strengthen wood or concrete, may be responsible for behavior changes and declining fertility of some populations of seals and sea lions on islands of the California Coast

Laws of the sea

one chapter of Grotius's work de cure predate, which defended free ocean access for all nations, was reprinted in 1609 under the title mare liberum. Mare liberum formed the basis fro all modern international ----

This map shows one of the factors that was considered in the construction of the "human impacts" map shown on the inside back cover of your textbook. This map shows the human impact of trawling for benthic fish. The main impacts that we see are probably a result of:

over fishing, bycatch, and habitat destruction (((We are fishing most fisheries at or above sustainability. And deep-water benthic fish tend to be longer-lived and slower to reproduce than shallow-water fish. So overfishing is a problem. Also, with the target fish being relatively rare, there is a lot of bycatch (unintended fish caught and, usually, killed). Bottom trawling is notoriously destructive of the entire ecosystem of benthic communities. That is, all of these.)))

true

overfishing occurs when so many fish have been harvested that the remaining breeding stock is insufficient to replenish the species. Many marine species are overfished

Effects of climate change on Ocean

p.532 (18.5---Mathematical Models Are Used to Predict Future Climates )

If a molecule is excited by energy of a specific wavelength, it next:

re-transmits that energy and returns to normal (((It does not stay energized. It sends out exactly the same wavelength of energy)))

Killing larvae, preventing free diffusion of gases, decreasing the sunlight available for photosynthesis, clogging adult organisms' feeding strategy

spills of crude oil are generally larger in volume and more frequent than spills of refined oil. Most components of crude oil do not dissolve easily in water. in what way do spills of crude oil harm life in the ocean

Which of the following are renewable resources? (select all that apply):

table salt, potable water (((Water and salt are considered renewable because there is so much of it that it cannot really be diminished.)))

Deep Scattering Layer (DSL)

the ---- is the name for the layer composed fo a relatively dense aggregate of fishes, squid, and other animals that migrate up and down in synchrony with daylight

Littoral Zone (intertidal)

the ---- zone is the zone located between the highest high tide and lowest low tide

Water vapor

the atmospheric gases that absorb heat energy include:

Absorption vs. wavelength

the colored plots, labeled with Earth's greenhouse gases is a plot of (vertical axis vs. horizontal axis):

Synthetic organics and heavy metals

the following type of marine pollution is characterized by biomagnification, so that the concentrations of the pollutant in individuals high on the trophic pyramid are much higher than concentrations in seawater

Harmful algal blooms

the following type of pollution is best described as having high toxicity, high quantity and low peristence

Heavy Metals

the following type of pollution is best described as having high toxicity, low quantity and high persistence

invasive species

the following type of pollution is best described as having low toxicity, high quantity and high persistence

False

the greenhouse effect is a bad thing

Water Vapor

the greenhouse gas that responds to the widest range of wavelengths of energy that earth emits is ((((((Water vapor responds to all of the wavelengths that the earth sends out. But for the wavelengths that it sends out the most energy, the likelihood that it will get excited is low, whereas at the extreme ends, the liklihood is 100%, as you can see from the blue curve. )))

Chlorofluorocarbons

the greenhouse gas that was not present in Earth's atmosphere 100 years ago is: (((CFCs (and HFCs) are synthetic organics. The rest are naturally occurring. Some have been greatly influenced by human activities, but they were in the atmosphere before Homo Sapiens evolved some 100,000 years ago.)))

biomagnification

the level of synthetic organic chemicals in seawater is usually very low, but some organisms at higher levels in the food chain end up with substantial concentrations these toxic substances in their flesh. This form of ---- is especially hazardous to top carnivores in a food chain

A community is defined as:

the many populations of organisms that interact at a particular location

False

the most highly evolved and the most common symbiotic relationship is mutualism

Population density is defined as:

the number of individuals of a species per unit area (or volume)

Nuclear

the only alternative source of energy that does not produce carbon dioxide and currently generates 20% of our electricity is ---- energy (((Solar and biofuel comprise a much smaller %. The same is true for wind (though it is growing rapidly). Natural gas produces carbon dioxide, though not as much as coal. Nuclear is the one.)))

Wave Shock

the powerful force of crashing waves is called:

False

the rate at which humans are adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere has begun to decline over the last 10 years (((There have been a lot of "agreements" to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, but the data show a pretty steady increase and no evidence of reduced rates of increase.)))

desalination

the separation of pure water from seawater is called:

Carbohydrates

the shelter and high productivity of a kelp forest can help provide a near-ideal environment for animals. For example, sea urchins in a kelp bed can ingest ---- that leak from algae, they also gnaw on the steps and hold fasts with their "teeth". Too many urchins can destroy a kelp forest by breaking the kelp from their holdfasts. (((kelp generate a lot of carbohydrates, some of which are released into the water column)))

Temperature

the spectrum of energy that any body (e.g., the sun, a squirrel) emits is a function of it's:

The dashed line (labeled C) is different from the colored curves. It represents: (((his is the spectrum that the Earth emits.)))

the spectrum of radiation that Earth emits to space

Extremophiles are

types of bacteria and archaea, able to survive in extreme environments such as temperatures in excess of 100*C, and important chemosynthesizmers (((Extremophiles are important chemosynthesizers. They are generally types of prokaryotic organisms like bacteria and archaea. They are found in extreme environments)))

potable

water suitable for drinking is ---- water

Earth's Radiation Spectrum and that of the Sun

wavelengths are solar spectrum shorter on the left and longer on the right earth spectrum. Energy increases upward. Diagram traced by Kominz, modified from Peixoto and Oort.

Fertilizers

which one of the following marine pollutants actually encourages growth of autotrophs, ultimately chocking the waterway and sapping it of available oxygen