gerontology ch. 1,2,3,5 (exam 1)

retirement transitions

-Crisp: clean break from employment -Blurred: leaving and returning to work -Bridge jobs: job between career job and permanent retirement

intermediate

Declining fertility and mortality rates Due to eradication of diseases that casued infant and childhood mortality

migration

Ppl moving into or out of country

Pharm companies, cosmetic procedures, PT, orthopedics

Which healthcare services and/or products are likely to be required by an aging population?

-important so we have less of a burden for medicare and medicaid, have financial security if older people are trying to find jobs in competitive market, medicare doesn't cover everything older people need (ex. long term care, dermatology, plastic surgery)

Why is retirement security important? How does retirement security affect health administration?

retirement

Withdrawal from work Loss of occupational identity Living longer in retirement -retirement is a huge transition -as our life expectancy increases, so does our retirement life expectancy

gender and ageism

Women are more likely to experience ageism Looking younger more important Signs of aging rated as less attractive in women

retirement transitions cont

- phased retirement- reduced responsibilities to gradually ease into retirement contingent work- hired on a temporary basis

responses to ageism

-Ageism largely comes from lack of knowledge -Studies show many misconceptions about aging, even among gerontologists! -More knowledge about aging = more positive view of later life -Need to balance info on successful aging and wellness, not just focus on problems and poor health -Mass media is beginning to present more varied images of aging -Knowledge and satisfying contact with older people may lead to more realistic and positive views of aging

assets

-Important source of income -house -cash, savings, stocks/bonds -investment properties Home equity constitutes the majority of net worth (81% own)

race and aging

-Life expectancy for nonwhites is less than it was for whites -The aging population is also becoming more racially and ethnically diverse -Will account for 42% of population by 2050

biological aging

-Senescence- normal functional decline that occurs over time in the body (starts around age 30) ex. arthritis is a disease, but if it happens to almost everyone, we might consider if it is a normal part of aging -Separates "normal" aging from disease, yet difficult to distinguish -Depends on genetics, diet, physical activity, and environment

cultural perspectives cont

-african americans give strong support to older members and rely on church support -hispanic americans show strong inter-dependence of older and young and have more contact with their children than non-Hispanic counterparts

earnings

-wages, interest on savings, or dividends on stocks/bonds Only about 25% report earnings Diminishes with age

centenarians

100+

older adults

65+

old old

75-84

baby boomers and retirement

84% say they plan to work at least part time during their retirement 35% say they will be working part-time for interest and enjoyment 23% say they will work part-time mainly for the income 17% envision starting their own business and 5% hope to work fulltime at a new

oldest old

85+

demographics

85+ fastests growing segment We are going to need more healthcare for these people Increase in centenarians 53,264 in 2010 to 1 million by 2080

demographic transition theory (add pics)

A 3 stage process in which a society moves from high rates of fertility and mortality to low rates of fertility and mortality Transitions from a "young" society to an "old" society

age cohort

A group of people who experience the same events within the same time period Can be defined by age, historical eras, or shared events example : Baby boom generation (1946-1964), class of students, everyone who experienced the great depression can be based on chronological age, but not necessarily

social support: adult children

After spouses, adult children are the most important social support Older parents and children see each other and communicate frequently Reciprocal relationship over the life course

ageism in the workplace

Age discrimination in Employment Act prohibits discrimination against the 40+ 80% of workers believe age discrimination exists 61% of employers admit doing so Exacerbated by the recession

convoy of support

As we age and our health declines, we intentionally distance ourselves from some relationships Convoy of support refers to those we retain in our social network, moving with us through life challenges and transitions

Life expectancy

Average number of years an individual can expect to live -1900- 47 yrs old -2015-79 yrs old

fertility rate

Birth rate- number of babies being born

impacts of social support

Contributes to healthy aging -physical and mental well-being -feelings of control, autonomy and competence Active aging & resilience Reduced negative effects of stressful events Reduced mortality risk

population aging

Due to combination of Low birth rates Improvements in life expectancy Birth cohorts Baby boomers (1946-1964)

retirement income

Economic status is cumulative across the life course Need 65-80% of pre-retirement income to maintain standard of living Older adults have more sources of income

pensions

Employer pensions were intended to supplement income in retirement Less than 50% of all workers receive job specific pensions Fewer than 10% have enough disposable income for IRAs

social support within families

Families are the major source of social support Demographics have changed the family structure Family roles Geographic location verticalization - 3, 4, & 5 generation families becoming more common

overall economic picture

Great diversity in the economic status of older adults Older adults have the lowest poverty rate of any age group Median income has increased but still lower than the other adults BUT older adults' net worth is higher

ways to measure population aging

Increase in number of older people Increased median age of the population Increased proportion or percentage of older people

retirement cont

Institutionalized retirement is a 20th century phenomenon Trend towards early retirement is reversing "Normal" retirement at 65 is no longer the norm -we expect to retire ever since 1935 when the social security act was passed

post retirement life

Leisure -Any activity that is satisfying and free of obligation -examples: golf, cards, swimming, book clubs, traveling, education (OLLI), volunteering Volunteering -57% of older americans

late

Low fertility and low mortality rates Due to prevention and treatment of adult diseases in old age

social support: spouses

Marital status positively related to: -physical/psychological -life satisfaction and well being -financial status Older men more likely to be married (72% vs. 42%)

life span

Maximum number of years a given species could expect to live -Humans -120 -Jeanne calment @ 122

minority status an income

Minorities have lower incomes than non-Hispanic whites -Lower incomes= lower social security and pensions 23. 2% of older African Americans and 17.1% of older Latinos are poor, compared with 7.4% of older whites

grandparenthood

More older people experiencing grandparenthood These relationships strengthen intergenerational links Grandparents derive great satisfaction from interaction with grandchildren -experiencing grandparenthood due to increased life expectancy rates

cultural perspectives

Most Western societies are individualistic Other cultures, such as those in Asia and the Pacific Islands, are collectivist societies -Resources of older adult are pooled with the family and life is shared together -in Philippine culture the daughter takes care of adult and if adult gets sick or old they move in together

employment barriers

Obsolescent skills Negative stereotypes Viewed as more costly Age-based employment discrimination Ignores advantages: -Less absenteeism/turnover/accidents -Experience, knowledge, and insight

age and income

Older adults have about half the median income of households with heads < 65 Young-old better off than old-old oldest old have the fewest resources

marital status and income

Older married couples have lower rates of poverty and better incomes -two incomes -more savings and dual pensions -higher social security benefits Widows particularly susceptible to poverty after loss of a spouse

employment of older workers

Older people seek employment due to: -Financial need -Desire to feel productive; want to be involved with something they have skills for -Job loss/restructuring; company downsizing -older people seeking jobs is harder and they are more likely to take a pay cut

gender and income

Older women have lower incomes than older men -lower social security benefits -less pension coverage -greater reliance on social security More likely to live in poverty (11.5%) compared to men (6.6%)

defined benefit (<21% of ppl use this)

Pension amount determined by formula Years of service Salary history Vesting rules Company is responsible for investments You know what you're getting BUT, not portable

-Defined Contribution (401k) - more popular

Pension amount determined by tax-deferred contributions You contribute Most companies match You're responsible for investments You CAN take it with you Penalties for early withdrawal

total dependency ratio

Proportion not in workforce ("dependent"): proportion of population employees ("productive") Elderly (1:5) We are going to have fewer number of ppl able to support every elderly person Youth (1:2) Will see an increase in the elderly dependency ratio

adjustment to retirement

Retirement is a life transition -Financial security, health, and control over timing affect satisfaction Financial and emotional preparation are important

three legged stool

Social Security Pensions Savings/Assets

social security (1935)

Social Security covers 90% of older adults For 2/3rds of beneficiaries, it is the main source of income in retirement Social Security has sharply decreased poverty rates in old age (9.4%)

social relationships

Social Support System Network of relatives, friends, and organizations that provide emotional support and instrumental support Two Kinds: informal social support (unpaid), formal social support (paid)

retirement in the great recession 2008

Stock market declines, falling home values, and high unemployment led to: -Forced early retirement -Depletion of savings -Permanently reduced pensions May try to reenter the workforce but will have little chance of recovering in the short-term

demography

Study of populations Determines a population's age structure

other sources of social support

Unmarried and childless are most vulnerable to lack of social support Other important sources: Siblings, Extended family, Friends/neighbors -Benefits of social support: better resilience, better physical and mental health, better cognitive functioning

The need for more long term care or more healthcare professionals -There might be policies/programs that get cut or changed

What are implications of population aging for healthcare administrators?

fertility rate

Which demographic process has the largest impact on the age structure?

social support and gender

Women have larger social networks, more frequent contact, and more complex relationships but are more likely to live alone Men are more likely to rely on spouse/close family and live in a household with social support

ageism

a process of systematic stereotyping and discrimination against people because they are old

senior volunteer corps

an umbrella organization for three programs connecting adults age 55 and older to nonprofit, faith based, and community organizations such as the retired senior volunteer program

8 seconds

as of january 1, 2011, one american will turn 65 every _____ seconds

social aging

based on a person's social roles

long-term caregivers

caregivers that live over an hour away

social roles

defines a position, including social norms and expectations ; retiree, caregiver, grandparent -level of participation in social roles may fluctuate as changes in health, finances, and mobility occur with age

secondary aging

developmental changes related to disease, lifesytle and other environmental agents. ex pathology

Senior Service America (SSA)

group founded to address workplace and retirement issues, trying to broaden the scope of retirement because the group advocates for political and legislative issues that affect older adults

early

high fertility and high mortality rates Typical of an agricultural economy before industrialization

subjective aging

how old the person feels

gray panthers

humane society that puts the needs of people over profits, responsibility over power, and democracy over institutions; they honor maturity, unifying generations, active engagement and participatory democracy

geriatrics

more focused; branch of medicine; the study and diagnosis and treatment of diseases specific to old age; specialty

AARP

nonprofit, nonpartisan organization that demonstrated considerable success in representing the needs of adults age 50 and older

primary aging

normal, disease free change over the life span. ex wrinkles and grey hair, changes in heart

Mortality rate

number of deaths

sex ratio

number of males to every 100 females -More males at birth but then decreases with age

sandwich generation

people who are caught between two caregiving roles- caring for a child and caring for a parent

biological aging

physical changes in organ systems

tertiary aging

rapid changes occurring shortly before death. ex. become cold, gasping, white, lost consciousness, decline in intellectual abilities

young old

refers to who are relatively healthy and financially independent elders of any age although usually between 65-74

social construct

social roles often have age assigned ex. student is young; or ex. grandmother means old

Healthy People 2020

strategic plan set forth by the US department of health and Human services to focus on preventable health threats (including disability and death) that affect citizens of all ages

older than 85 years of age

the fastest growing segment of the population consists of individuals who are

polypharmacy

the interactions of multiple medications prescribed for multiple conditions create new disabling medical conditions in the older adult, including adverse drug reactions and addictions

senescence

the normal declines that occur in the body after about age 30 ; biological point of view

maximum life span potential

the oldest age reached by an individual in a population

gerontology

the study of aging that examines the biological, psychological, and or social aspects of aging; multidiscipline

55-74 years of age

the young-old, according to Bernice Neugarten, refers to those who are

baby boom generation

those americans born between 1946-1964

fictive kin

those who seek relationships socially because they weren't married or having kids

discrimination

unfair treatment because of age ex. not giving them that job because they are older and assume they can't do it

infantilizing

using baby talk in addressing older adults

technology, family size was different back then, older cohorts got married earlier, different beliefs (political), younger has more blended families and divorce

what are some differences between younger vs older cohorts today?

mortality rate, fertility rate, migration

what are the Three demographic processes?

hispanics

which ethnic group of those older than 65 is expected to increase at the least rapid rate between 1990 and 2030?

Health status (including insurance!) -Individuals in poor health more likely to retire Adequate retirement income Pensions and savings Nature of the job Job satisfaction or employer pressure

why do we retire cont?

Mandatory retirement at age 65 was in existence prior to 1967 Now only 4-7% are forced to retire under a Bona Fide Occupational Qualification Should all occupations have mandatory retirement or just some?

why do we retire?

Family roles Caregiving Peer pressure Family and friends

why do we retire? cont

Determines public health focus, anticipates economic problems, disparities, effects of public policies

why study demography?

5

women can expect to live one average ____ years longer than men