gerontology ch. 1,2,3,5 (exam 1)
retirement transitions
-Crisp: clean break from employment -Blurred: leaving and returning to work -Bridge jobs: job between career job and permanent retirement
intermediate
Declining fertility and mortality rates Due to eradication of diseases that casued infant and childhood mortality
migration
Ppl moving into or out of country
Pharm companies, cosmetic procedures, PT, orthopedics
Which healthcare services and/or products are likely to be required by an aging population?
-important so we have less of a burden for medicare and medicaid, have financial security if older people are trying to find jobs in competitive market, medicare doesn't cover everything older people need (ex. long term care, dermatology, plastic surgery)
Why is retirement security important? How does retirement security affect health administration?
retirement
Withdrawal from work Loss of occupational identity Living longer in retirement -retirement is a huge transition -as our life expectancy increases, so does our retirement life expectancy
gender and ageism
Women are more likely to experience ageism Looking younger more important Signs of aging rated as less attractive in women
retirement transitions cont
- phased retirement- reduced responsibilities to gradually ease into retirement contingent work- hired on a temporary basis
responses to ageism
-Ageism largely comes from lack of knowledge -Studies show many misconceptions about aging, even among gerontologists! -More knowledge about aging = more positive view of later life -Need to balance info on successful aging and wellness, not just focus on problems and poor health -Mass media is beginning to present more varied images of aging -Knowledge and satisfying contact with older people may lead to more realistic and positive views of aging
assets
-Important source of income -house -cash, savings, stocks/bonds -investment properties Home equity constitutes the majority of net worth (81% own)
race and aging
-Life expectancy for nonwhites is less than it was for whites -The aging population is also becoming more racially and ethnically diverse -Will account for 42% of population by 2050
biological aging
-Senescence- normal functional decline that occurs over time in the body (starts around age 30) ex. arthritis is a disease, but if it happens to almost everyone, we might consider if it is a normal part of aging -Separates "normal" aging from disease, yet difficult to distinguish -Depends on genetics, diet, physical activity, and environment
cultural perspectives cont
-african americans give strong support to older members and rely on church support -hispanic americans show strong inter-dependence of older and young and have more contact with their children than non-Hispanic counterparts
earnings
-wages, interest on savings, or dividends on stocks/bonds Only about 25% report earnings Diminishes with age
centenarians
100+
older adults
65+
old old
75-84
baby boomers and retirement
84% say they plan to work at least part time during their retirement 35% say they will be working part-time for interest and enjoyment 23% say they will work part-time mainly for the income 17% envision starting their own business and 5% hope to work fulltime at a new
oldest old
85+
demographics
85+ fastests growing segment We are going to need more healthcare for these people Increase in centenarians 53,264 in 2010 to 1 million by 2080
demographic transition theory (add pics)
A 3 stage process in which a society moves from high rates of fertility and mortality to low rates of fertility and mortality Transitions from a "young" society to an "old" society
age cohort
A group of people who experience the same events within the same time period Can be defined by age, historical eras, or shared events example : Baby boom generation (1946-1964), class of students, everyone who experienced the great depression can be based on chronological age, but not necessarily
social support: adult children
After spouses, adult children are the most important social support Older parents and children see each other and communicate frequently Reciprocal relationship over the life course
ageism in the workplace
Age discrimination in Employment Act prohibits discrimination against the 40+ 80% of workers believe age discrimination exists 61% of employers admit doing so Exacerbated by the recession
convoy of support
As we age and our health declines, we intentionally distance ourselves from some relationships Convoy of support refers to those we retain in our social network, moving with us through life challenges and transitions
Life expectancy
Average number of years an individual can expect to live -1900- 47 yrs old -2015-79 yrs old
fertility rate
Birth rate- number of babies being born
impacts of social support
Contributes to healthy aging -physical and mental well-being -feelings of control, autonomy and competence Active aging & resilience Reduced negative effects of stressful events Reduced mortality risk
population aging
Due to combination of Low birth rates Improvements in life expectancy Birth cohorts Baby boomers (1946-1964)
retirement income
Economic status is cumulative across the life course Need 65-80% of pre-retirement income to maintain standard of living Older adults have more sources of income
pensions
Employer pensions were intended to supplement income in retirement Less than 50% of all workers receive job specific pensions Fewer than 10% have enough disposable income for IRAs
social support within families
Families are the major source of social support Demographics have changed the family structure Family roles Geographic location verticalization - 3, 4, & 5 generation families becoming more common
overall economic picture
Great diversity in the economic status of older adults Older adults have the lowest poverty rate of any age group Median income has increased but still lower than the other adults BUT older adults' net worth is higher
ways to measure population aging
Increase in number of older people Increased median age of the population Increased proportion or percentage of older people
retirement cont
Institutionalized retirement is a 20th century phenomenon Trend towards early retirement is reversing "Normal" retirement at 65 is no longer the norm -we expect to retire ever since 1935 when the social security act was passed
post retirement life
Leisure -Any activity that is satisfying and free of obligation -examples: golf, cards, swimming, book clubs, traveling, education (OLLI), volunteering Volunteering -57% of older americans
late
Low fertility and low mortality rates Due to prevention and treatment of adult diseases in old age
social support: spouses
Marital status positively related to: -physical/psychological -life satisfaction and well being -financial status Older men more likely to be married (72% vs. 42%)
life span
Maximum number of years a given species could expect to live -Humans -120 -Jeanne calment @ 122
minority status an income
Minorities have lower incomes than non-Hispanic whites -Lower incomes= lower social security and pensions 23. 2% of older African Americans and 17.1% of older Latinos are poor, compared with 7.4% of older whites
grandparenthood
More older people experiencing grandparenthood These relationships strengthen intergenerational links Grandparents derive great satisfaction from interaction with grandchildren -experiencing grandparenthood due to increased life expectancy rates
cultural perspectives
Most Western societies are individualistic Other cultures, such as those in Asia and the Pacific Islands, are collectivist societies -Resources of older adult are pooled with the family and life is shared together -in Philippine culture the daughter takes care of adult and if adult gets sick or old they move in together
employment barriers
Obsolescent skills Negative stereotypes Viewed as more costly Age-based employment discrimination Ignores advantages: -Less absenteeism/turnover/accidents -Experience, knowledge, and insight
age and income
Older adults have about half the median income of households with heads < 65 Young-old better off than old-old oldest old have the fewest resources
marital status and income
Older married couples have lower rates of poverty and better incomes -two incomes -more savings and dual pensions -higher social security benefits Widows particularly susceptible to poverty after loss of a spouse
employment of older workers
Older people seek employment due to: -Financial need -Desire to feel productive; want to be involved with something they have skills for -Job loss/restructuring; company downsizing -older people seeking jobs is harder and they are more likely to take a pay cut
gender and income
Older women have lower incomes than older men -lower social security benefits -less pension coverage -greater reliance on social security More likely to live in poverty (11.5%) compared to men (6.6%)
defined benefit (<21% of ppl use this)
Pension amount determined by formula Years of service Salary history Vesting rules Company is responsible for investments You know what you're getting BUT, not portable
-Defined Contribution (401k) - more popular
Pension amount determined by tax-deferred contributions You contribute Most companies match You're responsible for investments You CAN take it with you Penalties for early withdrawal
total dependency ratio
Proportion not in workforce ("dependent"): proportion of population employees ("productive") Elderly (1:5) We are going to have fewer number of ppl able to support every elderly person Youth (1:2) Will see an increase in the elderly dependency ratio
adjustment to retirement
Retirement is a life transition -Financial security, health, and control over timing affect satisfaction Financial and emotional preparation are important
three legged stool
Social Security Pensions Savings/Assets
social security (1935)
Social Security covers 90% of older adults For 2/3rds of beneficiaries, it is the main source of income in retirement Social Security has sharply decreased poverty rates in old age (9.4%)
social relationships
Social Support System Network of relatives, friends, and organizations that provide emotional support and instrumental support Two Kinds: informal social support (unpaid), formal social support (paid)
retirement in the great recession 2008
Stock market declines, falling home values, and high unemployment led to: -Forced early retirement -Depletion of savings -Permanently reduced pensions May try to reenter the workforce but will have little chance of recovering in the short-term
demography
Study of populations Determines a population's age structure
other sources of social support
Unmarried and childless are most vulnerable to lack of social support Other important sources: Siblings, Extended family, Friends/neighbors -Benefits of social support: better resilience, better physical and mental health, better cognitive functioning
The need for more long term care or more healthcare professionals -There might be policies/programs that get cut or changed
What are implications of population aging for healthcare administrators?
fertility rate
Which demographic process has the largest impact on the age structure?
social support and gender
Women have larger social networks, more frequent contact, and more complex relationships but are more likely to live alone Men are more likely to rely on spouse/close family and live in a household with social support
ageism
a process of systematic stereotyping and discrimination against people because they are old
senior volunteer corps
an umbrella organization for three programs connecting adults age 55 and older to nonprofit, faith based, and community organizations such as the retired senior volunteer program
8 seconds
as of january 1, 2011, one american will turn 65 every _____ seconds
social aging
based on a person's social roles
long-term caregivers
caregivers that live over an hour away
social roles
defines a position, including social norms and expectations ; retiree, caregiver, grandparent -level of participation in social roles may fluctuate as changes in health, finances, and mobility occur with age
secondary aging
developmental changes related to disease, lifesytle and other environmental agents. ex pathology
Senior Service America (SSA)
group founded to address workplace and retirement issues, trying to broaden the scope of retirement because the group advocates for political and legislative issues that affect older adults
early
high fertility and high mortality rates Typical of an agricultural economy before industrialization
subjective aging
how old the person feels
gray panthers
humane society that puts the needs of people over profits, responsibility over power, and democracy over institutions; they honor maturity, unifying generations, active engagement and participatory democracy
geriatrics
more focused; branch of medicine; the study and diagnosis and treatment of diseases specific to old age; specialty
AARP
nonprofit, nonpartisan organization that demonstrated considerable success in representing the needs of adults age 50 and older
primary aging
normal, disease free change over the life span. ex wrinkles and grey hair, changes in heart
Mortality rate
number of deaths
sex ratio
number of males to every 100 females -More males at birth but then decreases with age
sandwich generation
people who are caught between two caregiving roles- caring for a child and caring for a parent
biological aging
physical changes in organ systems
tertiary aging
rapid changes occurring shortly before death. ex. become cold, gasping, white, lost consciousness, decline in intellectual abilities
young old
refers to who are relatively healthy and financially independent elders of any age although usually between 65-74
social construct
social roles often have age assigned ex. student is young; or ex. grandmother means old
Healthy People 2020
strategic plan set forth by the US department of health and Human services to focus on preventable health threats (including disability and death) that affect citizens of all ages
older than 85 years of age
the fastest growing segment of the population consists of individuals who are
polypharmacy
the interactions of multiple medications prescribed for multiple conditions create new disabling medical conditions in the older adult, including adverse drug reactions and addictions
senescence
the normal declines that occur in the body after about age 30 ; biological point of view
maximum life span potential
the oldest age reached by an individual in a population
gerontology
the study of aging that examines the biological, psychological, and or social aspects of aging; multidiscipline
55-74 years of age
the young-old, according to Bernice Neugarten, refers to those who are
baby boom generation
those americans born between 1946-1964
fictive kin
those who seek relationships socially because they weren't married or having kids
discrimination
unfair treatment because of age ex. not giving them that job because they are older and assume they can't do it
infantilizing
using baby talk in addressing older adults
technology, family size was different back then, older cohorts got married earlier, different beliefs (political), younger has more blended families and divorce
what are some differences between younger vs older cohorts today?
mortality rate, fertility rate, migration
what are the Three demographic processes?
hispanics
which ethnic group of those older than 65 is expected to increase at the least rapid rate between 1990 and 2030?
Health status (including insurance!) -Individuals in poor health more likely to retire Adequate retirement income Pensions and savings Nature of the job Job satisfaction or employer pressure
why do we retire cont?
Mandatory retirement at age 65 was in existence prior to 1967 Now only 4-7% are forced to retire under a Bona Fide Occupational Qualification Should all occupations have mandatory retirement or just some?
why do we retire?
Family roles Caregiving Peer pressure Family and friends
why do we retire? cont
Determines public health focus, anticipates economic problems, disparities, effects of public policies
why study demography?
5
women can expect to live one average ____ years longer than men
