Giant Biology Review

A. True Mitochondria are the site of ATP synthesis, and thus provide the chemical energy necessary for many cellular processes including muscular contraction.

A doctor is presented with a patient complaining of persistent muscle weakness. The patient mentions this is something that all of her children also experience, as did her mother when she was alive. This family may be suffering from a mitochondrial disease. A. True B. False

4. second-division nondisjunction.

A normal XY male has a son with the karyotype XYY. The likely explanation is: 1. dosage compensation. 2. first-division nondisjunction. 3. translocation. 4. second-division nondisjunction. 5. copy-number variation.

3. Kelp populations would increase due to a decrease in sea urchins. Otters feed on urchins, so urchin populations will decrease. Sea urchins feed on kelp holdfasts. Fewer urchins means that less kelp will be consumed, and the kelp population can increase.

Consider the image. In the example of the giant kelp forests on the Pacific coast, a rise in the otter population would have what effect on the kelp populations? 1. Kelp populations would be totally unaffected by the otter population. 2. Kelp populations would decrease due to increased predation by otters. 3. Kelp populations would increase due to a decrease in sea urchins. 4. Kelp populations would decrease due to an increase in sea urchins. 5. Kelp populations would increase due to an increase in sea urchins.

3. the area over which a population is spread.

Population range is: 1. the number of populations in an area. 2. the area of a specific habitat for multiple populations. 3. the area over which a population is spread. 4. the area for a specific type of population resource.

1. population density

Prairie dogs are rodents that live in colonies. Black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies typically have around 12 adult animals per hectare. What aspect of the population ecology of the black-tailed prairie dog does this statement describe? 1. population density 2. population growth 3. population size 4. life history

B. False

Data from phylogenies based on living organisms and data from the fossil record are in agreement when the tree of life is examined as a whole, but are often contradictory when individual branches are examined. A. True B. False

4. return carbon (as CO2) to the atmosphere.

Decomposers are vital components of a food web because they: 1. incorporate the carbon contained in atmospheric CO2 into C6H12O6. 2. serve as primary producers. 3. immediately provide tertiary consumers with usable forms of carbon. 4. return carbon (as CO2) to the atmosphere.

5. allopatric speciation by dispersal.

Different species of fruit flies occupy each of the islands in the Hawaiian island chain, a group of volcanic islands that formed one after the other. One hypothesis for how the different fruit fly species formed is that, after each new island was formed, fruit flies from existing islands colonized it and subsequently diverged. If this hypothesis is correct, it would be an example of: 1. peripatric speciation by vicariance. 2. sympatric speciation by vicariance. 3. allopatric speciation by vicariance. 4. sympatric speciation by dispersal. 5. allopatric speciation by dispersal.

3. prophase I

During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes synapse with crossing-over between homologous chromosomes? 1. prophase II 2. both prophase I and prophase II 3. prophase I 4. neither prophase I nor prophase II

1. are called X-linked genes.

Genes located along the X chromosome: 1. are called X-linked genes. 2. are always recessive to genes located on the Y chromosome. 3. are contributed solely by the female parent. 4. have a full set of complementary alleles on the Y chromosome.

2. recombination.

Genetic variation has two sources: mutation and: 1. non-random mating. 2. recombination. 3. genetic drift. 4. cell division. 5. natural selection.

1/16; 1/16; 1/8

Given equal probabilities of the birth of a boy or girl, what is the probability that a group of four siblings includes all boys? All girls? All boys or all girls? 1/16; 1/16; 1/64 1/8; 1/16; 3/8 1/16; 1/8; 3/8 1/16; 1/16; 1/8

15

Given the molecular clocks shown, you can conclude that reptiles and mammals should have approximately ______ amino acid differences between them in cytochrome c. Refer to the figure shown. 10 15 5 20

4. More photosynthesis leads to more oxygen in the atmosphere and oceans.

How is atmospheric oxygen linked to the carbon cycle? 1. More volcanic CO2 emission leads to more oxygen in the atmosphere and oceans. 2. Longer food chains with more consumers lead to more oxygen in the atmosphere and oceans. 3. An increase in burial of organic carbon in sediments results in more oxygen in the atmosphere and oceans. 4. More photosynthesis leads to more oxygen in the atmosphere and oceans.

6

How many "cells" of circulating air are found around the Earth? 9 12 6 3

17 percent.

If a gene has two alleles, and allele A has a frequency of 83 percent, then allele a has a frequency of: 41.5 percent. 17 percent. 117 percent. 7 percent. 166 percent.

2. evolution has occurred because one or more of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has been violated.

If a population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, we can conclude that: 1. All of these choices are correct. 2. evolution has occurred because one or more of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has been violated. 3. natural selection has occurred. 4. nonrandom mating has occurred. 5. one of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has been violated.

2. the population mean line

If all variation in height among humans was due to environmental influences alone, the mean height of offspring when graphed against the mean height of parents should be closest to which line in the graph? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/resources/17_regression_towards_the_mean/q2-1.jpg 1. the parental mean line 2. the population mean line

B. False

If steelhead were removed from the web, you would predict the numbers of tuft-weaving chironomids to increase. A. True B. False

1. an accumulation of different mutations in different populations

If two populations are thought to be diverging from one another, what would you expect to observe? 1. an accumulation of different mutations in different populations 2. an increase in similarity of alleles coding for proteins 3. more shared mutations in different populations 4. the same genotypes, but different phenotypes

2. some form of reproductive isolation.

In order for the gene pools of two closely related species to remain distinct, there must be: 1. different selection pressures on each species. 2. some form of reproductive isolation. 3. a geographic barrier between them. 4. different mutation rates in each species.

1. nondisjunction in the first meiotic division

In which type of nondisjunction could the two copies of a chromosome in a gamete be heterozygous? 1. nondisjunction in the first meiotic division 2. nondisjunction in the second meiotic division 3. Nondisjunction in either meiotic division could produce gametes with two copies of a chromosome that are heterozygous.

2. displacement of native plants by phosphate-loving introduced plants.

Increased phosphate levels in the Everglades has led to: 1. declining populations of low-phosphate adapted cattails. 2. displacement of native plants by phosphate-loving introduced plants. 3. expansion of native plants into adjacent ecosystems. 4. eutrophication followed by declines in fish and alligator populations. 5. increased plant growth and diversity.

A. True

The genotype of a fetus can be screened for SNPs associated with some diseases. A. True B. False

A. True

The graph indicates that on average the offspring of short parents will be taller than their parents, and the offspring of tall parents will be shorter than their parents. https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/resources/17_regression_towards_the_mean/q2-1.jpg A. True B. False

1. sexual

The intricate plumage of male birds of paradise has become increasingly elaborate throughout their evolution due to females mating preferentially with males that display the most impressive feathers. This is an example of _____ selection. 1. sexual 2. stabilizing 3. artificial 4. disruptive

A. True

The intrinsic growth rate is the maximum per capita growth rate, most readily acheived when no environmental factors limit population increase. A. True B. False

1. increase exponentially over time.

The intrinsic growth rate, r, of a population is measured as 0.05. When not limited by resources, the size of this population should: 1. increase exponentially over time. 2. decrease slowly over time. 3. stay the same.

B. False

The sequence of types of species that colonize a recently disturbed area through succession is unpredictable. A. True B. False

3. photosynthesis

Through which metabolic process does carbon enter the food web? 1. aerobic respiration 2. anaerobic respiration 3. photosynthesis 4. anaerobic fermentation

3. the evolution of different species

What is the eventual long-term result of different mutations accumulating in different populations? 1. fixation of the same alleles in both populations 2. the extinction of one population 3. the evolution of different species 4. merging the populations through migration 5. decreased genetic isolation

1. epistasis.

When one gene is able to modify the effect of a second gene, the phenomenon is known as: 1. epistasis. 2. simple dominance. 3. segregation. 4. recessiveness. 5. independent assortment.

4. decomposers

Which group in a food web is responsible for returning inorganic compounds back to the environment? 1. tertiary consumers 2. secondary consumers 3. primary producers 4. decomposers 5. primary consumers

3. Errors in chromosome segregation can occur in either the first or second meiotic division.

Which is true? 1. Down syndrome is caused by errors in fertilization. 2. Nondisjunction can only produce gametes with extra chromosomes, not missing chromosomes. 3. Errors in chromosome segregation can occur in either the first or second meiotic division. 4. Down syndrome is the one inherited disorder that results from an extra copy of an entire chromosome.

1. All of these choices are correct.

Which of the answer choices is a possible human genotype that could result from nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes in one of the parental gametes? 1. All of these choices are correct. 2. XXX 3. XYY 4. XO 5. XXY

4. selection for average birth weight in humans

Which of the answer choices is an example of stabilizing selection? 1. breeding dogs from wolves 2. decrease in the number of birds with intermediate-sized beaks who are unable to eat large or small seeds 3. antibiotic resistance in bacteria 4. selection for average birth weight in humans

3. bacterial growth

Which of the answer choices is directly responsible for depleting the supply of oxygen in bottom waters? 1. algal growth 2. expanding fish and invertebrate populations 3. bacterial growth

3. neutral

Which type of mutation is most likely to undergo genetic drift in a population? 1. beneficial 2. deleterious 3. neutral

1. Many of these microorganisms generate carbon dioxide, making it available for primary producers.

Why are microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, and archaeons so important to the carbon cycle? 1. Many of these microorganisms generate carbon dioxide, making it available for primary producers. 2. These microorganisms generate the oxygen necessary for aerobic organisms. 3. These microorganisms bridge the carbon cycle between terrestrial and marine environments. 4. These microorganisms form their own portion of the carbon cycle in case other areas of the carbon cycle fail.

3. Many traits are encoded by multiple genes. 4. The environment can also affect phenotype.

Why can't we measure genetic variation in a population using observable traits (phenotypes)? Select all that apply. 1. All traits are encoded by a single gene. 2. Phenotypes are not determined by genes. 3. Many traits are encoded by multiple genes. 4. The environment can also affect phenotype.

A. True

Without the SRY gene, humans and other mammals would develop and retain the female sex organs and phenotype. A. True B. false

91%

You are given the following information about a population: -There are two alleles C and c -C codes for green hair -c codes for white hair -C is dominant over c The frequency of the c allele is 0.3 The population is comprised of 100 individuals Assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, how many individuals have GREEN hair. 9% 51% 49% 91%

1. gene flow

You are researching a population of moles. In the course of your research, you identify a nearby population that occasionally comes into contact with your study population. What best describes the evolutionary process at work? 1. gene flow 2. natural selection 3. mutation 4. genetic drift 5. artificial selection

4. Since the original dispersal event, the small population could have accumulated more mutations than the original population.

A large population of mice (2000 individuals) lived in an area in the desert dominated by small shrubs. When the population size got too high, a small group of 6 individuals left and colonized an area adjacent to the original population's home, but the adjacent area was primarily dominated by trees instead of shrubs. There is no gene flow between the dispersers and the original population. A researcher sequenced the genomes of representative individuals from both populations and found substantial genetic differences between them. Which of the statements would most account for the amount of genetic differences observed? 1. Divergence between the two groups is high because of gene flow. 2. Divergence between the two populations was caused solely by drift. 3. The divergence between populations could only have been caused by stabilizing selection. 4. Since the original dispersal event, the small population could have accumulated more mutations than the original population.

2. metapopulation.

A large population made up of smaller populations linked by migration is a: 1. island founder event. 2. metapopulation. 3. colonization. 4. habitat patch.

2. an estimate of the rate of accumulation of genetic divergence between two populations or species.

A molecular clock is: 1. a tool for studying evolution that has no real-world applications. 2. an estimate of the rate of accumulation of genetic divergence between two populations or species. 3. a clock that uses atoms for accurate time keeping. 4. a tool used to identify the rate of mutation, and is the same for all genes.

1. maternally inherited.

A mutation with a deleterious effect on the function of a protein encoded by a human mitochondrial gene will be: 1. maternally inherited. 2. paternally inherited. 3. X-linked. 4. autosomally inherited.

2. obligate.

A mutualism in which the survival of one or both participants is dependent on the other is: 1. parasitic. 2. obligate. 3. facultative. 4. antagonistic. 5. competitive.

2. does not affect survival or reproduction.

A neutral mutation: 1. decreases survival and/or reproduction. 2. does not affect survival or reproduction. 3. increases survival and/or reproduction.

1. a branch point and common ancestor.

A node on a phylogenetic tree indicates: 1. a branch point and common ancestor. 2. a branch point in evolution. 3. a common ancestor.

5. half of both her sons and daughters.

A normal female who carries a recessive X-linked allele for hemophilia will pass it on to: 1. half of her daughters. 2. half of her sons. 3. all of her sons. 4. all of her daughters. 5. half of both her sons and daughters.

B. False

A phenotype always refers to something that you can see with your eyes, like hair color or eye color. A. True B. False

A. True

A phylogenetic tree is a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships among organisms based on available anatomical and/or molecular data. A. True B. False

5 kg

A population of mice (primary consumer) consumes 5,000 kg of grass (primary producer). Approximately how much of the original biomass in the grass will be passed on to a tertiary consumer? 1. 500 kg 2. 50 kg 3. 5 kg 4. 5,000 kg

2. decrease.

A population of pocket gophers shows logistic growth. As the population approaches carrying capacity (K), the number of individuals added to the population per unit of time will: 1. stay the same. 2. decrease. 3. increase.

3. diagram K

A population of rodents, called population A, lived on a large landmass. One group of the population dispersed to a nearby island. Two million years later, the island population split into two smaller, equal-sized populations when a river formed across the middle of the island. Now two new species, A1 and A2, have evolved on the island. They have replaced the population from which they were derived. Use the image to answer the question. Which diagram represents the phylogeny of the populations discussed in this scenario? 1. diagram H 2. diagram M 3. diagram K

1. 250 eggs that were laid.

A survivorship curve plots the proportion of the original cohort that is alive at the end of each stage or time period. In the Lime Swallowtail butterfly scenario, the cohort we followed was the: 1. 250 eggs that were laid. 2. larvae that hatched from the eggs. 3. original 10 females that laid eggs.

1. monophyletic

A taxon that includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants is a _____ group. 1. monophyletic 2. polyphyletic 3. paraphyletic

3. homozygous recessive; genotype

A testcross involves crossing with a(n) _____ individual and is used to determine the _____ of the tested parent. 1. F2 offspring; parental genotype 2. homozygous dominant; phenotype 3. homozygous recessive; genotype 4. homozygous recessive; phenotype 5. homozygous dominant; genotype

A. True The response of a trait to selection depends on two factors: the heritability of the trait and the strength of selection. If heritability is high, the trait will respond to selection. If heritability is low, the trait will not change very much in the next generation, even if strong selection is applied.

A trait with high heritability responds strongly to selection, whereas a trait with low heritability responds slowly or not at all. A. True B. False

4. distance of the island from neighboring land masses

According to MacArthur and Wilson's theory of island biogeography, both the land area of an island and the _____________________ contribute to species diversity. 1. depth of the water surrounding the island 2. rock composition of the island 3. climate of the island 4. distance of the island from neighboring land masses 5. proximity of the island to the equator

1. 580 million years ago

According to the fossil record, when did the earliest animals appear on Earth? 1. 580 million years ago 2. 300 million years ago 3. 420 million years ago 4. 3 billion years ago 5. 55 million years ago

3. death rates

According to the textbook, demography is the study of the size structure and distribution of populations over time and includes changes in response to birth rates, aging, migration, and death rates at various times in the life cycle. In this Lime Swallowtail butterfly cohort, which of these factors were being followed most closely? 1.birth rates 2. migration rates 3. death rates 4. aging

A. True

Adaptive radiation is an acceleration of speciation and adaptation when there are a large number of ecological opportunities available. A. True B. False

5. This is an example of VNTRs.

After doing PCR on the same region between two individuals, you notice that each person's DNA yielded pieces of different sizes. Which of the following is the MOST likely explanation? 1. A mistake was made during gel electrophoresis. 2. A mistake was made during the PCR. 3. This is an example of RFLPs. 4. None of the answer options is correct. 5. This is an example of VNTRs.

1. is any non-native species that becomes established in a new ecosystem.

An invasive species: 1. is any non-native species that becomes established in a new ecosystem. 2. is any species that causes disease and death in host organisms. 3. is always the competitively dominant species in an ecosystem. 4. is any species that has been genetically modified by man. 5. is any species that has a negative impact on community diversity.

5. heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles of a given gene has a(n) _____ genotype. 1. aneuploid 2. homozygous 3. dizygous 4. heteromorphic 5. heterozygous

3. Both chloroplasts and cyanobacteria have similar internal membranes that organize the light reactions of photosynthesis. 4. Both chloroplasts and cyanobacteria have small, circular DNA genomes.

Chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from cyanobacteria. Which observations support this hypothesis? Select all that apply. 1. Both chloroplasts and cyanobacteria have cell walls. 2. Both chloroplasts and cyanobacteria have the capability of movement through flagella. 3. Both chloroplasts and cyanobacteria have similar internal membranes that organize the light reactions of photosynthesis. 4. Both chloroplasts and cyanobacteria have small, circular DNA genomes.

3. tunicates and vertebrates.

Chordates include: 1. cephalochordates and arthropods. 2. tunicates and echinoderms. 3. tunicates and vertebrates. 4. mollusks and cnidarians.

2. symbioses.

Close interactions that have evolved over time between species are called: 1. metapopulations. 2. symbioses. 3. resource partitioning. 4. interspecific competition. 5. niches.

1. nematocysts

Cnidarians are able to capture prey with the aid of _____, harpoon-like organelles that are often tipped with neurotoxins. 1. nematocysts 2. None of the other answer options are correct. 3. mesoglea 4. polyps 5. choanocytes

1

Color blindness is a recessive X-linked trait in humans. In a family where the mother is color-blind and the father is normal, the probability of their having a color-blind son is: 1. 1/2. 1/4. 0. 1/16.

1/2

Color blindness is a recessive X-linked trait in humans. In a family where the mother is heterozygous for color blindness and the father is color-blind, the probability of their having a color-blind daughter is: 1/2. 0. 1. 1/4. 1/16.

2. graph K

Competition for resources occurs often within communities. In the figures shown, the black line represents the change in fitness for one species, and the gray line represents the change in fitness for another species. Which of the graphs shown represents the change in fitness for each species when there is competition for the same resource? 1. graph H 2. graph K 3. graph M

B. False

Consider a population of killer whales. The gene pool of this population only contains alleles harboring beneficial or neutral mutations, as deleterious mutations are efficiently eliminated from the gene pool of a species. A. True B. False

5. the pre-reproductive age groups

Consider five human populations that differ demographically only in their age structures. The population that will grow the most in the next 30 years is the one with the greatest fraction of people in which age group(s): 1. the late-reproductive and post-reproductive age groups 2. the middle of the age structure 3. the middle of the reproductive age groups 4. the oldest age group 5. the pre-reproductive age groups

1. population size = 4

Consider several species with varying population sizes. In which population are the effects of genetic drift most extreme? 1. population size = 4 2. population size = 400 3. population size = 4,000 4. population size = 40

2. histogram c

Consider the diagram of three generalized age pyramid structures. Males are on the left in blue, females are on the right of the central line in red. Which histogram most likely represents a country with a declining population growth rate? 1. histogram b 2. histogram c 3. histogram a

3. histogram b

Consider the diagram of three generalized age pyramid structures. Males are on the left in blue, females are on the right of the central line in red. Which of the histograms above most likely represents a country with the highest population growth rate? 1. histogram c 2. histogram a 3. histogram b

2. as larvae

Consider the diagram. At which point stage are Lime Swallowtails least vulnerable to predation? 1. as adults 2. as larvae 3. as pupae 4. as eggs

3. as pupae

Consider the diagram. At which stage in their lifecycle are Lime Swallowtails most vulnerable? 1. as adults 2. as eggs 3. as pupae 4. as larvae

100

Consider the figure. https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,0,0/Assets/morris3e/hlw_3556_morris3e_fig_14_5_b_cc.png According to the figure shown, the average number of new mutations that occur across an entire human genome in one generation is approximately _____ times higher than in nematodes. 2 100 1000 10,000 10

1. graph H

Consider the graphs. It is thought that approximately 90% of plant species went extinct during the Carboniferous Period, approximately 320-290 million years ago. Which of the graphs represent the changes that likely occurred in carbon dioxide and oxygen levels? The solid black line depicts CO2 levels. The y-axis represents levels of oxygen or carbon dioxide. The dashed line represents O2 levels. The left side of the x-axis represents the time of the extinction event. As you move to the right, the x-axis represents years since the extinction event. 1. graph H 2. graph K 3. graph L 4. graph M

4

Consider the list of ten organisms and associated behaviors. I. maple tree II. cow that eats grass III. fungus that breaks down tree bark of dying trees IV. rabbit that eats lettuce V. whale that eats krill (krill eat photosynthetic phytoplankton) VI. hawk that eats mice VII. mouse that eats berries VIII. bacteria that degrades plant cell walls of dead leaves IX. lobster that eats photosynthetic seaweed X. photosynthetic green algae Classify the organisms as primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers. 1. primary producers: I, IV; primary consumers: III, V, IX, X; secondary consumers: II, VII; decomposers: VI, VIII 2. primary producers: I, VII; primary consumers: II, IV, V; secondary consumers: VI, IX; decomposers: III, VIII, X 3. primary producers: I, III, X; primary consumers: II, IV, V; secondary consumers: VIII, IX; decomposers: VI, VII 4. primary producers: I, X; primary consumers: II, IV, VII, IX; secondary consumers: V, VI; decomposers: III, VIII

2. the root

Consider the phylogeny, A indicates: 1. a branch point. 2. the root . 3. a node.

B. False

Current predictions of global climate change indicate that temperatures may rise by as much as 5°C in some areas. Imagine a chaparral location that experiences 100 cm of average annual rainfall and an average annual temperature of 15°C. Imagine there was an increase of 5°C in global temperature. If temperatures were to increase by this amount, which of the following would you expect? Mark A for True and B for False for the following statements. The area under the curve for chaparral would shift to the left. A. True B. False

A. True

Current predictions of global climate change indicate that temperatures may rise by as much as 5°C in some areas. Imagine a chaparral location that experiences 100 cm of average annual rainfall and an average annual temperature of 15°C. Imagine there was an increase of 5°C in global temperature. If temperatures were to increase by this amount, which of the following would you expect? Mark A for True and B for False for the following statements. The region would become a savanna A. True B. False

B. False

Current predictions of global climate change indicate that temperatures may rise by as much as 5°C in some areas. Imagine a chaparral location that experiences 100 cm of average annual rainfall and an average annual temperature of 15°C. Imagine there was an increase of 5°C in global temperature. If temperatures were to increase by this amount, which of the following would you expect? Mark A for True and B for False for the following statements. The region would still be classified as chaparral because rainfall did not change. A. True B. False

4. 29, 29, 27, 27.

Diploid somatic cells of elephants have 56 chromosomes. If nondisjunction of one of an elephant's chromosomes occurs in meiosis I, the resulting sperm are expected to have the chromosome complement: 1. 28, 28, 29, 27. 2. 29, 29, 28, 28. 3. 28, 28, 28, 28. 4. 29, 29, 27, 27. 5. 56, 56, 57, 55.

5. mutation.

During DNA replication occasional errors can occur resulting in a change in a nucleotide base, for example instead of adding a T, a C is added. If this is not corrected by mismatch repair or other mechanisms, this change represents a: 1. conversion. 2. deletion. 3. transformation. 4. selection. 5. mutation.

B. False

During a biodiversity sampling exercise, an undergraduate found 8 species of bees in one area of campus yet calculated that there were probably 12 species of bees in that specific area of the campus. Why is there typically a discrepancy between the number of different species caught and the calculated value of how many species probably exist in an area? Some of the species in the taxonomic group may actually belong to a different taxonomic group. A. True B. False

A. True

During a biodiversity sampling exercise, an undergraduate found 8 species of bees in one area of campus yet calculated that there were probably 12 species of bees in that specific area of the campus. Why is there typically a discrepancy between the number of different species caught and the calculated value of how many species probably exist in an area? The methods used to catch a specific taxonomic group may not be enticing to all species of the group. A. True B. False

A. True

During a biodiversity sampling exercise, an undergraduate found 8 species of bees in one area of campus yet calculated that there were probably 12 species of bees in that specific area of the campus. Why is there typically a discrepancy between the number of different species caught and the calculated value of how many species probably exist in an area? The time when traps were set out may not be when some species of the taxonomic group are active. A. True B. False

2. non-sister chromatids.

During meiosis crossing over takes place between: 1. any two chromatids. 2. non-sister chromatids. 3. nonhomologous chromosomes. 4. sister chromatids. 5. nonhomologous chromatids.

B. False

During meiosis in female mammals, sex chromosomes segregate to produce two types of eggs: X-bearing eggs and Y-bearing eggs. A. True B. False

A. True

During photosynthesis, plants incorporate carbon dioxide into sugars and other organic compounds. The ratio of 12CO2 to 14CO2 incorporated into the sugars and other organic compounds should be equivalent to the ratio present in the atmosphere. A. True B. False

B. False

Even if tuft-weavig chironomids were to be removed from the web, then large minnows would maintain constant (approximately the same) population size. A. True B. False

B. False

Evidence indicates that a number of finches from Ecuador dispersed to the Galapagos Islands more than 300 miles away and ultimately gave rise to the different species of Galapagos finches that exist today. This is good evidence of speciation by vicariance. A. True B. False

A. True

Evolution's patterns manifest as nested similarities. Nesting occurs between molecular sequences of evolutionarily related organisms and between the different taxa arranged in a phylogenetic tree. A. True B. False

2. arrangement of petals

Examine the table of characters given for four different species of flower. Based on the character matrix, which is most likely an ancestral trait for the group of species? 1. presence of sepals 2. arrangement of petals 3. number of carpals 4. number of petals

2. the process in which added nutrient levels lead to the growth of algae and cyanobacteria populations, eventually causing oxygen availability to decline.

Eutrophication describes: 1. the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer that leaves agricultural fields as surface runoff. 2. the process in which added nutrient levels lead to the growth of algae and cyanobacteria populations, eventually causing oxygen availability to decline. 3. the death and decomposition of algal blooms. 4. the increased production of crops using fertilizer.

1. stabilizing selection.

Female starlings (birds) that lay clutches of four or five eggs have more surviving young than those with either larger or smaller clutches. This is an example of: 1. stabilizing selection. 2. disruptive selection. 3. directional selection.

4. in the DNA in the egg cell that developed into the individual with the new phenotype.

Females of a species of parasitic wasps locate their prey, a leaf-eating caterpillar, by hunting for it visually. One year, one female appeared in the wasp population with the ability to locate the prey by smell. The most likely place of occurrence of the mutation causing this change was: 1. in the DNA of one of the olfactory (smell) receptor cells on one antenna of the individual with the new phenotype. 2. in the DNA of the cells in the wasp's eye. 3. in the DNA in one of the egg cells in the individual with the new phenotype. 4. in the DNA in the egg cell that developed into the individual with the new phenotype.

4. genetic variation provides a means by which natural selection can "act" when the environment changes. When there is variation in a population, then it is possible for natural selection to select for individuals with traits that will increase fitness in a changing environment.

Genetic variation within species is important to conservation because: 1. high levels of genetic variation will result in more populations speciating, so biodiversity will be maintained. 2. species with low genetic variation go extinct. 3. low levels of genetic variation may make hybrid species more likely, so neither species will go extinct. 4. genetic variation provides a means by which natural selection can "act" when the environment changes.

A. True Norms of reaction show how phenotype can change depending on environmental conditions.

Genotype-by-environment interaction means that genetic and environmental influences may interact or contribute to the phenotypic outcomes in unpredictable ways. A. True B. False

A. true Norms of reaction show how phenotype can change depending on environmental conditions.

Genotype-by-environment interaction means that genetic and environmental influences may interact or contribute to the phenotypic outcomes in unpredictable ways. A. True B. False

4. pre-zygotic isolation; behavioral isolation

In the southwestern desert of the United States there are temporary ponds that form only after heavy summer rains. As a naturalist, you visit these ponds and notice that female frogs mate with males of their own species, which are identified solely by listening to male calls. The lack of mating between species would be an example of _____ and _____. 1. pre-zygotic isolation; temporal separation 2. post-zygotic isolation; behavioral isolation 3. post-zygotic isolation; temporal separation 4. pre-zygotic isolation; behavioral isolation

1. The light part came from the homolog by crossing over.

In this partial image of anaphase I of meiosis, most of a chromosome is shaded dark, whereas a portion of what is in the circle is shaded light. Which of the statements best explains the meaning of this shading? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,0,0/Assets/resources/11_meiotic_cell_division/q3-1.png 1. The light part came from the homolog by crossing over. 2. The dark and light indicate homologous chromosomes. 3. The light and dark parts are different genes. 4. The light part is a mixture of genes from both parental types.

4. Related individuals are more likely to mate with one another and thereby increase the probability that two deleterious alleles will be present in the offspring.

Inbreeding depression is a serious concern in small populations of endangered organisms. Why is inbreeding depression a concern for such populations? 1. Related individuals will not mate with one another, thereby increasing the probability that two deleterious alleles will be present in the offspring when unrelated individuals mate. 2. Related individuals are more likely to mate with one another and will thereby increase the frequency of homozygous genotypes. 3. Related individuals will not mate with one another; therefore, population number will decline. 4. Related individuals are more likely to mate with one another and thereby increase the probability that two deleterious alleles will be present in the offspring.

1. Acting alone could change allele frequency.

Indicate whether genetic drift, if it acted alone, could cause changes in the allele frequency(ies) of a population. 1. Acting alone could change allele frequency. 2. Acting alone could not change allele frequency.

2. Acting alone could change allele frequency.

Indicate whether natural selection, if it acted alone, could cause changes in the allele frequency(ies) of a population. 1. Acting alone could not change allele frequency. 2. Acting alone could change allele frequency.

4. uniform distribution

Large, even distances typically separate individual panda bears from each other. What type of population distribution do pandas exhibit? 1. random distribution 2. clustered distribution 3. sinusoidal distribution 4. uniform distribution 5. logistic distribution

2. Populations may grow faster than their resources.

Malthus pointed out that populations have the potential to increase geometrically. What did this observation suggest that contributed to the idea of natural selection? 1. Populations may grow quickly and spread out over the planet. 2. Populations may grow faster than their resources. 3. Populations may grow faster than other competing populations. 4. Populations grow quickly but predators grow more quickly. 5. Populations may grow quickly and then will evolve more quickly.

4. diploid; haploid

Mammals are _____ and produce _____ gametes. 1. diploid; diploid 2. haploid; diploid 3. haploid; haploid 4. diploid; haploid

1. Their distribution will decrease to areas of even higher elevation.

Many endangered species of birds in Hawaii are in danger of contracting avian malaria from mosquito bites. Many of these bird species live in the higher elevations of mountains in Hawaii, where it is too cold for the mosquitoes to exist. If global warming continues at the current estimated pace, what would you expect to happen to the distribution of these bird species? 1. Their distribution will decrease to areas of even higher elevation. 2. Their distribution will remain the same, but their population size will decrease. 3. Their distribution will increase because mosquitoes will die in the warmer regions.

4. nurse their young.

Marsupials: 1. lay eggs. 2. are only found today in Australia. 3. may reproduce via asexual reproduction. 4. nurse their young.

2. gills; lungs

Most amphibians have an aquatic larval form with _____ and a terrestrial adult form with _____. 1. gas exchange through the skin; lungs 2. gills; lungs 3. lungs; gills 4. gills; gas exchange through the skin 5. lungs; lungs

2-5 °C.

Most climate models predict that during the 21st century mean global temperature will increase by: 12-15 °C. 7-10 °C. 2-5 °C. 5-7 °C. 1-3 °C.

2. affected by interactions between genes and environmental factors. 3. affected by environmental factors. 6. affected by multiple genes.

Most complex traits are: Select all that apply. 1. homozygous for all alleles affecting the trait. 2. affected by interactions between genes and environmental factors. 3. affected by environmental factors. 4. heterozygous for all alleles affecting the trait. 5. inherited in pedigrees showing simple Mendelian patterns. 6. affected by multiple genes.

A. True

Mutation increases genetic variation. A. True B. False

B. False

Mutations always result in either an increase or a decrease in an organism's reproductive fitness. A. True B. False

1. APC, Ras, p53

Mutations arise in which order in the colon cancer example shown in the animation? 1. APC, Ras, p53 2. Ras, APC, p53 3. APC, p53, Ras 4. p53, Ras, APC

1. restriction fragment length polymorphisms.

Mutations that destroy or create a cleavage site for a restriction enzyme are the source of: 1. restriction fragment length polymorphisms. 2. copy-number variants. 3. variable number tandem repeats. 4. single-nucleotide polymorphisms.

1. humans and gorillas are more closely related than orangutans and gorillas.

Refer to the image. The phylogeny shown illustrates that: 1. humans and gorillas are more closely related than orangutans and gorillas. 2. orangutans and gorillas are more closely related than humans and gorillas. 3. the orangutan is the most recent common ancestor of all great apes. 4. the gorilla is the most recent common ancestor to bonobos, chimps, and humans. 5. all great apes walk with an upright gait.

1. paraphyletic.

Refer to the phylogenetic tree provided. The grouping that includes hagfish, lampreys, sharks and rays is: 1. paraphyletic. 2. monophyletic. 3. polyphyletic.

3. paraphyletic.

Refer to the phylogenetic tree provided. The grouping that includes salamanders and caecilians is: 1. monophyletic. 2. polyphyletic. 3. paraphyletic.

2. monophyletic.

Refer to the phylogenetic tree provided. The grouping that includes turtles, lizards and snakes, crocodiles and alligators, birds, and bats is: 1. polyphyletic. 2. monophyletic. 3. paraphyletic.

4. atmospheric increase by 1.0 gT yr-1

Reforestation efforts around the world contribute to increased uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere and conversion to organic matter. Deforestation, on the other hand, typically by clearing and burning of natural vegetation, results in added CO2 in the atmosphere. What is the current estimate of the annual net balance between these two processes? 1. atmospheric increase by 0.5 gT yr-1 2. atmospheric increase by 1.5 gT yr-1 3. atmospheric decrease by 1.5 gT yr-1 4. atmospheric increase by 1.0 gT yr-1 5. atmospheric decrease by 1.0 gT yr-1

4. resource partitioning. Partitioning resources available in an area means that more than one species can exist there. Resource partitioning allows subdivision of a resource into smaller parts so that instead of one species being outcompeted for a resource and eliminated from a region, they can coexist.

Overlap of niches can be minimized through: 1. species evolving similar adaptations over time. 2. reduction in the size of the fundamental niche. 3. an increase in the similarity of species occupying an area. 4. resource partitioning. 5. increased population growth.

3. homologous chromosomes; crossing over

Prophase of meiosis I has some important differences from prophase of mitosis. These differences include: ___________ pair, and _________ occurs. 1. chromosomes; separation 2. chromatids; condensation 3. homologous chromosomes; crossing over 4. homologous chromatids; separation

5. For recessive X-linked traits, most of the affected individuals are males. For X-linked traits, males only need one copy to express the trait in their phenotype. Females would need two copies of the recessive allele to express the trait in their phenotype.

Review the pedigree shown and choose the most accurate statement about the inheritance of an X-linked recessive mutation. https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,0,0/Assets/resources/morris_3e_lc_for_qba_chapter_16/q43-1.png 1. The sons of the sisters of affected males will always be affected. 2. The brothers of affected males are always affected. 3. The offspring of an affected male are usually affected. 4. Daughters of affected males are always affected. 5. For recessive X-linked traits, most of the affected individuals are males.

3. convergent evolution.

Seals and penguins both have streamlined body forms that allow them to move through water efficiently. This similarity in body shape is mostly likely the result of: 1. cladistics. 2. homology. 3. convergent evolution. 4. phylogeny. 5. shared ancestry.

2. The vicariance (physical barrier) created by Panama induced the divergence of an ancestral species into different species. The vicariance (physical barrier) created by Panama induced the divergence of an ancestral species into different species.

What is the main hypothesis of this study? 1. The vicariance (physical barrier) created by Panama did not induce the divergence of an ancestral species into different species. 2. The vicariance (physical barrier) created by Panama induced the divergence of an ancestral species into different species. 3. Similar environmental factors on both sides of the isthmus of Panama caused a convergence of species. 4. Modern water ways that connect the Pacific Ocean to the Caribbean Sea allow for organisms to move easily back and forth.

B. false Three different genes that segregate independently results in an 8x8 Punnett square with a total of five different phenotypes that are normally distributed among the offspring.

Similar to single gene traits, traits determined by multiple genes also show the expected 3:1 ratio of phenotypes in the progeny between two heterozygotes. A. True B. False

1. hotspots.

Sites in the genome that are more susceptible to mutations than others are called: 1. hotspots. 2. mutation spots. 3. noncoding DNA. 4. genes. 5. risk factors.

2. Nutrient runoff causes algae and cyanobacteria populations to grow. When they die, they are consumed by heterotrophic bacteria that consume oxygen via aerobic respiration.

So-called "dead zones" in coastal oceans are associated with nutrient runoff and oxygen-depleted bottom waters. What causes the oxygen depletion? 1. Nutrient runoff causes the waters to warm, which causes them to lose oxygen. 2. Nutrient runoff causes algae and cyanobacteria populations to grow. When they die, they are consumed by heterotrophic bacteria that consume oxygen via aerobic respiration. 3. Nutrient runoff causes population growth of cyanobacteria and algae which, in turn, support the growth of fish populations. Fish consume oxygen via aerobic respiration. 4. Nutrient runoff causes population growth of algae, which consume oxygen via aerobic respiration. 5. Nutrient runoff causes population growth of cyanobacteria and algae, which consume oxygen via aerobic respiration.

B. False

Somatic mutations are important to the evolutionary process; most cancers result from somatic mutations. A. True B. False

4. can be mutualistic or antagonistic.

The bacterial species Staphylococcus aureus is found on the skin and in the nasal passages of about 20% of the human population. In healthy individuals, S. aureus is benign (does not cause harm) in these locations. However, if it is introduced into the bloodstream through, for example, a wound, it can make a person gravely ill. Thus, the ecological relationship of S. aureus with a human: 1. is antagonistic. 2. is fixed or unchanging. 3. can be commensal or antagonistic. 4. can be mutualistic or antagonistic. 5. is always commensal.

3. facultative.

The bacterial species Staphylococus aureus is found on the skin and in the nasal passages of about 20% of the human population. It can survive on polyester for 3 months and can also infect cows and chickens. Thus, its relationship with humans is: 1. obligative. 2. All of these choices are correct. 3. facultative. 4. required for its survival.

4. primary producers.

The broadest level in a trophic pyramid is primarily composed of: 1. tertiary consumers. 2. primary consumers. 3. secondary consumers. 4. primary producers.

3. Fossil fuels are so old that any 14C in the starting organic matter has decayed.

The burning of fossil fuels for energy in the modern era of life on Earth is resulting in a significant increase in total CO2 concentration in Earth's atmosphere. However, the ratio of 14C to 12C is decreasing. Why is this? 1. It is difficult to detect the 14C when total CO2 levels are so high. 2. The 14C in fossil fuels is not effectively converted to 14CO2 in combustion. 3. Fossil fuels are so old that any 14C in the starting organic matter has decayed. 4. All 14C in the fossil fuels is removed during the industrial refining processes.

4. both food availability and nesting sites.

The carrying capacity for a population of birds limited to a specific forest area should increase if you increase: 1. disease or predators alone. 2. food availability alone. 3. food availability, nesting sites, and disease or predators. 4. both food availability and nesting sites. 5. nesting site availability alone.

2. may have taken place independently by a variety of species descended from aquatic ancestors.

The colonization of land by animals: 1. preceded the presence of plant species on land. 2. may have taken place independently by a variety of species descended from aquatic ancestors. 3. took place billions of years ago. 4. was made easier by high atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide.

II

The common mud turtle experiences relatively uniform mortality rates throughout its life. It exhibits Type _____ survivorship. II III I

4. it could respond the same way or differently; different genotypes can, but may not always, respond differently to soil nitrogen concentrations.

The data shown are the results of growing one strain of a crop plant in soils with different nitrogen concentrations. https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/morris3e/hlw_3707_morris3e_QBA_ch14_14_cc.png If a different strain of the same crop plant were grown in the same soil conditions, you would predict that: 1. it would respond the same way to soil nitrogen concentrations because they are the same type of crop plant. 2. it could respond the same way or differently because the environment has too many variables to predict. 3. it would respond completely differently to soil nitrogen concentrations because they are different strains. 4. it could respond the same way or differently; different genotypes can, but may not always, respond differently to soil nitrogen concentrations.

4. most changes in the genetic material are repaired soon after they occur.

The definition of mutation is "any heritable change in the genetic material." The qualifier "heritable" is necessary because: 1. changes in the genetic material occur without regard for the needs of the organism. 2. most changes in the genetic material are harmful to the organism. 3. changes in the genetic material occur at random along the genome. 4. most changes in the genetic material are repaired soon after they occur.

3. analogous

The development of wings on a fly, a moth, and a bird are _____ because they developed independently as adaptations to perform the common function of flying. 1. related 2. identical 3. analogous 4. homologous

1. Trees 1 and 2 are equivalent.

The diagram shown depicts three phylogenetic trees. Which of the three show the same sister group relationships among groups A, B, and C? 1. Trees 1 and 2 are equivalent. 2. All three trees are different; no two are equivalent. 3. Trees 1 and 3 are equivalent. 4. Trees 2 and 3 are equivalent. 5. All three trees are equivalent.

3. provided evidence that terrestrial vertebrates are descended from fish.

The discovery of Tiktaalik roseae was significant because it: 1. was the first fossil to be found with soft parts preserved. 2. provided evidence that birds and dinosaurs are closely related. 3. provided evidence that terrestrial vertebrates are descended from fish. 4. provided evidence that the continents were once linked together. 5. was the first fossil from which DNA and other macromolecules were successfully extracted.

A. True

The evolution of biodiversity on the planet can be linked to patterns in the carbon cycle over time. A. True B. False

1. The number of younger individuals in the population is increasing.

The expanding base of a population pyramid over time indicates which of the following? 1. The number of younger individuals in the population is increasing. 2. The number of older people in the population is increasing. 3. The average age of the population is increasing. 4. The number of people of reproductive age in the population is increasing.

A. True

The fact that diverse types of Anolis lizards inhabit, or hunt in, different levels of the tree canopy is the result of the effects of resource partitioning. A. True B. False

B. False

The figure below shows the configuration of islands from the mainland. For each of the statements in the questions below answer True or False. Extinction rates on island E will be higher than island A because it is further from the mainland. A. True B. False

A. True

The figure below shows the configuration of islands from the mainland. For each of the statements in the questions below answer True or False. Island C will have a lower rate of extinction than island A. A. True B. False

A. True

The figure below shows the configuration of islands from the mainland. For each of the statements in the questions below answer True or False. The number of species (S) will be higher on island C than island D. A. True B. False

2. extinction events (both local and global)

The fossil record is testament to extinct fauna no longer present on Earth. Certain areas of the planet have always had high species diversity (evidence from fossils and catalogs of current species diversity). Which of the processes listed below likely contributed to the patterns of animal diversity we see? 1. the appearance of new land masses over time 2. extinction events (both local and global) 3. changes in atmospheric oxygen 4. volcanic eruptions

1. a mutation in the DNA sequence of the gene for brown fur

The fur color in a colony of mice has been brown for many generations. One gene appears to code for the fur color pigment. In a recent litter of mouse pups, one mouse was born with white fur. Which of the answer choices could have caused this change in fur color? 1. a mutation in the DNA sequence of the gene for brown fur 2. recombination between genes for fur color

3. stabilizing Stabilizing selection maintains variation in a population over time. The extremes are selected against. This maintains heterozygotes in the population and, therefore, two different alleles in each individual.

The goldenrod gall-fly lays its eggs on the terminal buds of goldenrod plants. Larvae chew through the buds and into the stems, where their saliva induces the plant to generate a gall, or outgrowth of tissue, that then provides food and shelter for the developing larva. The larvae are prey to both parasitoid wasps and to birds; wasps selectively prey on larvae inside the smallest galls while birds selectively prey on larvae inside the largest galls. Goldenrod gall-flies are therefore subject to _____ selection. 1. directional 2. heterozygote 3. stabilizing 4. disruptional 5. balancing

B. False

The graph below shows chlorophyll concentration, which is a measure of the biomass of photosynthetic organisms, in ocean water samples with and without iron additions (i.e. "fertilization" of the limiting nutrient iron). Consider a marine food web, and the effects that adding limiting nutrients, such as iron, to the ocean may have. For the following statements, mark A for True or B for False. Fertilizing areas of the ocean to increase biomass will cause decomposers in the food web to decrease because of top-down control. A. True B. False

A. True

The graph below shows chlorophyll concentration, which is a measure of the biomass of photosynthetic organisms, in ocean water samples with and without iron additions (i.e. "fertilization" of the limiting nutrient iron). Consider a marine food web, and the effects that adding limiting nutrients, such as iron, to the ocean may have. For the following statements, mark A for True or B for False. If primary producers were to increase in biomass, the biomass at each successive trophic level in the food web should increase. A. True B. False

B. False

The graph below shows chlorophyll concentration, which is a measure of the biomass of photosynthetic organisms, in ocean water samples with and without iron additions (i.e. "fertilization" of the limiting nutrient iron). Consider a marine food web, and the effects that adding limiting nutrients, such as iron, to the ocean may have. For the following statements, mark A for True or B for False. If the fertilization were to continue, the biomass of primary producers would increase. A. True B. False

4. allele D

The graph depicts changes in allele frequencies across several generations for four alleles, A through D. Which allele underwent negative selection? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/resources/20_genetic_drift/q7-1.png 1. allele A 2. allele B 3. allele C 4. allele D

4. Opportunities for geographic isolation are a key component of the speciation process.

The graph shown illustrates that the extent of the adaptive radiation of the Galápagos finches is correlated with the number of islands present in the archipelago. What can be concluded from the graph? 1. Rates of speciation are correlated with the net total land area available. 2. The balance between rates of sympatric and allopatric speciation is governed by mutation rates. 3. Allopatric speciation tends not to occur on islands. 4. Opportunities for geographic isolation are a key component of the speciation process. 5. Each island hosts sympatrically speciating populations.

1. directional selection

The graph shows the frequency of individuals with a range of fish sizes for generation 1 (black dashed curve) and generation 100 (blue curve). Which mechanism is responsible for the changes in fish size between generation 1 and generation 100? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/resources/21_natural_selection/q8-1.png 1. directional selection 2. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 3. disruptive selection 4. stabilizing selection

graph L

The graphs shown depict the relative proportions of individuals affected with a certain condition (darker shaded bar) and individuals not affected (lighter bar), in individuals carrying either the A - T or the G - C allele of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Heterozygous genotypes carry both alleles and are included in both categories. Which graph shows a pattern that suggests that the G - C allele is a risk factor for the disease? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/resources/morris_3e_qba_for_qba_extra_chapter_14b/q5-1.png graph H graph Q graph L graph M graph K

3. 11,460 years

The half-life of 14C is 5730 years. Scientists measure the ratio of 12C to 14C in a tree today and in wood taken from an archaeological site. They find the amount of 14C in the wood from the archaeological site is ¼ that found in the tree today. Given this, about how old is the archaeological wood sample? 1. 17,190 years 2. 2850 years 3. 11,460 years 4. 1432 years 5. 5730 years

2. cooler than predicted because of all the heat carried by ocean waters from low to high latitudes. Water can carry more heat than air. The ocean current moves warm water away from the equator towards the poles and is replaced by cooler water from deeper depths.

The high specific heat of water means that land masses near the equator are: 1. warmer than predicted because of all the heat in the water being released into the air. 2. cooler than predicted because of all the heat carried by ocean waters from low to high latitudes. 3. the same temperature as predicted, regardless of the presence of water, because only the amount of solar radiation on the land mass affects temperature.

2. commensalism. an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm.

The human body has about 10 bacterial cells for every eukaryotic cell. Bacteria coat our skin, gut, and mouth. Also present are protists, archaeans, and viruses. Collectively, these organisms are our microbiota. For most members of our microbiota, our body provides their environment, or space to live. They, in turn, have no effect on us. This is an example of: 1. an antagonistic relationship. 2. commensalism. 3. mutualism. 4. predation.

2. the same at high and low latitudes. If speciation rates were equal at high and low latitudes, then the prediction is that regions that have existed for less time would have fewer species.

The hypothesis that species diversity is greater at lower latitudes than higher latitudes because low-latitude habitats are older is a hypothesis that would be supported if speciation rates were: 1. more variable at high latitude than at low latitude. 2. the same at high and low latitudes. 3. higher at high latitude than at low latitude. 4. higher at low latitude than at high latitude. 5. more variable at low latitude than at high latitude.

4. Permian

The largest mass extinction occurred at the end of which period? 1. Devonian 2. Ordovician 3. Cretaceous 4. Permian 5. Triassic

1. vascular tissues 2. pollen 4. seeds

The last common ancestor of gymnosperms and angiosperms possessed which of these characteristics? Select all that apply. 1. vascular tissues 2. pollen 3. flowers 4. seeds 5. double fertilization

A. True When plants decompose, some of the carbon will be returned to the atmosphere. However, some of the carbon will be incorporated into oil or sedimentary rocks.

The long-term and short-term carbon cycles are connected by the fact that some of the carbon contained in C6H12O6 (or other organic molecules) in plants is incorporated into sedimentary rocks or oil; carbon in sedimentary rock and oil is not immediately cycled back to the atmosphere. A. True B. False

1. True

The longer two species have been separated, the greater the number of genetic differences between them. 1. True 2. False

4. insects.

The majority of all known animal species are: 1. mollusks. 2. cnidarians. 3. vertebrates. 4. insects.

50%

The maximum frequency of recombination between two genes is: 0%. 75%. 25%. 50%. 100%.

4. is the carrying capacity.

The maximum number of individuals that a habitat can support: 1. decreases as resources increase. 2. is represented by r. 3. is represented by N. 4. is the carrying capacity.

4. the intrinsic growth rate.

The maximum rate of growth per individual is: 1. represented by K. 2. called carrying capacity. 3. referred to as logarithmic growth. 4. the intrinsic growth rate.

1. his sister's son (*can only be traced through the male lineage of the family)

The mitochondrial DNA sequences of a large extended family were analyzed and compared to a single male in the family. Which of the relatives' mitochondrial DNA should be a match to this person? 1. his sister's son 2. his paternal grandmother 3. his children 4. his maternal grandfather 5. his brother's daughter

5. common ancestors.

The nodes on a phylogenetic tree represent: 1. homologies. 2. sister groups. 3. descendant lineages. 4. present-day groups. 5. common ancestors.

3. generally increases with larger genomes.

The number of new mutations in genomes following a round of genome replication: https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,0,0/Assets/morris3e/hlw_3556_morris3e_fig_14_5_b_cc.png 1. is highest in bacteria. 2. generally decreases with larger genomes. 3. generally increases with larger genomes. 4. is similar independent of genome size. 5. None of the other answer options is correct

B. False

The observable characteristics of an organism constitute its genotype. A. True B. False

3. a phylogeny of inter-tidal mollusks from the Pacific and Caribbean coasts of the isthmus showing a similar pattern If other species of marine organisms showed similar patterns of speciation, this observation would increase the likelihood that the hypothesis is correct.

The pattern shown in the phylogenetic tree of the snapping shrimp in this study is interpreted as evidence of a vicariance event-the formation of the Isthmus of Panama-that split marine shrimp populations, isolating Pacific individuals from the Caribbean, and vice versa, and resulted in isolated populations that diverged genetically to produce new species. What additional evidence would support this interpretation? 1. a phylogeny of shorebirds from the Pacific and Caribbean coasts of the isthmus showing a similar pattern 2. a phylogeny of birds on either side of the Panama Canal showing a similar pattern 3. a phylogeny of inter-tidal mollusks from the Pacific and Caribbean coasts of the isthmus showing a similar pattern 4. a phylogeny of inter-tidal mollusks from the Pacific and Caribbean coasts of the isthmus showing a distinctly different pattern 5. a phylogeny of birds from either side of the Panama Canal showing a distinctly different pattern

1; 1/2; 1/2

The pedigree shown here pertains to a trait due to a rare, X-linked recessive mutation. https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/morris3e/hlw_3474_morris3e_qba_ch16_2.png Individual 1 has an affected father, but the genotypes and phenotypes of individuals 1-4 are unknown. What is the probability that individual 1 is heterozygous? What is the probability that individual 3 is heterozygous? What is the probability that individual 4 is affected? 1/2; 1/4; 1/4 1; 1/4; 1/2 1; 1/2; 1/2 1/2; 1/4; 1/2 1; 1/2; 1/4

1; 1/2; 1/2

The pedigree shown pertains to a trait due to a rare, X-linked recessive mutation. https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/resources/morris_3e_core_assessment_chapter_16/hlw_3475_morris3e_qba_ch16_6.png Individual 1 has an affected brother and husband, but the genotypes and phenotypes of individuals 1, 3, and 4 are unknown. What is the probability that individual 1 is heterozygous? What is the probability that individual 3 is affected? What is the probability that individual 4 is affected? 1; 1/2; 1/2 1/2; 1/4; 1/4 1; 1/2; 1/4 1/2; 0; 1/2 1; 1/4; 1/4

4. Cambrian Period.

The period of time during which an "explosion" of fossilized animals with bilateral symmetry are first found is the: 1. Ediacaran Period. 2. Jurassic Period. 3. Devonian Period. 4. Cambrian Period.

4. the pattern of inheritance of one trait does not influence the pattern of inheritance of another trait.

The principle of independent assortment holds that: 1. in heterozygotes, half the gametes will get one allele, and the other half will get the second allele. 2. in heterozygotes, the phenotype will be determined by the dominant allele. 3. during fertilization, haploid gametes join to create a diploid zygote. 4. the pattern of inheritance of one trait does not influence the pattern of inheritance of another trait.

2. alleles of a gene pair assort independently of other gene pairs.

The principle of independent assortment states that: 1. when gametes are formed, the two members of a gene pair will separate equally into gametes. 2. alleles of a gene pair assort independently of other gene pairs. 3. when gametes are formed, the two members of a gene pair assort together in gametes. 4. one set of alleles of a gene pair always assorts with the alleles of another gene pair.

4. natural selection.

The process by which sympatric speciation might occur would most likely be the result of: 1. convergent evolution. 2. adaptive radiation. 3. vicariance. 4. natural selection.

3. flux.

The rate of exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and the oceans represents a carbon: 1. precipitation. 2. sink. 3. flux. 4. reservoir. 5. biomass.

2. ecological isolation of lions and tigers.

The reason that lions, which live in Africa, and tigers, which live in Asia, do not produce ligers (infertile offspring of lions and tigers) in the wild is likely the result of: 1. behavioral isolation of tigers and lions. 2. ecological isolation of lions and tigers. 3. both temporal and ecological separation of lions and tigers. 4. an incompatible lock-and-key mechanism between the species. 5. temporal isolation of lions and tigers.

3. Point C

The relationship between the genotype and allele frequencies of two alleles, A and a, is shown in the graph. At which point are the frequencies of genotypes AA and aa equal? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/resources/21_natural_selection/q3-1.png 1. Point A 2. Point B 3. Point C 4. Point D 5. Point E

A. True

The size of a population of frogs is significantly below the population size that the environment can support. This could be the result of frog parasites and/or predators. A. True B. False

4. community.

The sum total of populations of different species that live in a given area is called a(n): 1. habitat. 2. ecosystem. 3. interaction. 4. community.

2. when a geographic barrier arises that isolates two populations.

Vicariance is defined as: 1. migration to a distant, isolated island resulting in isolated populations. 2. when a geographic barrier arises that isolates two populations. 3. variation in frequency of mutations among different genes in a population. 4. variation in allele frequencies within a population of organisms.

2. less; more

Warm air is _____ dense than cold air, and warm air holds _____ moisture than cold air. 1. less; less 2. less; more 3. more; more 4. more; less

4. all biomolecules, including lipids and pigment molecules, decay immediately after death.

We expect the fossil record to be incomplete for all of the given reasons except that: 1. sediments accumulate irregularly. 2. under normal conditions, organisms are broken down by biological and physical processes. 3. fossilization requires burial in sediment. 4. all biomolecules, including lipids and pigment molecules, decay immediately after death. 5. organisms with hard parts tend to fossilize more readily than soft-bodied organisms.

1. oxygen (O2) 3. carbohydrate (C6H12O6)

What are the products of photosynthesis? Select all that apply. 1. oxygen (O2) 2. water (H2O) 3. carbohydrate (C6H12O6) 4. carbon dioxide (CO2)

2. change in individuals per unit time/individuals at starting time

What are the units of per capita growth rate (r)? 1. individuals per unit time 2. change in individuals per unit time/individuals at starting time 3. number of individuals born per unit time 4. individuals at starting time

2. the frequency of heterozygotes

What does the term 2pq represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equation? 1. the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals 2. the frequency of heterozygotes 3. the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals 4. the frequency of deleterious mutations

3. It causes them to divide more rapidly than normal cells.

What effect does each successive mutation have on the colon cells in the example? 1. It causes them to become non-colon cells. 2. In causes them to become larger and expand in the colon. 3. It causes them to divide more rapidly than normal cells. 4. It causes them to leave the colon and spread to other tissues.

3. Not all energy is transferred to the next trophic level. As energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, some is lost to heat, work, and general inefficiency of consumers. This results in less energy available at each trophic level as you move up the trophic pyramid.

What is generally true about biomass and energy as we move from one trophic level to the next? 1. All of the energy stored initially in organic molecules by the primary producers will be available to the secondary consumers. 2. They both increase. 3. Not all energy is transferred to the next trophic level. 4. Organisms at one trophic level always consume all of the resources from the level below them.

3. failure of chromosomal separation

What is nondisjunction? 1. failure of chromosomal condensation 2. failure of chromosomal pairing 3. failure of chromosomal separation 4. failure of chromosomal replication

4. reforestation of previously cleared landscapes

What is one "low-tech" method currently available to actively remove CO2 from the air? 1. using iron and other supplements to fertilize the ocean (increase phytoplankton biomass) 2. None of the answer options is correct. 3. capturing CO2 in smokestacks (using smokestack scrubbers) 4. reforestation of previously cleared landscapes 5. expansion of rice farming

50%

What is the approximate percentage of total fixed nitrogen attributed to human activities? 50% 1% 100% 10%

7 billion people

What is the approximate size of the human population today? 10 billion people 7 billion people 2 billion people 5 billion people 25 billion people

5. tundra

What is the coldest biome with the lowest biodiversity and a permanent layer of ice beneath the soil? 1. alpine 2. temperate coniferous forest 3. taiga 4. savanna 5. tundra

2. burial of the organism by sediments

What is the first event in the fossilization process? 1. conversion of organic tissue to minerals (rock) 2. burial of the organism by sediments 3. erosion of soils around the organism 4. hardening of sediments into rock

4. One hypothesizes that engulfment of a proteobacterium occurred after the formation of the nuclear envelope, rather than before. The competing hypotheses differ on which membrane organelle evolved first. It is difficult to determine the origin of the nuclear envelope, so these two hypotheses continue to be a source of debate.

What is the main difference between the two hypotheses for the origin of the eukaryotic cell? 1. One attributes the formation of the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope to infolding of the plasma membrane. 2. One hypothesizes that eukaryotic cells evolved from an archaeon, rather than a bacterium. 3. Only one involves the conversion of a proteobacterium to a mitochondrion. 4. One hypothesizes that engulfment of a proteobacterium occurred after the formation of the nuclear envelope, rather than before.

2. Animals large enough to be recorded in the fossil record could not evolve until oxygen reached levels sufficient to support aerobic respiration.

What is the predominant hypothesis to explain why animals only appeared in the fossil record about 3 billion years after life originated? 1. Animals are heterotrophic and could not evolve until there were enough photosynthetic organisms on Earth to support being eaten by animals. 2. Animals large enough to be recorded in the fossil record could not evolve until oxygen reached levels sufficient to support aerobic respiration. 3. Animals are warm-blooded, and the ocean was too cold for animals to evolve 3 billion years ago. 4. There were animals 3 billion years ago, they just were not fossilized.

1. The mutation may be expressed in the individual, but will not be passed along to its offspring.

What is the result of a mutation that occurs in somatic cells? 1. The mutation may be expressed in the individual, but will not be passed along to its offspring. 2. The mutation will be passed along to the organism's offspring. 3. There will never be any visible effect. 4. The mutation will prevent all reproduction. 5. The mutation will be deleterious.

3. agricultural runoff from much of the central United States

What is the source of the elevated nutrients in the water that cause the formation of dead zones in the Gulf of Mexico? 1. increased fertilization of the water by the waste generated by expanding fish populations 2. industrial pollution in Southeastern states through which the Mississippi River flows 3. agricultural runoff from much of the central United States

3. exponential growth

What pattern of growth are we currently exhibiting? 1. logistic growth 2. geometric growth 3. exponential growth 4. intrinsic growth 5. None of the other answer options is correct.

2.) Mass extinction can remove ecologically dominant groups, paving the way for new or previously minor groups to diversify.

What role has mass extinction played in animal evolution? 1.) All of these choices are correct. 2.) Mass extinction can remove ecologically dominant groups, paving the way for new or previously minor groups to diversify. 3.) Mass extinction eliminates many marine species, forcing survivors to colonize land to find food. 4.) Mass extinction selectively removes poorly adapted animals.

5. mantle

What structure would you expect to find in every type of mollusk (that is, gastropods, cephalopods, and bivalves)? 1. hinge 2. tentacles 3. single-lens eyes 4. valve 5. mantle

5. genetic drift

What term correctly describes changes in allele frequency due to random inheritance of alleles from one generation to the next? 1. immigration 2. mutation 3. selection 4. non-random mating 5. genetic drift

1. logistic

What type of population growth is shown in the graph? 1. logistic 2. exponential 3. linear 4. constant

2. directional

What type of selection occurs when an environmental condition, for example food source characteristics, causes selection toward one extreme of a trait's range of variation? 1. stabilizing 2. directional 3. disruptive

1. The parental plants pass one of their two alleles on to the offspring which is heterozygous, and the A allele is dominant to the a allele.

When Mendel crossed yellow peas with green peas, the next generation was all yellow. How is this explained? 1. The parental plants pass one of their two alleles on to the offspring which is heterozygous, and the A allele is dominant to the a allele. 2. Mendel used the pollen from the yellow plant in the cross, and the pollen is what determines the trait in the offspring. 3. The offspring didn't get enough sunlight and so turned yellow.

3. These offspring have the recessive phenotype of both traits.

When a 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes is produced by a cross between two individuals, which phenotypes are present in the rarest class that is represented by only 1 of the 16 possible genotypes of offspring? 1. These offspring have the dominant phenotype of both traits. 2. These offspring have the dominant phenotype of one trait and the recessive phenotype of the other trait. 3. These offspring have the recessive phenotype of both traits.

100%

When a mutation is fixed in a population, what percentage of individuals have this mutation? 10% 25% 75% 50% 100%

1. exponential.

When a population is small relative to its carrying capacity, its growth will be: 1. exponential. 2. geometric. 3. both geometric and exponential. 4. both geometric and logistic. 5. logistic.

5. coevolution.

When both participants in a species' interaction develop adaptations in direct response to one another, this could progress into all of the outcomes except: 1. intraspecific competition. 2. resource partitioning. 3. competitive exclusion. 4. extinction of one species. 5. coevolution.

3. anaphase II

When do sister chromatids separate in meiosis? 1. anaphase I 2. telophase I 3. anaphase II 4. metaphase II

5. no role in variation in the trait among individuals.

When heritability is 0%, genes play: 1. no role in the expression of a trait. 2. a role in the expression of a trait, but it cannot be measured. 3. a role in variation in the trait among individuals, but it cannot be measured. 4. a role in the expression of a trait but only a small one. 5. no role in variation in the trait among individuals.

3. These cells survive despite DNA damage and divide extremely rapidly.

When p53 becomes mutant in cells already mutant for APC and Ras, what occurs? 1. These cells die. 2. These cells expand their chromosome number to 53. 3. These cells survive despite DNA damage and divide extremely rapidly. 4. These cells remain benign.

III

When sea turtle eggs hatch, predators gather, and mortality among the hatchlings is extremely high. Once turtles reach adult size, they can live for decades. This is an example of a Type _____ survivorship curve. III II I

2. In the F1 heterozygotes, the alleles segregate from each other when gametes form and then combine to make homozygotes and heterozygotes offspring.

When the F1 plants are allowed to self fertilize, they produced both yellow and green peas in the next generation. How is this explained? 1. The yellow peas are all heterozygous and the green peas are all homozygous. 2. In the F1 heterozygotes, the alleles segregate from each other when gametes form and then combine to make homozygotes and heterozygotes offspring. 3. Three quarters of the offspring are homozygous and are yellow, and the other quarter of the offspring are heterozygous and are green. 4. The a allele is dominant, and heterozygotes for a are green.

3. both species will decline. Competition requires an expenditure of energy from competitors. The expenditure of energy means there is less energy available, or fewer resources, to devote to reproduction. This would translate into a decrease in the number of offspring produced and lowered fitness.

When two species compete for resources the fitness of: 1. both competitors will remain the same. 2. only the better competitor will increase. 3. both species will decline. 4. only the poor competitor will decrease.

5. Island isolation promotes allopatric speciation.

When we look at islands across the planet (think about the islands of the Galápagos and Hawaii) we see a remarkable number of island endemic species - species that are found nowhere else. What is a possible explanation for this observation? 1. Sympatric speciation on islands is easier than in mainland environments because levels of disruptive selection are higher on islands. 2. Extinction rates are lower in islands so species that have gone extinct elsewhere persist on islands. 3. Vicariance events are more common on islands than in mainland environments. 4. Sympatric speciation on islands is easier than in mainland environments because rates of chromosomal evolution are higher on islands. 5. Island isolation promotes allopatric speciation.

3. between two sympatric species that eat similar-sized seeds the division of limited resources by species to help avoid competition in an ecological niche.

When would a researcher be most likely to observe resource partitioning? 1. between two sympatric species, one herbivore and one carnivore 2. between two species, one predator and one prey 3. between two sympatric species that eat similar-sized seeds 4. between two allopatric populations that eat the same thing

A. True

Whereas food chains show linear energy transfer between organisms, food webs depict more realistically what occurs in an ecosystem. A. True B. False

5. a species' rate of reproduction and the carrying capacity of the environment As a population increases in size, it approaches carrying capacity. The more individuals there are in the population, the fewer resources that are available for each individual in that population, which, in turn, negatively impacts their chances of surviving to reproduce.

Which factors contribute most to intraspecific competition? 1. predator population size 2. predation and parasitism 3. a species' fundamental niche and abiotic surroundings 4. mutualistic relationships 5. a species' rate of reproduction and the carrying capacity of the environment

2. burning fossil fuels 3. increased use of agricultural fertilizers

Which human activities are responsible for almost doubling the amount of fixed nitrogen? Select all that apply. 1. clearing land for agriculture 2. burning fossil fuels 3. increased use of agricultural fertilizers 4. overfishing marine populations

3. burning fossil fuels 4. clearing land for agriculture

Which human activities are responsible for the addition of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the environment? Select all that apply. 1. overfishing marine populations 2. increased use of agricultural fertilizers 3. burning fossil fuels 4. clearing land for agriculture

1. aerobic respiration

Which metabolic process directly releases carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere? 1. aerobic respiration 2. anaerobic fermentation 3. photosynthesis 4. anaerobic respiration

2. carbon dioxide produced as a result of aerobic cellular respiration in living organisms

Which of the actual (i.e., real) products of biological activity is not likely to be a source of the increases in greenhouse gases observed in recent history? 1. increases in the amount of water vapor the atmosphere can hold (or relative humidity) at higher global temperatures 2. carbon dioxide produced as a result of aerobic cellular respiration in living organisms 3. carbon dioxide produced by use of fossil fuels in automobiles, heating and cooling, and industry

3. competition

Which of the answer choices is a type of interaction in which both parties are harmed? 1. commensalism 2. mutualism 3. competition 4. amensalism 5. predation

3. resource partitioning The division of resources in an area allows for coexistence of multiple species in an area, instead of one species outcompeting all the others in the area.

Which of the answer choices is expected to reduce competition among individuals of different species? 1. destruction of habitat space 2. a decrease in the carrying capacity of an environment 3. resource partitioning 4. the disappearance of a predator from an area 5. a shortened mating season

3. respiration 4. photosynthesis

Which of the processes are typically associated with the short-term carbon cycle? Select all that apply. 1. plate tectonics 2. chemical weathering 3. respiration 4. photosynthesis

1. Digestive enzymes released into the gastric cavity allow the consumption of whole prey such as fish.

Which of the statements is true of the gastric cavity of cnidarians? 1. Digestive enzymes released into the gastric cavity allow the consumption of whole prey such as fish. 2. Egestion occurs through an anus opposite the mouth opening. 3. Digestion takes place in the stomach after storage in the gastric cavity.

3. Phylogenetic trees could be considered physical representations of hypotheses that seek to establish the evolutionary relationships between different organisms.

Which of the statements is true regarding a phylogenetic tree? 1. Phylogenetic trees are constructed based solely on the morphological characteristics of species; sequence similarities among different organisms are evaluated only by taxonomists. 2. Given the sheer number of prokaryotic and eukaryotic species on Earth, it is impossible to create a phylogenetic tree encompassing all of these organisms. 3. Phylogenetic trees could be considered physical representations of hypotheses that seek to establish the evolutionary relationships between different organisms. 4. Within a phylogenetic tree, the order of groups located at the tree tips—not the nodes within a tree—determines sister-group relationships. 5. Phylogenetic trees depict only the evolutionary relationships between different classes; relationships among different species within the same genus are not illustrated in such trees.

4. trait L

Which of the traits depicted in the graph shown has the lowest heritability? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/resources/morris_3e_core_qba_ch-_17/q26-1.png 1. trait H 2. trait M 3. trait K 4. trait L

3. vertebrae and a cranium

Which of the traits listed are shared by all vertebrate animals except hagfish? 1. vertebrae and four walking limbs 2. vertebrae and jaws 3. vertebrae and a cranium 4. vertebrae and bones mineralized by calcium phosphate

3. desert

Which of these biomes receives the least amount of rainfall, and therefore has low primary production, nutrient-poor soil, and plant species that are adapted for water storage? 1. tundra 2. chaparral 3. desert 4. alpine 5. savannah

2. All of these choices are correct.

Which of these factors likely contributed to the accumulation of O2 within Earth's atmosphere? 1. the fact that there is a slight "de-coupling" between photosynthesis and respiration 2. All of these choices are correct. 3. the evolution of cyanobacteria 4. the fact that O2 is also cycled during the carbon cycle 5. the fact that photosynthesis releases O2 as a product

1. plant species in a community

Which of these is a good predictor of biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems? 1. plant species in a community 2. pollinator species in a community 3. predator species in a community 4. prey species in a community

4. primary producers

Which of these organisms can incorporate atmospheric carbon directly into C6H12O6, thereby playing a major role in a food web? 1. consumers 2. decomposers 3. carnivores 4. primary producers 5. grazers

2. bacteria

Which organisms can carry out nitrogen fixation? 1. plants 2. bacteria 3. mammals 4. fungi

1. air > plant > primary consumer > secondary consumer

Which path will a carbon atom most likely travel from CO2 in the atmosphere to glucose in the cell of a secondary consumer? 1. air > plant > primary consumer > secondary consumer 2. air > primary consumer > secondary consumer 3. air > bacteria > primary consumer > secondary consumer 4. air > bacteria > plant > secondary consumer

4

Which path will a nitrogen atom most likely travel from nitrogen (N2) in the atmosphere to amino acids in the cell of a secondary consumer? 1. air > water > bacteria > secondary consumer 2. air > plant > bacteria > secondary consumer 3. air > primary consumer > bacteria > secondary consumer 4. air > bacteria > plant > primary consumer > secondary consumer

4. Individuals with particular traits leave behind more offspring than individuals with other traits.

Which phrase best describes how natural selection results in evolution? 1. Individuals with particular traits survive better than individuals with other traits. 2. Individuals adapt to their environment by undergoing mutations. 3. Weak individuals are eliminated by strong individuals. 4. Individuals with particular traits leave behind more offspring than individuals with other traits.

2. anammox 3. denitrification

Which process(es) return nitrogen (N2) directly back to the atmosphere? Select all that apply. 1. assimilation 2. anammox 3. denitrification 4. ammonification 5. nitrogen fixation

2. near the surface where sunlight penetrates

Which regions in freshwater or marine biomes would you expect to have the highest productivity? 1. at the deepest depth of the biome 2. near the surface where sunlight penetrates 3. in the middle depths of the biome 4. just below the deepest level where sunlight penetrates

1. competition within species for the same resources 4. growing population size reduces the amount of space available as a proper habitat

Which scenario might slow population growth? Select all that apply. 1. competition within species for the same resources 2. agricultural runoff providing additional nutrient resources 3. adaptation that allows the population to gather nutrients more efficiently 4. growing population size reduces the amount of space available as a proper habitat

4. get their X chromosomes from their mother and transmit their X chromosomes to their daughters.

X-linked genes show crisscross inheritance because males: 1. get their Y chromosomes from their father and transmit their Y chromosomes to their sons. 2. transmit their Y chromosome to their sons. 3. transmit their X chromosome to their sons. 4. get their X chromosomes from their mother and transmit their X chromosomes to their daughters. 5. get their Y chromosome from their father. 6. get their X chromosome from their father.

1. allopatric speciation; dispersal Close relatedness would indicate that one may have arisen from the other. If some mainland individuals dispersed to the island and genetic differences accumulated, it would lead to speciation.

You are a biologist on a trip to an island in the South Pacific. While there, you are allowed to collect DNA samples from a local species of rat that resembles a species seen on a nearby continent. If your DNA analysis also indicates the two species are closely related, you might conclude that the evolution of the two separate species was an example of _____ through _____. 1. allopatric speciation; dispersal 2. sympatric speciation; vicariance 3. allopatric speciation; vicariance 4. sympatric speciation; dispersal

2. logistic Logistic growth implies that there is some limit, carrying capacity, for a population of a certain size. Operating under this constraint would allow determination of the number of resources necessary to maintain a population at carrying capacity. Exponential growth would be continually increasing, with no constraint from a carrying capacity, so there would be no "specific" population size where planning could occur for sustainability.

Given models of population growth, which model would be the best to use for determining estimated sustainable yield? 1. exponential 2. logistic 3. a combination of both

1. bony limbs

Given the tree shown, which characteristic is not shared by both coelacanths and salamanders? 1. bony limbs 2. cranium and vertebrae 3. bony skeleton 4. jaws

3. amniotic egg

Given the tree shown, which key developmental trait is shared by birds, crocodiles, and mammals but not by other groups? 1. bony skeleton 2. walking legs 3. amniotic egg 4. tetrapod locomotion

3. walking legs

Given the tree shown, which trait is not shared by all animals with bony limbs? 1. vertebrae 2. jaws 3. walking legs 4. cranium

4.) The genome of the endosymbiont is more closely related to members of the group in which it originally evolved, while the nuclear genome of the engulfing organism has its own evolutionary trajectory.

How is it possible that phylogenies based on sequences from nuclear genomes and organellar genomes (i.e., chloroplasts and mitochondria) from the same group of species yield phylogenetic trees with different branching orders? 1.) Transfer of genetic material from the genome of the endosymbiont to the host results in two phylogenies, host and endosymbiont. The host genome continues to accumulate mutations, but the endosymbiont genome cannot. 2.) Nuclear and organellar genes evolved at different rates, obscuring evolutionary relationships. 3.) For organelles like chloroplasts, no mutations can occur or photosynthesis would stop and the organism would die. The nuclear genome can accumulate mutations, so it can continue to evolve. 4.) The genome of the endosymbiont is more closely related to members of the group in which it originally evolved, while the nuclear genome of the engulfing organism has its own evolutionary trajectory.

3. dominant

Huntington's disease is a devastating neurological disorder. If a child of an affected parent receives one copy of the Huntington allele, he or she will develop Huntington's disease. Thus, Huntington's disease is considered a _____ trait. 1. recessive 2. reciprocal 3. dominant 4. neutral

4. He grew plants from seeds and fertilized the ovules of one plant with the pollen from another.

How did Mendel make crosses with his plants? 1. He planted the seeds of each type together, and they grew into a single plant. 2. He allowed the pea plants to intertwine during growth to allow fertilization. 3. He cut the peas in half and combined them to grow a single plant. 4. He grew plants from seeds and fertilized the ovules of one plant with the pollen from another.

4. from a series of mutations that arise in the descendants of a single somatic cell

How do most cancers arise? 1. from a single mutation arising simultaneously in a cluster of cells 2. from mutations arising in a single cell that are then transmitted to other cells in the body 3. from multiple mutations arising simultaneously in a single cell 4. from a series of mutations that arise in the descendants of a single somatic cell

1. Mutations arise randomly and independent of other mutations in the cell.

How do mutations arise? 1. Mutations arise randomly and independent of other mutations in the cell. 2. Mutations in cancer cells arise because they need to divide faster. 3. Mutations arise in a specific sequence where a mutation in one gene directly leads to a mutation in a specific second gene. 4. Mutations arise simultaneously, where whole sets of mutations occur in a single event.

3. is greater than (>)

If B = the benefit of a behavior to a recipient, C = the cost of the behavior of the donor, and r = the degree of relatedness between the recipient and donor, then if rB ___ C, altruism can evolve. 1. is less than (<) 2. equals (=) 3. is greater than (>)

3. Temperatures would be hotter. Water holds a lot of heat. If there were no oceans, then the heat typically held in ocean water would be spread across all the land masses.

If Earth had no oceans, would temperatures at the equator be hotter or colder than they are now? 1. Temperatures would be colder. 2. Temperatures would remain the same. 3. Temperatures would be hotter.

4. evolution has occurred because one or more of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has been violated.

If a population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, we can conclude that: 1. natural selection has occurred. 2. All of these choices are correct. 3. one of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has been violated. 4. evolution has occurred because one or more of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has been violated. 5. nonrandom mating has occurred.

5. amphibians Many pollutants end up in the water supply. Because amphibians have part of their life cycle in the water, and exchange gases through their skin, they are susceptible to changes in water quality. Observing changes in amphibian population status can serve as an indicator of pollution.

If a scientist wanted to determine if a forest environment had been polluted, which group of organisms typically would be the best indicator for the presence of pollutants? 1. insects 2. mammals 3. birds 4. fish 5. amphibians

B. False The food web would likely be greatly altered, and the biomass at each trophic level would change. If tertiary consumers were removed, there would be an increase in secondary consumers. The secondary consumers would then decimate primary consumer populations, and primary producers would increase. The carbon cycle would not collapse, as it is a global and not a local cycle.

If all of the tertiary consumers were removed from an environment, the associated food web, and thus the carbon cycle, would collapse. A. True B. False

A. True Vegetarians consume food at lower trophic levels than an individual that eats meat. This means that vegetarians are utilizing a trophic level with more energy available. Individuals that eat meat are consuming at a trophic level where much of the energy in the primary consumer trophic level has been lost to metabolism and heat.

If all other aspects of their lifestyles were equivalent, a vegetarian would have a smaller ecological footprint than someone who consumes a large amount of meat. A. True B. False

100%; 1.0

If all variation among individuals in a population is due to differing genotypes alone, heritability is _____, and the slope of the line used to measure it is _____. 100%; 1.0 50%; 0.5 50%; 1 100%; 0.5 0%; 0

2. all of his daughters

If an XY male carries a mutation on his X chromosome, _______________ will receive the mutant X. 1. all of his sons 2. all of his daughters 3. all his sons and daughters 4. half his sons and half his daughters

2. ancestral sponges exhibited morphologic complexity seen in other eumetazoans. 4. the anatomical complexity of ctenophores arose independently of what is found in other eumetazoan groups.

If ctenophores are sister to all animal taxa, excluding cnidarians and placozoans, then: Select all that apply. 1. None of the answer options is correct. 2. ancestral sponges exhibited morphologic complexity seen in other eumetazoans. 3. the nervous system of ctenophores evolved independently of other animals. 4. the anatomical complexity of ctenophores arose independently of what is found in other eumetazoan groups.

2. Female reproduction is limited by the amount of energy a female can devote to reproduction in any one season.

If having large numbers of offspring results in high fitness, why do females of all species not have very large numbers of offspring? 1. Females are limited by the number of males they mate with in a single season. 2. Female reproduction is limited by the amount of energy a female can devote to reproduction in any one season. 3. A female, regardless of species, would die before they could raise all of the offspring they could produce. 4. In some species, the number of eggs a female will have in her lifetime is finite, developing before she reaches reproductive age.

Four

If nondisjunction occurs in the first meiotic division, how many of the four possible gametes produced from meiosis will have the wrong number of chromosomes? One Two Three Four

2. increased primary productivity Carbon is not the only element necessary for growth in organisms. Phosphorous is also required to enable growth. Consider the sugar phosphate backbone in DNA. Cell division cannot occur without phosphate containing nucleotides for DNA replication. Increasing phosphorous concentrations in marine environments increases primary productivity.

If phosphorous concentrations were to suddenly increase in a marine ecosystem, which of the choices would likely occur? 1. decreased primary productivity 2. increased primary productivity 3. no change in the rate of primary productivity

100 individuals/km The population density is the population size divided by the range. Since the population size is 1,000 individuals and the range is 10 km, the population density = 1,000 individuals / 10 km = 100 individuals/km.

If the population size (N) is 1,000 individuals and the range is 10 km, what is the population density? 100 individuals/km 10,000 individuals/km 10 individuals/km 1,000 individuals/km

A. True

If tuft-weaving chironomids were removed from the web, then stickleback fry would decrease. A. True B. False

4. less; allopatric There would be no gene flow between the separated populations. Unique mutations would accumulate in each population and they would increase the genetic differentiation between the two divided populations.

Imagine a scenario in which a common population of animals is separated into two groups by a natural event. Over time, you might expect the two populations to become ______ genetically similar. This process is known as _____ speciation. 1. more; allopatric 2. less; sympatric 3. more; sympatric 4. less; allopatric

2. 9% AA, 42% Aa

In a population of Mendel's garden peas, the frequency of green-flowered plants (genotype aa) is 49%. The population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. What are the frequencies of the AA and Aa genotypes? 1. The frequencies cannot be determined from the information provided. 2. 9% AA, 42% Aa 3. 42% AA, 9% Aa 4. 33% AA, 18% Aa 5. 49% AA, 2% Aa

2. 64% AA, 32% Aa, 4% aa

In a population of Mendel's garden peas, the frequency of the dominant A (yellow flower) allele is 80%. Let p represent the frequency of the A allele and q represent the frequency of the a allele. Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what are the genotype frequencies? 1. 16% AA, 40% Aa, 44% aa 2. 64% AA, 32% Aa, 4% aa 3. 50% AA, 25% Aa, 25% aa 4. 75% AA, 15% Aa, 10% aa 5. 80% AA, 10% Aa, 10% aa

2. The extent of genetic divergence among closely related taxa on either side of an isthmus is positively correlated with time of isthmus formation. If you compare the percent of difference in sequence with the date of the event, you will see that the longer events are associated (correlated) with more sequence change.

In a study of multiple geological events in which an isthmus has formed, separating marine populations on either side, you collect the data in Table 2. What can you conclude from the data in Table 2? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/resources/morris_hdwks_chapter_21/q6-1.png 1. The extent of genetic divergence among closely related taxa on either side of an isthmus is negatively correlated with time of isthmus formation. 2. The extent of genetic divergence among closely related taxa on either side of an isthmus is positively correlated with time of isthmus formation. 3. There are statistically significant differences between the genetic divergences among closely related taxa on either side of an isthmus. 4. There is no correlation between genetic divergence among closely related taxa on either side of an isthmus and time of isthmus formation. 5. There are no statistically significant differences between the genetic divergences among closely related taxa on either side of an isthmus.

4. clearing forests for agriculture.

In addition to burning fossil fuels, humans return CO2 to the atmosphere faster than it can be removed by: 1. generating nutrient pollution. 2. polluting the oceans. 3. expanding beef production. 4. clearing forests for agriculture. 5. expanding rice production.

A. True

In co-speciation, two groups of organisms speciate in response to each other and in a coordinated manner. A. True B. False

4. a crossover.

In crosses involving linked genes, recombinant offspring result from: 1. sex-linked inheritance. 2. Mendelian segregation and independent assortment of alleles. 3. independent assortment of alleles. 4. a crossover. 5. Mendelian segregation.

1. detritus sinking from more productive shallower waters.

In deeper waters, nutrients primarily come from: 1. detritus sinking from more productive shallower waters. 2. thermal vents. 3. glacial ice melt. 4. surface winds creating deep ocean currents.

A. True

In general, allopatric species will evolve pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms more rapidly than sympatric species. A. True B. False

2. disruptive

In general, sympatric speciation requires the action of _____ selection acting against hybrids. 1. stabilizing 2. disruptive 3. directional 4. artificial 5. ecological

1. As the standard of living increases, so does the ecological footprint.

In general, what is the relationship between a country's ecological footprint and its overall standard of living? 1. As the standard of living increases, so does the ecological footprint. 2. It depends on the country—in developing countries, the ecological footprint and standard of living are positively correlated; in developed countries, they are negatively correlated. 3. It depends on country—in developed countries, the ecological footprint and standard of living are positively correlated; in developing countries, they are negatively correlated. 4. None of the other answer options is correct. 5. As the standard of living decreases, the ecological footprint increases.

1. genotype.

In genetic crosses, the symbol Aa refers to a: 1. genotype. 2. morphotype. 3. archetype. 4. holotype. 5. phenotype.

1. He studied traits controlled by a single gene.

In his cross, what did Mendel do? 1. He studied traits controlled by a single gene. 2. He used plants that were heterozygous in his initial crosses. 3. He did not use pure-breeding plants in his crosses.

A. True

In humans, fruit flies, and many other organisms, most of the genes on the X chromosome are not found on the Y chromosome. A. True B. False

2. erosion of rocks on land

In marine ecosystems phosphorus is added to the ecosystem primarily from: 1. dead organisms that fall to the bottom of the ocean 2. erosion of rocks on land 3. fixation of atmospheric phosphorus 4. glacial ice melt

2. B

In the image, let the light shade indicate maternally derived chromosomal material and the dark shade indicate paternally derived material. Which circle is likely to contain both paternal and maternal gene variants (alleles)? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,0,0/Assets/resources/11_meiotic_cell_division/q4-1.jpg 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

3. competitive exclusion.

In the late 1960s, Robert Paine conducted landmark studies on diversity in the rocky intertidal zone, comparing the species diversity in control plots with diversity in experimental plots from which he removed the top predator, sea stars. After 5 years, 15 species of intertidal invertebrates lived in the control plots, while the experimental plots were dominated by only two species, one mussel and one barnacle. The process most likely responsible for the loss of species diversity in the experimental plots was: 1. parasitism. 2. predation. 3. competitive exclusion. 4. resource partitioning. 5. mutualism.

2. B

In the phylogeny, which of the answer choices could be considered a sister group? 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

B. False

True-breeding plants are typically heterozygous for most genes. A. True B. False

6

Two alleles of a given gene exist in a population: CTGT and TGTC. (Note: The codes given are only for the transcribed strand of the DNA in the two alleles.) Three possible single crossover events are possible between these two alleles. As a result of the three different crossover events, how many total new alleles (new sequences of DNA) could be produced? 4 5 6 12 3

A. True If two genes are physically located very close to each other on the chromosome, then recombination cannot occur and only non-recombinant gametes will be produced.

Two genes, A and B, are found on the same chromosome. One chromosome has alleles A and B, while its homolog has alleles a and b. If genes A and B are so closely linked that the recombination frequency is 0 percent, only AB and ab gametes will be produced during meiosis. A. True B. False

2. allopatric speciation by vicariance. The formation of the Grand Canyon is a vicariant event that resulted in separating one large population into two smaller populations.

Two species of antelope ground squirrels are separated by the Grand Canyon. They are hypothesized to have descended from a common ancestor population that was divided when the Grand Canyon formed. If this hypothesis is correct, it would be an example of: 1. allopatric speciation by dispersal. 2. allopatric speciation by vicariance. 3. peripatric speciation by vicariance. 4. sympatric speciation by dispersal. 5. sympatric speciation by vicariance.

5. pre-zygotic, temporal separation The two species of frog described in the question mate at different times of the year. Hence, the females of each species are only able to mate at the species' specific time, so they are temporally isolated form one another. Because there is no chance for them to mate with an individual of the other species, no zygote will form and this is pre-zygotic isolation.

Two species of frog mate in the same pond. One breeds in early summer and one in late summer. This is an example of what kind of reproductive isolation? 1. post-zygotic, ecological separation 2. pre-zygotic, behavioral isolation 3. post-zygotic, temporal separation 4. pre-zygotic, ecological separation 5. pre-zygotic, temporal separation

1. phenotype.

Unlike the biological species concept, the morphospecies concept relies on: 1. phenotype. 2. offspring. 3. behavior. 4. physiology.

1. There is only one affected allele segregating in the pedigree.

Using the given settings, press "Generate Pedigree" (NOT "Generate Random Pedigree") three to six times, and notice the frequency of affected sons and daughters in the F1 to F4 progeny. Settings: Mode of inheritance - X-linked recessive Parental generation - Male - Nonmutant Female - Heterozygous Matings between relatives - disallow Progeny in first generation - 4 Show carriers - turn on Why aren't there any affected females in the F1 generation under these conditions? 1. There is only one affected allele segregating in the pedigree. 2. The recessive allele is less likely to be inherited than the mutant allele. 3. X-linked traits are only seen in males. 4. Only males can be affected because the trait is X-linked recessive.

5. Individuals with one mutant allele express the disease phenotype and so cannot be carriers.

Using the given settings, press "Generate Pedigree" three to six times, and notice the frequency of affected sons and daughters in the F1 to F4 progeny. Settings: Mode of inheritance - Dominant Parental generation - Male - Heterozygous Female - Heterozygous Matings between relatives - disallow Progeny in first generation - 4 Show carriers - run simulation three times with "show carriers" on, and three times with "show carriers" off A carrier is an individual who has an allele associated with a trait but does not display the trait. They are, however, able to pass on the allele to their offspring. When setting the simulation's conditions as described, why does it make no difference whether or not you turn on "show carriers"? 1. Only individuals with two mutant alleles are affected and so there cannot be any carriers for this trait. 2. All individuals with the disease are also carriers. 3. Only individuals with two mutant alleles are affected. 4. Individuals with one mutant allele do not express the disease phenotype and so can only be carriers. 5. Individuals with one mutant allele express the disease phenotype and so cannot be carriers.

4. radial

Cnidarians have _____ symmetry. 1. circular 2. no 3. bilateral 4. radial

a. True

In at least one group of fish, Osteichthyes, a structure known as a swim bladder was modified to become a primitive lung. a. True B. False

A. True

At its earliest stages, a logistic growth curve closely resembles an exponential growth curve. A. True B. False

3. gastropods and cephalopods.

Mollusks are the second major phylum of the Lophotrochozoa and include: 1. crustaceans and bivalves. 2. starfish and cephalopods. 3. gastropods and cephalopods. 4. sponges and placozoans.

2. caecilians

Of the taxa listed on the phylogeny, which is more closely related to the frog? 1. coelacanths 2. caecilians 3. lungfish 4. turtles

3. ceolacanths

Of the taxa listed on the phylogeny, which is more distantly related (least related) to the lungfish? 1. birds 2. caecilians 3. ceolacanths 4. bats

1. class

Of the taxonomic categories, which is the most inclusive? 1. class 2. genus 3. family 4. species 5. order

1. higher

The CO2 level is _____ during winter in the northern hemisphere compared to levels in the summer. 1. higher 2. the same 3. lower

A. True

A Punnett square can be used to interpret the results of a testcross. A. True B. False

1. population

A _____ consists of all the individuals of a given species that live and reproduce in a particular place. 1. population 2. range 3. species 4. family

4. food web; trophic pyramid

A _____ depicts the flow of carbon through an ecosystem, whereas a _____ depicts the transfer of energy. 1. niche; food web 2. food web; niche 3. trophic pyramid; food web 4. food web; trophic pyramid

2. that is designed for a single species will also protect other species in the reserve.

A biological reserve that is designed for a single species is an important tool in maintaining biodiversity because a reserve: 1. will not change over time so all the species will be conserved as long as the reserve exists. 2. that is designed for a single species will also protect other species in the reserve. 3. will generate income when people visit to see the biodiversity protected in the reserve. 4. that is designed to protect a species will always be maintained as a reserve.

1. ecosystem.

A community of organisms and the physical environment it occupies are known together as a(n): 1. ecosystem. 2. population. 3. community. 4. species.

A. True

A complex trait can be influenced by the environment. A. True B. False

3. high nitrogen levels in the area

A dead zone has been documented off the coast of Oregon. Which of the options could contribute to the formation of the dead zone? 1. low phosphate levels in the area 2. high oxygen levels in the area 3. high nitrogen levels in the area 4. high carbon dioxide levels in the area

2. decreases survival and/or reproduction.

A deleterious mutation: 1. increases survival and/or reproduction. 2. decreases survival and/or reproduction. 3. does not affect survival or reproduction.

4. The antibiotic also killed the symbiotic bacteria that fix nitrogen for the plants. Without a source of nitrogen, the plants did not grow well. Many plants depend on symbiotic bacteria to fix atmospheric nitrogen into a form plants can absorb and use. Antibiotics sometimes have nonspecific effects and can kill surrounding soil bacteria in addition to the bacterial plant pathogen. If the symbiotic bacteria of the crop plant were killed by the antibiotic, then the plants would lose their source of nitrogen and not grow well.

A farmer treats the soil with a fertilizer containing an antibiotic that kills a bacterial plant pathogen. The crop does not grow well. What most likely happened? 1. The antibiotic inhibited protein translation in the cells of the plants, which caused the plants to not grow well. 2. The antibiotic bound to all the divalent cations that the plants needed to grow, and as a result, the crops did not grow well. 3. The antibiotic coated the plant roots so that they could not absorb water and, as a result, the crops did not grow well. 4. The antibiotic also killed the symbiotic bacteria that fix nitrogen for the plants. Without a source of nitrogen, the plants did not grow well.

4. The bacteria would likely die without their mutualistic aphids, as this is an example of an obligate relationship. For obligate relationships between organisms, if one dies then the other will die as well.

A gardener treats his plants with pesticides, killing all the aphids that are on the plants. Once the aphids die, what likely happens to the mutualistic bacteria inhabiting their digestive tracts? 1. The bacteria would likely die without their mutualistic aphids, as this is an example of a facultative relationship. 2. The bacteria would contribute to the decomposition of dead aphids. 3. The bacteria would migrate outside of the digestive tract and survive on the leaves of garden plants. 4. The bacteria would likely die without their mutualistic aphids, as this is an example of an obligate relationship.

2. lack of gene flow between populations.

A geologic barrier between two populations of one species can contribute to speciation because of: 1. similar environmental conditions in the two locations. 2. lack of gene flow between populations. 3. increased mutation rates due to separation.

1. change in allele frequencies in two closely related populations that are isolated from each other by a geographic barrier.

A good example of vicariance is a: 1. change in allele frequencies in two closely related populations that are isolated from each other by a geographic barrier. 2. rise in sea level floods a coastal area and breaks it up into several small islands distant from each other.

2. the release of methane from thawed permafrost

A group of scientists in Alaska notices that not only have atmospheric CO2 levels increased at their sampling site but so too have methane levels. What could account for this increase in methane levels? 1. None of the other answer options is correct. 2. the release of methane from thawed permafrost 3. the failure of rice paddies to be established in Alaska, given its climate 4. the melting of permafrost accompanied by the thawing of methane-producing bacteria 5. a decrease in beef production near the researchers' sampling area

4. carrier

A heterozygous female harboring one mutant allele for hemophilia is called a(n) _____ for that trait. 1. contributor 2. affected female 3. harborer 4. carrier 5. messenger

3. logistic growth because the colonizing population will reach carrying capacity within the first two years.

A population of ten mating pairs of butterflies colonize a new area with no predators and a number of flower species large enough to support a butterfly population of 2000 individuals. Each pair can have 20 offspring per year. For the first 2 years in the new area, the growth curve for this butterfly population will show: 1. logistic growth because they will reach maximum population size immediately after colonization 2. exponential growth because the colonizing population size will remain below the carrying capacity for the first two years 3. logistic growth because the colonizing population will reach carrying capacity within the first two years. 4. exponential growth because only a few individuals will have offspring

4. inverted pyramid, with a narrow base representing a small number of young individuals. Populations that are decreasing in size have a smaller number of reproductive individuals compared to individuals beyond reproductive age.

A population that is decreasing in size will have an age-structure histogram shaped like a(n): 1. diamond, with a wide center depicting a large number of individuals that have reached reproductive maturity. 2. rectangle, with a roughly equal number of individuals in each age group. 3. pyramid, with a wide base at the bottom representing a large number of young individuals. 4. inverted pyramid, with a narrow base representing a small number of young individuals.

5. biparental In plants, mitochondria can be inherited from either parent.

A researcher discovers a new type of plant. After setting up several crosses, she assesses the mitochondrial sequences in the F1 generations and compares these to the mitochondrial sequences in the parental generation. In the progeny, she finds sequences that are similar to both the maternal and paternal sequences in the parental generation. These plants demonstrate _____ inheritance of their organelles. 1. maternal 2. random 3. paternal 4. recombinant 5. biparental

6. higher than; the same as Extinction rates on large islands are related to how many new species may colonize the island and the number of resources available to support populations of different species. As colonists continue to arrive, available resources are reduced, which may result in extinction for some species on the island.

A researcher is comparing the species diversity of two islands. Both islands are roughly equal in size; however, one island is much closer to the mainland. The researcher determines that the S value (number of species at equilibrium) for the island closer to the mainland is ____________ the S value for the island located farther from the mainland. In addition, she finds that the closer island's extinction rate is _______________ the extinction rate on the farther island. 1. the same as; higher than 2. higher than; lower than 3. lower than; the same as 4. the same as; lower than 5. lower than; higher than 6. higher than; the same as

2. None of the other answer options is correct.

A researcher is creating pedigrees for a trait he suspects to be dominant in humans. What are some of the likely features of his pedigrees for families with this trait? 1. All the offspring of a mating where one parent has the trait will themselves be affected. 2. None of the other answer options is correct. 3. Only females will have this dominant trait. 4. The occurrence of mating between individuals with this trait will be high, as all dominant traits are common within any given population.

2. independent; dependent

A severe drought is an example of a density-_____ factor that can influence population size. The availability of nest sites is an example of a density-_____ factor. 1. independent; independent 2. independent; dependent 3. dependent; independent 4. dependent; dependent

3. tree H

A single species of fish, the three-spined stickleback, once inhabited a large lake. At some point in the lake's history, lava flowed from a nearby volcano into the lake cutting it into three completely isolated mini-lakes. Despite the heat from the lava, a few individuals from the original population of stickleback survived in each mini-lake. Three million years later, a researcher finds that each mini-lake is inhabited by its own species of stickleback. Which of the figures most closely reflects how the three species of spiny back are related to one another? 1. tree M 2. tree L 3. tree H 4. tree K

3. keystone

A species that has a disproportionately large effect on a community is called a(n) _____ species. 1. engineer 2. linchpin 3. keystone 4. producer 5. central

3. can utilize different resources outside of the mutualism.

A species that is involved in a facultative mutualism with another: 1. should quickly develop adaptations in direct response to the other species. 2. is reliant on the relationship for survival. 3. can utilize different resources outside of the mutualism. 4. can only interact with that particular species.

3. He should get his mitochondrial haplotype sequenced, given the genetic variation in mitochondrial sequences compared to Y chromosomes.

A young man wants to determine if he is a descendant of Henry of Navarre and Eleanor of Aquitaine—two of his favorite historical characters. He sends a cheek swab to a DTC company and is offered a choice: the company can assess either the sequence of the man's Y chromosome or his mitochondrial DNA. Which should he choose? 1. He should get his Y chromosome haplotype sequenced, given the robust genetic variation observed across Y chromosomes. 2. It does not matter; an equal amount of genetic variation exists between different Y chromosome haplotypes and different mitochondrial haplotypes. 3. He should get his mitochondrial haplotype sequenced, given the genetic variation in mitochondrial sequences compared to Y chromosomes.

3. an explosion of algal growth that leads to explosive bacterial growth

Agricultural runoff into a pond can result in additional nutrient input. Which scenario is likely to happen in response to additional nutrient input? 1. increased heavy metal runoff that kills all the plants in the pond 2. increased competition between species of initial colonizers for pond nutrients that results in decreased population growth 3. an explosion of algal growth that leads to explosive bacterial growth 4. increased numbers of predators that deplete prey organisms in the pond

2. a water vascular system and five-fold symmetry.

All echinoderms have: 1. a cardiovascular circulatory system and bilateral symmetry. 2. a water vascular system and five-fold symmetry. 3. a cardiovascular circulatory system and five-fold symmetry.

B. False

All organisms have either an X or Y chromosome, as these chromosomes are solely responsible for determining the sex of an individual. A. True B. False

2. gene pool

All the alleles present in all individuals in a species are referred to as the _____ of that species. 1. phenotype 2. gene pool 3. allele frequency 4. genotype 5. genotype frequency

2. [C-D]>[E-F]>[A-B] [C-D]>[E-F]>[A-B] because C/D are the deepest (cut off first) then E/F then A/B.

Although it is easy to think of the formation of the isthmus of Panama as a geologically instantaneous event - at one moment there was a water connection between the two sides, and at the next there was not - it was likely not simultaneous from the perspective of inshore-dwelling species. As the land bridge slowly formed, so the marine channels became shallower and shallower. Populations of a species that specializes in deep water were, therefore, isolated from each other - Pacific/Caribbean - earlier than populations of a species that specializes in shallow water. Table 1 lists data on the depth tolerances for six species of another genus of shrimp, Beteus, which are found on either side of the isthmus. https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/resources/morris_hdwks_chapter_21/q3-1.png A similar study to the one described in the figure is carried out on these six species of Beteus. You sequence 10,000 bp of DNA from multiple loci in each species. In a comparison of the number of base pair differences between each species pair (that is, A and B, C and D, E and F), which order is the most likely outcome? 1. [C-D]>[A-B]>[E-F] 2. [C-D]>[E-F]>[A-B] 3. [A-B]>[C-D]>[E-F] 4. [E-F]>[A-B]>[C-D] 5. [A-B]>[E-F]>[C-D]

3. one of several forms of a gene.

An allele is: 1. the location of a gene in a chromosome. 2. None of the other answer options is correct. 3. one of several forms of a gene. 4. the expression of a trait in an individual. 5. the particular combination of genes for a given trait in a given organism.

3. carrying capacity

An environment can only support a certain number of individuals of a given species at any one time. This number is referred to as the _____ of that environment. 1. population density 2. population size 3. carrying capacity 4. growth rate

B. False

An example of regression toward the mean occurs if the offspring of two short parents had an average height equal to the average height of the parents, not of the population as a whole. A. True B. False

B. False During glacial periods, large amounts of carbon are incorporated into the ocean as sediments.

An increased rate of photosynthesis is the most likely explanation as to why atmospheric CO2 levels appear lowest during glacial periods of Earth's history. A. True B. False

B. False

An individual is heterozygous for two linked genes, but whether its genotype is AB/ab or Ab/aB is not known. The individual is crossed with an ab/ab individual, and among the progeny are: 16 AB/ab; 54 Ab/ab; 46 aB/ab; 24 ab/ab. These results imply that the genotype of the doubly heterozygous parent was AB/ab. A. True B. False

0.30 Clue: Always less number demonstrates recombinant descendants. A higher number shows non-recombinants. Since the linkage is conceivable just when removing between the gens is under 50m.u. In this manner, recombinant genotypes are AB/stomach muscle and abdominal muscle/stomach muscle. Recombination recurrence = no. of recombinants/Total offspring RF = 30/100 = 0.30 i.e., Recombinants are AB/ab & ab/ab = 14+16 = 30

An individual who is heterozygous for two linked genes (with alleles A, a and B, b) is crossed with an AB/ab individual, and among the progeny are: 14 AB/ab 36 Ab/ab 34 aB/ab 16 ab/ab What is the frequency of recombination? 0.40 0.70 0.60 0.30 0.35

Ab AB

An individual who is heterozygous for two linked genes has the genotype AB/ab, which means that the A and B alleles are in one chromosome and the a and b alleles are in the homologous chromosome. Among the products of meiosis listed, which would be the recombinant types? Select all that apply. Ab aB AB

4. the amount of land required to provide all the resources used by that individual.

An individual's ecological footprint is equivalent to: 1. All of these choices are correct. 2. the total amount of food consumed by that individual. 3. the total amount of carbon emissions from that individual's car. 4. the amount of land required to provide all the resources used by that individual. 5. the total amount of energy used by that individual.

2. produce small offspring. 4. produce many offspring.

An r-strategist will typically: Select all that apply. 1. produce few offspring. 2. produce small offspring. 3. provide little parental care. 4. produce many offspring. 5. provide abundant parental care. 6. produce large offspring.

3. graph H

Aphids can feed in leafy treetops or tree canopies. Ants are usually not abundant in tree canopies unless aphids are also present. You introduce aphids to an area of the tree canopy and survey the abundance of ants over time. Consider the graphs. Which of the plots shown represents your expected trend in ant abundance? 1. graph Q 2. graph K 3. graph H 4. graph M 5. graph L

4. There is more variation in the gene pool of snails than humans. For each gene that the population geneticist examines in humans and snails, they find a higher number of alleles in snails than humans.

As a population geneticist, you find a species of snails with more genetic diversity than humans. What does this mean? 1. The snails have more DNA than humans. 2. The snails have more genes on their chromosomes than humans. 3. The snails have a larger population size than humans. 4. There is more variation in the gene pool of snails than humans. 5. The snails have more mutations occurring than humans.

A. True Hiking from the base of the mountain to the top takes the hiker through different conditions. Temperatures are warmer at the base with cooler, harsher, and drier at the top, resulting in an altitudinal species gradient similar to the latitudinal gradient.

As you hike from the base of a mountain to the top of the mountain, you would expect to see decreasing levels of biodiversity. A. True B. False

4. carbon dioxide; energy

Autotrophs remove _____ from the air and fix this into tissues providing _____ for secondary consumers. 1. nitrogen; amino acids 2. carbon dioxide; inorganic molecules 3. nitrogen; energy 4. carbon dioxide; energy

4. the egg stage

Based on the data provided in the table and graph, which stage of the Lime Swallowtail life cycle is the shortest? Refer to the figure shown. 1. the larval stage 2. the pupal stage 3. the butterfly stage 4. the egg stage

2. older; bonobo

Based on the diagram shown, you predict that the earliest fossil gorilla (which may not resemble modern-day gorillas) would be _____ than the earliest fossil _____. 1. younger; chimp 2. older; bonobo 3. None of the other answer options are correct. 4. younger; bonobo 5. older; orangutan

4. wings in birds and bats Convergent evolution produces characters that are similar due to adaptation, not common ancestry. The wings of birds and bats are not derived from the most recent common ancestor for those groups.

Based on the figure shown, which of the answer choices are examples of convergent evolution? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/resources/morris_3e_lc_for_qba_chapter_22/v2q44-1.jpg 1. the amniotic egg of crocodiles and mammals 2. jaws in sharks and lizards 3. lungs in lungfish and turtles 4. wings in birds and bats

3. After 2008, increasing ivory prices are coincident with increases in illegal killing of elephants. 4. In 2010, illegal killing rates of elephants surpassed natural mortality rates of elephants.

Based on the figure shown, which of the statements is/are a direct reflection of the data presented? Select all that apply. 1. The natural mortality rate of elephants is higher than the illegal killing rate of elephants between 1998 and 2006. 2. Increasing ivory prices always increases the amount of illegal killing of elephants. 3. After 2008, increasing ivory prices are coincident with increases in illegal killing of elephants. 4. In 2010, illegal killing rates of elephants surpassed natural mortality rates of elephants.

3. Pacific 5 and Caribbean 5 The most recent divergence occurs between the species with the most recent (shortest) branch point from the right side of the phylogenetic tree.

Based on the phylogenetic tree of the snapping shrimp, which speciation event likely happened most recently? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/resources/morris_hdwks_chapter_21/v2q2-1.png 1. Pacific 2 and Caribbean 2 2. Pacific 7' and Pacific 7 3. Pacific 5 and Caribbean 5 4. Pacific 6 and Caribbean 6 5. Pacific 1 and Caribbean 1

A. True

Because the animal food chain ultimately relies on the sugars and organic compounds produced by plants, the ratio of 12CO2 to 14CO2 incorporated into animal tissues (e.g., bone) and organs should also be the same as that present in the atmosphere. A. True B. False

5. competitive exclusion. Competitive exclusion is not a symbiotic interaction. Symbiotic interactions benefit one or both members. Competitive exclusion would result in a fitness reduction for at least one of the competitors because energy expended competing could not be devoted to other activities, such as reproduction.

Benefits associated with symbiotic relationships might include all of these except: 1. nutrients. 2. assistance in reproduction. 3. protection. 4. shelter. 5. competitive exclusion.

1. The study of biodiversity is important because it helps quantify the effects of human actions on changes in the traits of many populations (size, density, and distribution).

Biologists who study biodiversity describe new species and monitor species of which we are aware. Why is the study of biodiversity important in the Anthropocene? 1. The study of biodiversity is important because it helps quantify the effects of human actions on changes in the traits of many populations (size, density, and distribution). 2. The study of biodiversity is important because if we don't count all the species on the planet, we won't be able to identify more potential sources of food. 3. The study of biodiversity is important because many politicians are biologists and they can influence government policy. 4. The study of biodiversity is important because it provides information about the number of species that go extinct every 1000 years.

1. the maximum number of individuals a habitat can support.

Carrying capacity is: 1. the maximum number of individuals a habitat can support. 2. the total amount of abiotic and biotic resources in a habitat. 3. the total amount of food a species population consumes in a year. 4. all the types of species in a specific habitat.

2. have teeth mineralized by calcium phosphate.

Cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes): 1. are generally freshwater species. 2. have teeth mineralized by calcium phosphate. 3. have a swim bladder. 4. have well-developed kidneys.

4. short-term: I, V; long-term: II, III, IV Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration (events I and V) are complementary metabolic pathways: one uses the products of the other as substrates. Together, they form the short-term carbon cycle. Geological events and physical processes cycle carbon over a timescale of thousands to millions of years and make up the long-term carbon cycle. The events of the long-term carbon cycle include volcanic emissions, plate tectonics, and the natural oxidation of coal in sedimentary rocks at the Earth's surface into CO2 (events II, III, and IV).

Consider these events. I. A tree leaf harvests the energy of sunlight and fixes CO2 into carbohydrates. II. Volcanic emissions release CO2 into the atmosphere. III. Tectonic plate movement transports CaCO3 and organic carbon into Earth's mantle. IV. Unburnt coal in sedimentary rocks at Earth's surface oxidizes into CO2. V. A cheetah exhales CO2 into the atmosphere. Classify each event as part of the short-term or long-term carbon cycle. 1. short-term: IV, V; long-term: I, II, III 2. short-term: II, III; long-term: I, IV, V 3. short-term: I, III, V; long-term: II, IV 4. short-term: I, V; long-term: II, III, IV

Coastal waters have higher levels of nutrient-rich runoff due to human agricultural activities than the open ocean.

Consider this map, which illustrates annual carbon uptake due to primary production (g C/m2) by primary producers in the ocean. Primary production is dependent on nitrogen and phosphorus. According to the map, higher levels of primary production occur in coastal waters compared to the open ocean. What is the best explanation for this observation? 1. Coastal waters have fewer primary consumers, so fewer primary producers are eaten along continental coasts. 2. Coastal waters are warmer than the open ocean, so primary production occurs more quickly in coastal waters. 3. Coastal waters receive more sunlight, which is necessary for high levels of primary production, than the open ocean. 4. Coastal waters have higher levels of nutrient-rich runoff due to human agricultural activities than the open ocean.

3. Their daughters are expected be heterozygous for the gene.

Considering an X-linked dominant trait, if an unaffected woman and an affected man decide to have children, which of the answer choices is possible for their children? 1. All of their sons are expected to show the dominant trait. 2. Their sons are expected to be heterozygous for the gene. 3. Their daughters are expected be heterozygous for the gene. 4. Their daughters are not expected to show the dominant trait. 5. All their children, whether male or female, are expected to show the dominant trait.

3. C

In the figure, which box encloses two copies of the same gene variants (alleles) from only one of the parents? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,0,0/Assets/resources/11_meiotic_cell_division/q5-1.jpg 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

4. The development of these characteristics is controlled genetically, which accounts for similarities in DNA sequence among these taxa. The presence of specific genes that control for certain morphologic characters will be similar in closely related organisms because they descended from a common ancestor.

Early scientists used morphological characteristics to create a phylogeny of animals, but recently, DNA sequence data have helped scientists revise phylogenies of taxa within the larger groups (that is, within the bilaterians, sponges, cnidarians). Even given the new DNA sequence data, morphological characteristics like "fate of the blastopore" or "body symmetry" remain relatively good at predicting larger-scale branching patterns on phylogenies. Why are morphological characteristics still good predictors of phylogenies? 1. All animals are descended from a common ancestor that had the described characteristics. 2. Characteristics like those described are necessary for living, therefore all organisms must have those traits. 3. These features reflect common adaptations to life on land. 4. The development of these characteristics is controlled genetically, which accounts for similarities in DNA sequence among these taxa.

4. genetic drift

Endangered species with very small populations are especially at risk of loss of genetic diversity due to: 1. natural selection 2. immigration 3. mutation 4. genetic drift

5. trophic pyramid.

Energy flow through ecosystems can be depicted using a(n): 1. Calvin cycle. 2. food chain. 3. ecosystem. 4. food web. 5. trophic pyramid.

5.2 gigatons yr-1

Estimates are that all natural processes (not including human activities) result in a near balance between carbon entering and leaving the atmosphere (actually slightly less entering than leaving). What is the estimate of the excess CO2 in gigatons of carbon per year added to the atmosphere from human activities (that is, the amount above that removed by natural processes)? (Select the closest value.) 8.0 gigatons yr-1 5.2 gigatons yr-1 218.6 gigatons yr-1 9.5 gigatons yr-1 213.4 gigatons yr-1

A. False

First-division nondisjunction will only yield gametes with an extra chromosome, whereas second-division nondisjunction will only yield gametes missing a chromosome. A. True B. False

5. succession.

Following a disturbance, the process by which species replace each other over time is called: 1. disturbance compensation. 2. competition. 3. keystone species. 4. ecosystem engineers. 5. succession.

2. Offspring inheriting the dominant (A) allele of the first gene are equally likely to inherit either the dominant (B) or the recessive (b) allele of the second gene.

For an individual who is heterozygous for two genes, Aa and Bb, what does independent assortment predict? 1. Offspring inheriting the recessive allele (a) of the first gene will inherit the dominant allele (B) of the second gene. 2. Offspring inheriting the dominant (A) allele of the first gene are equally likely to inherit either the dominant (B) or the recessive (b) allele of the second gene. 3. Offspring inheriting the dominant allele (A) of the first gene will also inherit the dominant (B) allele of the second gene.

100%

For most genes on the human X chromosome, what percent of XY males with a mutant allele on the X chromosome will express the mutant phenotype? There is insufficient data to predict. 25% 50% 0% 100%

3. recognize one another and remember previous interactions.

For reciprocal altruism to work, individuals must be able to: 1. recognize one another, remember previous interactions, and calculate the fitness value of individual interactions. 2. remember previous interactions. 3. recognize one another and remember previous interactions. 4. recognize one another. 5. calculate the fitness value of individual interactions.

1. All of these choices are correct.

Fossils' contributions to phylogenetic trees include: 1. All of these choices are correct. 2. time calibration. 3. correlation between evolution and Earth's environmental history. 4. records of extinct species.

2. homologies.

Frogs, birds, rabbits, and lizards all have different forelimbs, which makes sense when you consider their different lifestyles. Interestingly, all of their forelimbs share the same set of bones: the ulna, the radius, and the humerus. These same bones are also seen in fossils of the extinct animal Eusthenopteron, which demonstrates common ancestry among these four groups of animals. Hence, these forelimbs are an example of: 1. homilies. 2. homologies. 3. similes. 4. analogies.

3. assort independently; linked

Genes in different chromosomes _____ during meiosis. Genes that are very close together in the same chromosome are _____. 1. do not assort independently; unrelated 2. do not assort independently; linked 3. assort independently; linked 4. assort independently; unrelated

1. tend to be transmitted together.

Genes that are close together in the same chromosome: 1. tend to be transmitted together. 2. are present only in the X chromosomes. 3. tend to assort independently. 4. usually assort independently, but very rarely will be transmitted together. 5. tend to be transmitted together and are present only in X chromosomes.

1. selfish behaviors are more likely to increase individual fitness.

Group selection is not typically seen as an evolutionarily stable strategy because: 1. selfish behaviors are more likely to increase individual fitness. 2. it cannot explain behaviors for species with solitary individuals. 3. average relatedness is very low between individuals in a population; therefore, individual fitness cannot increase. 4. None of the other answer options is correct

Lane 3

Hairy cell leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells that responds to treatment with drugs that inhibit DNA synthesis. A mutation in the BRAF gene, designated BRAF V600E, is associated with hairy cell leukemia. BRAF V600E differs from the nonmutant BRAF gene in a single base pair. Imagine that this change to the single base-pair added a Hae III restriction site indicated by the arrow on the gene below. You decide to identify hairy cell leukemia with PCR and the restriction enzyme Hae III. Which lane in the gel represents an individual who is homozygous for the Hae III restriction site? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/resources/morris_3e_qba_for_qba_extra_chapter_14b/q7-1.png Lane 1 Lane 2 Lane 3 Lane 4

Lane 1

Hairy cell leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells that responds to treatment with drugs that inhibit DNA synthesis. A mutation in the BRAF gene, designated BRAF V600E, is associated with hairy cell leukemia. BRAF V600E differs from the nonmutant BRAF gene in a single base pair. Imagine that this change to the single base-pair added a Hae III restriction site indicated by the arrow on the gene below. You decide to identify hairy cell leukemia with PCR and the restriction enzyme Hae III. Which lane in the gel represents an individual who is homozygous for the nonmutant allele? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/resources/morris_3e_qba_for_qba_extra_chapter_14b/q7-1.png Lane 1 Lane 2 Lane 3 Lane 4

Lane 2

Hairy cell leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells that responds to treatment with drugs that inhibit DNA synthesis. A mutation in the BRAF gene, designated BRAF V600E, is associated with hairy cell leukemia. BRAF V600E differs from the nonmutant BRAF gene in a single base pair. Imagine that this change to the single base-pair added a Hae III restriction site indicated by the arrow on the gene below. You decide to identify hairy cell leukemia with PCR and the restriction enzyme Hae III. Which lane on the gel represents DNA from cells heterozygous for the BRAF V600E allele? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/resources/morris_3e_qba_for_qba_extra_chapter_14b/q7-1.png Lane 1 Lane 2 Lane 3 Lane 4

B. False

Harmful mutations are always quickly weeded out of a population. A. True B. False

2. Half the sons would have hemophilia. 3. None of the daughters would have hemophilia.

Hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive trait in humans. If a carrier female (heterozygous for the trait) mated with a non-affected male, what would be the expected outcome(s)? Select all that apply. 1. Half the daughters would have hemophilia. 2. Half the sons would have hemophilia. 3. None of the daughters would have hemophilia. 4. None of the offspring would have hemophilia.

3. meiosis I.

Homologous chromosomes separate from each other in: 1. They never separate from each other during any form of cell division. 2. mitosis. 3. meiosis I. 4. meiosis II.

A. True

Homologous chromosomes usually have the same arrangement of genes along their length. A. True B. False

4. This patient likely carries a mutation in SRY that decreases SRY protein levels. The SRY gene codes for protein necessary for male development. A mutation in this gene can result in phenotypically female XY individuals.

Imagine that a doctor sees a patient that is genotypically male, but is phenotypically female. How could this occur? 1. This patient likely carries a mutation in SRY that increases SRY protein levels. 2. This patient likely carries a mutation in the X chromosome that decreases X chromosome-associated protein levels. 3. This patient likely carries a mutation in SRY that increases SRY protein levels, and a mutation in the X chromosome that decreases X chromosome-associated protein levels. 5. This patient likely carries a mutation in the X chromosome that increases X chromosome-associated protein levels.

4. trade off. Egg number is related to the amount of resources devoted to reproduction. Even though she produces fewer eggs that are larger, this is a result of having to devote more resources to her own survival than to reproduction.

Imagine that a lizard inhabits a desert where it has very few natural predators. During a year where resources are scarce, the lizard produces a smaller number of large eggs, rather than several small eggs. This is an example of a: 1. life history. 2. life table. 3. survivorship. 4. trade off. 5. mortality.

1. If molecular sequence data show that bats and this new species share a common ancestor not shared by other mammals, the wings of these two species would be considered homologous.

Imagine that a scientist discovers a new flying species of mammal that resembles a winged rabbit. What can the scientist say about this organism? 1. If molecular sequence data show that bats and this new species share a common ancestor not shared by other mammals, the wings of these two species would be considered homologous. 2. If molecular sequence data show that bats and this new species do not share a common ancestor not shared by other mammals, the wings of bats and this new species would be considered homologous. 3. If molecular sequence data show that bats and this new species share a common ancestor not shared by other mammals, the wings of these two species would be considered analogous. 4. Without any further information, the scientist can say that bat wings and the wings of this new species are homologous. 5. No data could support or reject the hypothesis that the wings of bats and the new species are homologous.

1. If molecular sequence data show that bats and this new species share a common ancestor not shared by other mammals, the wings of these two species would be considered homologous. In order for a trait to be homologous it must be found (or adapted from a structure) in the common ancestor. In this case, because they are found to have a common ancestor, the bat and the new species with wings would be homologous.

Imagine that a scientist discovers a new flying species of mammal that resembles a winged rabbit. What can the scientist say about this organism? 1. If molecular sequence data show that bats and this new species share a common ancestor not shared by other mammals, the wings of these two species would be considered homologous. 2. If molecular sequence data show that bats and this new species do not share a common ancestor not shared by other mammals, the wings of bats and this new species would be considered homologous. 3. No data could support or reject the hypothesis that the wings of bats and the new species are homologous. 4. If molecular sequence data show that bats and this new species share a common ancestor not shared by other mammals, the wings of these two species would be considered analogous. 5. Without any further information, the scientist can say that bat wings and the wings of this new species are homologous.

3. fundamental; realized

Imagine that a scientist takes a group of Anolis lizards and introduces them into an enclosure at a research facility in continental South America. He notes that the lizards thrive in this new environment. The fact that Anolis lizards could survive in habitats outside of the Caribbean is a reflection of their ____ niche; their _____ niche is determined by their ability to disperse to other areas as well as predation and resource availability. 1. realized; realized 2. fundamental; fundamental 3. fundamental; realized 4. realized; fundamental

A. True

Imagine that you had two populations of red-tailed hawks: one with long tail feathers and one with short tail feathers. Mating discrimination in this species could entail either hawks with long tail feathers preferentially mating with other hawks that have long tail feathers, or hawks with short tail feathers preferentially mating with other hawks that have short tail feathers. A. True B. False

1.0

Imagine these genotype frequencies in a population: p2 = 0.49, 2pq = 0.42, q2 = 0.09. Now assume that there is nonrandom mating where individuals with one genotype will only mate with individuals that also have their genotype. Assume this pattern of mating goes on until the frequency of heterozygotes is effectively zero. In addition, there is also inbreeding depression such that individuals with the genotype represented by p2 die before they can reproduce. What will be the eventual frequency of allele q? 0.49 0.3 1.0 0.91 0.7

4. No, because there is nonrandom mating.

Imagine these genotype frequencies in a population: p2 = 0.49, 2pq = 0.42, q2 = 0.09. Now assume that there is nonrandom mating where individuals with one genotype will only mate with individuals that also have their genotype. Assume this pattern of mating goes on until the frequency of heterozygotes is effectively zero. Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? 1. Yes, because there is not inbreeding depression. 2. Yes, because allele frequencies did not change. 3. No, because allele frequencies changed. 4. No, because there is nonrandom mating.

0.7

Imagine these genotype frequencies in a population: p2 = 0.49, 2pq = 0.42, q2 = 0.09. Now assume that there is nonrandom mating where individuals with one genotype will only mate with individuals that also have their genotype. Assume this pattern of mating goes on until the frequency of heterozygotes is effectively zero. What will the frequency of allele p be in the population? 0.7 1.0 0.91 0.3 0.49

1. Point A

In a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the relationship between the genotype and allele frequencies of two alleles, A and a, are shown in the graph. At which point is 100% of the population exhibiting the recessive phenotype? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/resources/21_natural_selection/q3-1.png 1. Point A 2. Point B 3. Point C 4. Point D 5. Point E

3. deciduous forest

Moderate temperatures and precipitation, as well as nutrient-rich soil due to annual leaf fall, characterize this biome. 1. savannah 2. temperate coniferous forest 3. deciduous forest 4. temperate grassland 5. taiga

0.7 Non-random mating results in the slow loss of heterozygotes from one generation to the next. Recall that 50% of offspring from heterozygous matings will be homozygous for each of the alleles in the population, see figure shown. The allele frequencies will not change over time, but the alleles are distributed differently throughout the genotypes in the population. If p2 = 0.49, then p = 0.7 and this frequency will not change with non-random mating. https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/resources/morris_3e_homework_chapter_20/q7-1.png

Imagine these genotype frequencies in a population: p2 = 0.49, 2pq = 0.42, q2 = 0.09. Now assume that there is nonrandom mating where individuals with one genotype will only mate with individuals that also have their genotype. Assume this pattern of mating goes on until the frequency of heterozygotes is effectively zero. What will the frequency of allele p be in the population? 1.0 0.3 0.7 0.91 0.49

3. the plants he started with had two alleles of each gene.

In Mendel's crosses: 1. the F1 plants had a 3:1 ratio of yellow to green. 2. the plants he started with were heterozygous. 3. the plants he started with had two alleles of each gene.

3:1

In a cross between two individuals who are heterozygous for two traits determined by dominant and recessive alleles (Aa Bb), what is the expected ratio of offspring for the trait determined by the first gene (Aa)? 3:1 12:4:4:1 1:1 9:3:3:1

9:3:3:1

In a cross between two individuals who are heterozygous for two traits determined by dominant and recessive alleles (Aa Bb), what is the expected ratio of phenotypes for the traits determined by both genes? 3:1 1:1 9:3:3:1 12:4:4:1

3. stabilizing selection.

In a fish species the eggs tend to be fertilized more often by the mid-sized males and less often by the largest and smallest males. This is an example of: 1. disruptive selection. 2. directional selection. 3. stabilizing selection.

A. True

In a given population, all humans have the same blood type O. If no other alleles for blood type exist in this population, this population is "fixed" for the O allele. A. True B. False

3. both alleles for a given trait are the same.

In a homozygous genotype: 1. the individual will be phenotypically recessive. 2. both alleles for a given trait are the same, and the individual will be phenotypically dominant. 3. both alleles for a given trait are the same. 4. the two alleles for a given trait are different. 5. the individual will be phenotypically dominant.

1. in the first meiotic division

In normal meiosis, when do homologous chromosomes separate from each other? 1. in the first meiotic division 2. They may separate in either the first or second meiotic divisions. 3. in the second meiotic division

2. An additional speciation event, either sympatric or allopatric, occurred in the Caribbean. Speciation can occur through a variety of mechanisms. Because two species diverged in the Caribbean, you would expect an additional speciation event, either sympatric or allopatric, to have driven this.

In some cases, the speciation process has not generated just two species, one in the Pacific and one in the Caribbean, but has resulted in a third species, in this case, in the Caribbean. How can you account for this extra species? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/resources/morris_hdwks_chapter_21/v2q10-1.png 1. A separate vicariance event in the Pacific produced the extra Caribbean species. 2. An additional speciation event, either sympatric or allopatric, occurred in the Caribbean. 3. A fourth closely related species, also in the Caribbean, has gone extinct. 4. Sympatric speciation occurred in the Pacific, producing the additional species. 5. Pacific 3 gained access to the Caribbean by the Panama Canal.

5. hybridization; morphospecies

In some large groups of plants, including dandelions, oaks, and willows, the biological species concept is complicated because the process of _____ allows gene flow to occur between _____ that can be easily distinguished based on appearance. 1. hybridization; ecological species 2. allopatric speciation; ring species 3. polyploidy; ring species 4. polyploidy; evolutionary species 5. hybridization; morphospecies

2. denitrifying bacteria.

In terrestrial ecosystems, nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere by: 1. All of these choices are correct. 2. denitrifying bacteria. 3. nitrifying bacteria. 4. nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

2. Within this one generation, the total population of Lime Swallowtails increased by 300% (30 compared with 10).

In the Lime Swallowtail butterfly scenario, only 30 of the adults that hatched from pupae survived to reproduce. Given this, which of these statements is not true? 1. On average, half of the 30 adults were males and half were females. 2. Within this one generation, the total population of Lime Swallowtails increased by 300% (30 compared with 10). 3. The number of surviving females in the cohort is 50% greater than the number of females that produced the cohort.

1. higher; they are less vulnerable to predators

In the animation, fish with a larger body size have a ____________ reproductive fitness than fish with a smaller body size because ____________. 1. higher; they are less vulnerable to predators 2. higher; they are less susceptible to additional mutations 3. lower; they swim more slowly 4. lower; they cannot access as many different environments 5. higher; they can swim farther distances

4. lower; they are less able to escape predators

In the animation, fish with less streamlined fins have a ____________ reproductive fitness than fish with more streamlined fins because ____________. 1. higher; the increased fin size is more likely to attract a mate 2. lower; their ability to acquire food is impaired 3. lower; the increased fin size hinders mating 4. lower; they are less able to escape predators 5. higher; they swim more quickly

1. A

In the figure, which box contains only single gene copies from one of the parents? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,0,0/Assets/resources/11_meiotic_cell_division/q7-1.jpg 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

4. D

In the figure, which box contains some gene variants (alleles) from one parent and some from the other, but not variant alleles from the same gene? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,0,0/Assets/resources/11_meiotic_cell_division/q8-1.jpg 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

2. B

In the figure, which box encloses gene variants (alleles) of the same genes from both parents? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,0,0/Assets/resources/11_meiotic_cell_division/q6-1.jpg 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

B. False Population sizes of K-strategists often are close to carrying capacity. However, r-strategists are more likely to be successful in unpredictable habitats. More offspring produced from sexual reproduction keeps variation high due to independent assortment and recombination. The variation in offspring increases the probability of survivorship of those offspring with traits that will be selected for in unpredictable environments.

K-strategists tend to inhabit "unpredictable" environments and also have population densities near the carrying capacity of an environment. A. True B. False

2. their effects on key competitors in the communities. Keystone species help maintain population sizes of multiple species in the community by controlling the number of individuals of predator species in the community that would overexploit individuals of other populations in the community. In this way, keystone species help maintain higher levels of diversity when they are present in the community versus when they are absent from the community.

Keystone species can have significant influences over several populations in a community through: 1. their ability to leave their environment relatively unchanged. 2. their effects on key competitors in the communities. 3. their large body sizes. 4. their roles as prey species for predator populations in the community.

1. dinosaurs.

Modern day birds are most closely related to: 1. dinosaurs. 2. lungfish. 3. amphibians. 4. mammals.

1) Species that remain after the extinction are able to radiate, new adaptations arise, and these produce the diversity seen today.

Mass extinctions have occurred five times in Earth's history. The end Permian and Cretaceous extinctions were responsible for removing a large percentage of organisms from the planet. How do these extinctions contribute to the biodiversity we see today? 1) Species that remain after the extinction are able to radiate, new adaptations arise, and these produce the diversity seen today. 2.) Species that remain after the extinction are unable to speciate, therefore the number of species on Earth today is lower than just before either extinction. 3.) Species that remain after the extinction represent all of the lineages that were present before the extinction event, therefore diversity of lineages is not changed by extinction. 4.) Species that have gone extinct are able to re-evolve from the ancestors that survived the extinction.

I) - 3; II) - 1; III) - 2 In scenario I, the habitat cannot sustain additional population growth and the population has reached carrying capacity, which is point 3 on the graph. In scenario II, resources are abundant, and there is plenty of space for the population to grow. This is typical of the initial stages of population growth, which corresponds to point 1 on the graph. In scenario III, the species is experiencing the maximum rate of population growth the habitat can sustain, which corresponds to point 2 on the graph when the population equals half the carrying capacity. I) - 3; II) - 1; III) - 2 correctly assigns these three scenarios to the corresponding points on the graph.

Match the scenario (I, II, or III) with the population growth shown at the numbered points (1, 2, or 3) in the graph. I) A species has used up all the resources and the habitat cannot sustain additional population growth. II) Resources are abundant and there is adequate space for the species population. III) Species experiences exponential growth and is growing at the maximum rate the habitat can sustain. I) - 3; II) - 1; III) - 2 I) - 2; II) - 3; III) - 1 I) - 1; II) - 2; III) - 3

1. Both of these choices are correct.

Measurable increases in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over the past 200 years have resulted primarily from human addition of carbon dioxide from: 1. Both of these choices are correct. 2. burning fossil fuels for heating, cooling and transportation. 3. clear cutting forests.

4. predation

Measuring its costs and benefits in terms of energy spent and/or gained, which interaction definitely involves one individual gaining and one individual losing? 1. facultative mutualism 2. competition 3. commensalism 4. predation 5. obligate mutualism

4. results in gain for both individuals.

Measuring the costs and benefits of a mutualism in terms of energy spent and/or gained: 1. is a lose-lose interaction. 2. results in a gain for one individual and neither a gain nor a loss for the other. 3. None of the answer options is correct. 4. results in gain for both individuals. 5. results in a gain for one individual and a loss for the other.

B. increasing Comparing the ratios of 13C and 12C provides an indication of how atmospheric carbon contributions have changed. Organic matter formed through photosynthesis has the same ratio of 13C to 12C and matches the ratios found in Seuss's measurements. This indicates that the release of carbon from the burning of fossil fuels contributes to the increased amounts of carbon added to the atmosphere.

Measuring the isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2 shows that the burning of fossil fuels has led to _____ CO2 levels over the last 200 years. 1. decreasing 2. increasing

1. the degree of genetic relatedness of this meerkat to all members of the group If this behavior is related to kin selection, knowing how related the individual is to other members of the group would help evaluate your hypothesis. If the individual is unrelated to all other individuals in the group, then it would not be due to kin selection.

Meerkats are small desert mammals that live in groups of 20-50 individuals. You observe one meerkat standing upright on a stump, looking around, while other meerkats forage for food. You hypothesize that this is an example of kin selection. What additional information would you need to know to evaluate your hypothesis? 1. the degree of genetic relatedness of this meerkat to all members of the group 2. the foraging success of this meerkat as well as that of all other members of the group 3. all other activities of this meerkat as well as those of all other members of the group 4. the body size of this meerkat relative to other members of the group 5. the gender of this meerkat as well as that of all other members of the group

4. flow

Migration reduces genetic differences between populations by allowing gene _______ between the two. 1. repression 2. augmentation 3. drift 4. flow 5. deletion

1. The nuclear genome of these mitochondria-free eukaryotes contains relics of mitochondrial genes. Nuclear copies of mitochondrial genes, or their relics, are found in modern eukaryotic genomes. Over the evolutionary history of a group of organisms, nuclear copies of mitochondrial genes were likely to have occurred. If the role of the mitochondria was no longer important for fitness in the group of organisms, then natural selection could have resulted in the loss of mitochondria in the group.

Most eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria, but a few single-celled eukaryotic organisms found in oxygen-free environments do not. Which of the observations led biologists to reject the hypothesis that these mitochondria-free eukaryotes evolved before the endosymbiotic event that established mitochondria in other eukaryotes? 1. The nuclear genome of these mitochondria-free eukaryotes contains relics of mitochondrial genes. 2. All eukaryotes have remnant chloroplast genes. 3. Some eukaryotes have chloroplasts instead of mitochondria. 4. All eukaryotes exhibit some sort of energy utilization.

B. False

Most of Earth's primary production comes from tropical rainforests. Also: https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,9,0/Assets/morris3e/HLW_4931_morris3e_fig_47_18-02.png A. True B. False

2. logistic

Most populations demonstrate _____ growth, in which the population size increases exponentially until it levels off near the carrying capacity (K value) of the habitat for that species. 1. extrinsic 2. logistic 3. intrinsic 4. exponential 5. logarithmic

3. gene flow between populations prevents genetic divergence in sympatry.

Most speciation is allopatric because: 1. related species are always found in allopatry rather than in sympatry. 2. disruptive selection between forms of traits in sympatric populations is always very strong. 3. gene flow between populations prevents genetic divergence in sympatry. 4. vicariance events are common. 5. gene flow between diverging populations is strong in allopatry.

1. The region would be classified as a Savanna.

Most terrestrial biomes are defined by their average annual temperature and precipitation. The range of values can be organized in such a way to produce the figure shown. Current predictions of global climate change indicate that temperatures may rise by as much as 5°C in some areas. Imagine a chaparral location that experiences 100 cm of average annual rainfall and an average annual temperature of 15°C. If there were an increase of 5°C, what would you expect? 1. The region would be classified as a Savanna. 2. The area within the curve for chaparral would shift further up. 3. The region would still be classified as chaparral because rainfall did not change. 4. The area within the curve for chaparral would shift further to the left.

3. The region would be classified as a desert.

Most terrestrial biomes are defined by their average annual temperature and precipitation. The range of values can be organized in such a way to produce the figure shown. Current predictions of rainfall change in the West have indicated that rainfall may decrease by as much as 40 cm in some areas. Imagine a savannah location that experiences 100 cm of average annual rainfall and an average annual temperature of 20°C. If rainfall decreased by 40 cm per year, what would you expect to occur? 1. The area within the curve for savannah would shift further up. 2. The region would still be classified as savannah. 3. The region would be classified as a desert. 4. The area within the curve for savannah would shift further to the right.

3. We should be concerned because this addition is not counterbalanced by photosynthesis or other removal processes and therefore can accumulate or build in the atmosphere over many years leading to climate change.

Net human inputs to atmospheric carbon dioxide per year are estimated at approximately 8.8 gigatons. This is considerably less than the 209 gigatons of carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere by the respiration of all marine and terrestrial organisms. Given this, should we be concerned? 1. We shouldn't be concerned; this addition is much too small to make a difference. 2. We shouldn't be concerned; variations in CO2 levels are naturally occurring events. 3. We should be concerned because this addition is not counterbalanced by photosynthesis or other removal processes and therefore can accumulate or build in the atmosphere over many years leading to climate change. 4. We should be concerned because this addition is not counterbalanced by respiration or other removal processes and therefore can accumulate or build in the atmosphere over many years leading to climate change.

4. genetic drift

New species can form through allopatric or sympatric speciation. Which of the mechanisms will act more strongly on populations that are initially separated in allopatry than on those initially separated in sympatry? 1. disruptive selection 2. gene flow 3. reinforcement 4. genetic drift

A. True

Niches are dynamic and are affected by interactions among species. A. True B. False

1. eutrophication.

Nitrogen fertilizer is added to farmland to improve crop yield and quality. While farmers are working to reduce the amount of runoff from fields, some of the fertilizer enters streams. The streams flow into the Mississippi River and ultimately into the Gulf of Mexico where the added nitrogen supports increased algal and cyanobacterial blooms. The addition of nutrients to water systems, which causes increased growth of algae and cyanobacteria, is termed: 1. eutrophication. 2. fertilization. 3. quantification. 4. nitrification.

3. eutrophication.

Nitrogen runoff leads to large increases in the populations of algae and cyanobacteria in lakes and oceans in a process known as: 1. ocean acidification. 2. global warming. 3. eutrophication. 4. the greenhouse effect.

1. Higher productivity may result in increased respiration by bacteria feeding on sinking algal material, depleting oxygen within gulf waters.

Nutrients from croplands are carried by the Mississippi River into the Gulf of Mexico. If nutrients are good for growth, why are scientists concerned about this nutrient influx? 1. Higher productivity may result in increased respiration by bacteria feeding on sinking algal material, depleting oxygen within gulf waters. 2. Higher productivity may support greater diversity of phytoplankton species. 3. Higher productivity may support greater numbers of sharks. 4. The nutrient runoff depletes nitrate, which cannot be made industrially.

2. Turtles and birds are equally related to bats.

Of the taxa listed on the phylogeny, which is more closely related to bats? 1. birds 2. Turtles and birds are equally related to bats. 3. turtles

2. portion C only

On Island X the plant population contains only two species. One plant species produces only very large seeds, and the other produces only small seeds. There is only one species of bird on the island, and the birds use these seeds as their only food source. Currently there is a wide range of beak sizes within the population of birds as shown in the diagram below. Small-beaked birds are better able to consume the smaller seeds, while large-beaked birds are better at consuming the larger seeds. Birds with intermediate beak size can make use of both seed sizes. https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/resources/hlw_2d_animations_-_ch_20_-_types_of_selection_-_assessment_metadata/q4-1.png A disease is introduced to the island which kills only the plants that produce the large seeds. Consider changes in the bird population following the death of all plants that produce large seeds. Which portion(s) of the finch population will be selected against and least likely to have their genes represented in the next generations? 1. portions B and C simultaneously 2. portion C only 3. portion A only 4. portions A and C simultaneously 5. portion B only

3. approximately 3 gT yr-1 decrease

On an annual basis, what is the net result of the contributions/removals of CO2 from the atmosphere due to global photosynthesis and respiration (both terrestrial and marine)? 1. approximately 212 gT yr-1 decrease 2. approximately 209 gT yr-1 increase 3. approximately 3 gT yr-1 decrease 4. approximately 9.5 gT yr-1 increase

B. False

Once a mutation is introduced into a population, it will eventually be passed on until it is found in 100% of the individuals in that population. A. True B. False

4 > 1 > 3 > 2 In the case of a pond, photosynthetic microorganisms (e.g., algae) are typical initial colonizers. The result of human activities such as agricultural runoff can provide the nutrients for the early growth of initial colonizers (#4). The growth of microorganisms can attract aquatic insects (#1), which in turn contribute to the growth of aquatic fish and amphibians (#3). As the species diversify, the number of species eventually stabilizes and does not undergo further change, becoming a climax community. This is the last stage of succession (#2).

Order the stages of succession (1-4). 1. Photosynthetic initial colonizers in a pond serve as prey for insects. 2. As the number and type of species stabilizes, a climax community forms. 3. The population growth of insects leads to the stabilization of a diverse population of species, including fish and amphibians. 4. Agricultural runoff in a pond provides the nutrients necessary for the population growth of initial colonizers. 2 > 3 > 4 > 1 3 > 4 > 1 > 2 1 > 2 > 3 > 4 4 > 1 > 3 > 2

3. the chloroplast originated as a symbiotic cyanobacterium that became permanently incorporated into its host.

Organelles have their own genomes. When chloroplast DNA is sequenced and compared to genomes from members of the cyanobacteria, the chloroplast DNA sequence is nested within the genomes of cyanobacteria. This is strong evidence for the hypothesis that: 1. cyanobacteria are so diverse that any organelle genome would nest within the group. 2. cyanobacteria are descended from chloroplasts. 3. the chloroplast originated as a symbiotic cyanobacterium that became permanently incorporated into its host. 4. photosynthesis evolved only once on the eukaryotic tree.

1. primary producers.

Organisms that take up inorganic nutrients and convert them to organic molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins are called: 1. primary producers. 2. herbivores. 3. consumers. 4. predators. 5. heterotrophs.

1. disappear, remain at low levels, or become fixed.

Over time, in a population, new mutations of a given gene may: 1. disappear, remain at low levels, or become fixed. 2. become fixed as the only form of the gene in the population. 3. disappear from the population. 4. remain at relatively low levels in the population.

A. True

Overfishing predators of crown-of-thorns starfish is likely to result in an increase in crown-of-thorns starfish population sizes. A. True B. False

A. True

Physical exchange between homologous chromosomes (crossover) occurs during metaphase I of meiosis. A. True B. False

B. False

Predator/prey relationships are always linear, with one species affecting only one other in the community. A. True B. False

3. were designed already perfectly adapted to their environment.

Prior to the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species people thought species: 1. changed over time as guided by a divine creator. 2. evolved at one point, but no longer changed because they were not adapted to their environment. 3. were designed already perfectly adapted to their environment. 4. changed over time because they were not adapted to their environment.

4. Photosynthetic, woody plants first appeared during this period.

Recall that during the Paleozoic Era, atmospheric CO2 levels decreased. Why? 1. Volcanism decreased during this period. 2. New, extensive mountain ranges formed and chemical weathering decreased. 3. Earth's plate tectonics changed dramatically, and subduction increased. 4. Photosynthetic, woody plants first appeared during this period.

3. a straight line sloping upward, indicating that atmospheric CO2 levels would not seasonally oscillate, but would increase over time

Recall that photosynthetic rates remain relatively constant in regions near the equator. Imagine that tropical environments persist throughout Earth's northern and southern hemispheres; that is, that Earth's entire climate mirrors that near the equator. If Keeling had collected his atmospheric CO2 data on such an Earth, what would you expect the Keeling Curve to look like? 1. a straight line sloping downward, indicating that atmospheric CO2 levels would not seasonally oscillate, but would decrease over time 2. a sinusoidal curve sloping upward, indicating that atmospheric CO2 levels would fluctuate seasonally, but would increase over time 3. a straight line sloping upward, indicating that atmospheric CO2 levels would not seasonally oscillate, but would increase over time 4. a straight line without a slope, indicating that atmospheric CO2 levels would have remained constant over time 5. a sinusoidal curve sloping downward, indicating that atmospheric CO2 levels would fluctuate seasonally, but would decrease over time

A. True

Recent climate simulations suggest that angiosperms may have been necessary for the formation of tropical rainforests as we know them today. A. True B. False

4. mother was heterozygous for the color-blind mutation.

Red-green color blindness is due to a mutant gene in the X chromosome. An XX female with normal color vision and an XY male with normal color vision have a child with karyotype XXY who is color blind. The likely explanation is that the: 1. mother had CNV of the color-blind mutation. 2. None of the other answer options is correct. 3. father was heterozygous for the color-blindness mutation. 4. mother was heterozygous for the color-blind mutation. 5. father had CNV of the color-blind mutation.

4. The DNA of each current species is most similar to that of a species found on the opposite side of the current Isthmus.

Seven species of snapping shrimp are found on either side of the Isthmus of Panama. What data provides good evidence that this is speciation by vicariance? 1. The rate of evolution can be calculated because the populations have been separated for about 3 million years. 2. That populations on opposite sides of the Isthmus are reproductively incompatible. 3. That it takes about 3 million years for accumulation of enough mutations to result in new species of snapping shrimp. 4. The DNA of each current species is most similar to that of a species found on the opposite side of the current Isthmus.

2. Lane B

Shown are two alleles of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), one of which is associated with a higher risk of developing high blood pressure (hypertension). Normal allele: 5′-ATTCGCGGAATTCTGG-3′ 3′-TAAGCGCCTTAAGACC-5′ Allele associated with hypertension: 5′-ATTCGCGGGATTCTGG-3′ 3′-TAAGCGCCCTAAGACC-5′ You amplify DNA from multiple patients at a cardiologist's office and digest each with EcoRI in order to determine the patients' genotypes for this SNP. EcoRI recognizes the sequence shown and cuts each strand at the locations indicated by the arrows. 5' ... G \/ A A T T C ... 3' 3' ... C T T A A ^ G ... 5' https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/morris3e/hlw_3707_morris3e_QBA_ch14_14_cc.png https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/morris3e/hlw_3708_morris3e_QBA_Ch14_15_cc.png In the gel shown, which lane represents an individual heterozygous for the hypertension allele? 1. Lane A 2. Lane B 3. Lane C 4. Lane D 5. Lane E

1. Lane A

Shown are two alleles of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), one of which is associated with a higher risk of developing high blood pressure (hypertension). Normal allele: 5′-ATTCGCGGAATTCTGG-3′ 3′-TAAGCGCCTTAAGACC-5′ Allele associated with hypertension: 5′-ATTCGCGGGATTCTGG-3′ 3′-TAAGCGCCCTAAGACC-5′ You amplify DNA from multiple patients at a cardiologist's office and digest each with EcoRI in order to determine the patients' genotypes for this SNP. EcoRI recognizes the sequence shown and cuts each strand at the locations indicated by the arrows. 5' ... G \/ A A T T C ... 3' 3' ... C T T A A ^ G ... 5' https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/morris3e/hlw_3707_morris3e_QBA_ch14_14_cc.png https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/morris3e/hlw_3708_morris3e_QBA_Ch14_15_cc.png In the gel shown, which lane represents an individual homozygous for the hypertension allele? 1. Lane A 2. Lane B 3. Lane C 4. Lane D 5. Lane E

3. Lane C

Shown are two alleles of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), one of which is associated with a higher risk of developing high blood pressure (hypertension). Normal allele: 5′-ATTCGCGGAATTCTGG-3′ 3′-TAAGCGCCTTAAGACC-5′ Allele associated with hypertension: 5′-ATTCGCGGGATTCTGG-3′ 3′-TAAGCGCCCTAAGACC-5′ You amplify DNA from multiple patients at a cardiologist's office and digest each with EcoRI in order to determine the patients' genotypes for this SNP. EcoRI recognizes the sequence shown and cuts each strand at the locations indicated by the arrows. 5' ... G \/ A A T T C ... 3' 3' ... C T T A A ^ G ... 5' https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/morris3e/hlw_3707_morris3e_QBA_ch14_14_cc.png https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/morris3e/hlw_3708_morris3e_QBA_Ch14_15_cc.png In the gel shown, which lane represents an unaffected individual? 1. Lane A 2. Lane B 3. Lane C 4. Lane D 5. Lane E

2. Lane B

Shown are two alleles of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), one of which is associated with a higher risk of developing high blood pressure (hypertension). Normal allele: 5′-ATTCGCGGAATTCTGG-3′ 3′-TAAGCGCCTTAAGACC-5′ Allele associated with hypertension: 5′-ATTCGCGGGATTCTGG-3′ 3′-TAAGCGCCCTAAGACC-5′ You amplify DNA from multiple patients at a cardiologist's office and digest each with EcoRI in order to determine the patients' genotypes for this SNP. EcoRI recognizes the sequence shown and cuts each strand at the locations indicated by the arrows. 5' ... G \/ A A T T C ... 3' 3' ... C T T A A ^ G ... 5' https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/morris3e/hlw_3707_morris3e_QBA_ch14_14_cc.png https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/morris3e/hlw_3708_morris3e_QBA_Ch14_15_cc.png Which lane in the gel represents an individual heterozygous for this SNP? 1. Lane A 2. Lane B 3. Lane C 4. Lane D 5. Lane E

1. Yes, with or without recent glaciation of high latitudes, there is still less energy available at high latitudes to support diverse biomes. Glaciers accentuate the latitudinal gradient in climate, but this is fixed by basic features of Earth's curvature and orbit. Thus, to the extent that primary production and seasonality influence species diversity, a latitudinal gradient would still exist. Consistent with this, paleontological studies of species diversity during warm epochs when there were no polar ice caps still show that more species resided at low latitudes

Some biologists believe that the latitudinal gradient in species diversity reflects the fact that high latitudes were recently covered by large glaciers (within the last 10,000-15,000 years). If there had been no recent ice age, would we still expect to see a latitudinal diversity gradient? 1. Yes, with or without recent glaciation of high latitudes, there is still less energy available at high latitudes to support diverse biomes. 2. Yes, because nutrient availability is always lower at high latitudes. 3. No, without the ice ages, biomes at high latitudes would be older, with more time for the diversification of species. 4. No, without polar ice (large ice formation around the pole) warm ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream would carry more heat to high latitudes, making them more productive and, thus, supporting more diversity than in the tropics.

2. population growth of prey species

Some biologists have suggested that overexploitation in the harvesting of some sharks, which are top predators, has caused drastic changes in marine communities. Which of the outcomes would you expect after removal of a top predator from a community? 1. population decline of prey species 2. population growth of prey species 3. no change in marine communities

A. True

Some forms of M. tuberculosis are very difficult or even impossible to treat with antibiotics. A. True B. False

4. mutualism.

Some species of ants "farm" aphids by protecting them from predators. In return, the ants feed on a sugar-rich liquid, called honeydew, secreted by the aphids. The ecological relationship between the ants and the aphids is: 1. competition. 2. parasitism. 3. None of the answer options is correct. 4. mutualism.

5. nondisjunction.

Sometimes homologous chromosomes fail to separate normally during meiosis I, a process called: 1. nontransference. 2. unijunction. 3. conjugation. 4. chromosome separation. 5. nondisjunction.

3. nondisjunction.

Sometimes homologous chromosomes fail to separate normally during meiosis I, a process called: 1. nontransference. 2. unijunction. 3. nondisjunction. 4. chromosome separation. 5. conjugation.

A. True

Speciation can occur in the absence of natural selection; for example, speciation resulting from genetic drift. A. True B. False

2. divergent populations evolve to the point where interbreeding does not produce viable, fertile offspring.

Speciation has occurred when: 1. organisms from a single species are separated by a physical barrier. 2. divergent populations evolve to the point where interbreeding does not produce viable, fertile offspring. 3. an alteration in an organism's genetic material becomes permanent. 4. a DNA sequence is changed, resulting in an altered protein product. 5. mutations in a population reach 100% of the organisms in that population.

5. two populations become reproductively isolated from one another.

Speciation occurs when: 1. any two mutations become fixed differences between two populations. 2. all deleterious mutations have been eliminated from two populations. 3. partial reproductive isolation between two populations is achieved. 4. two populations become physically separated from each other. 5. two populations become reproductively isolated from one another.

3. All of these choices are correct. Skin color is affected by multiple genes that interact in different ways depending on the environment. All of these answer choices have an effect on the response an individual may have based on the genotype they have at multiple loci dictating skin color.

Sunlight exposure has stronger effect on skin cancer risk in fair-skinned humans than in individuals with darker skin. This is an example of: 1. epistasis. 2. genotype-by-environment interaction. 3. All of these choices are correct. 4. differences in the norm of reaction. 5. pleiotropy.

4. populations of fish are able to grow and reproduce to replace what is caught.

Sustainable harvest practices in fish populations ensure that: 1. fish species that are farmed will provide most of the fish available to consumers. 2. only certain areas of the ocean are fished while other areas are left untouched. 3. a small portion of many species is taken so that any one species isn't overfished. 4. populations of fish are able to grow and reproduce to replace what is caught.

A. True

Symbiotic relationships are subject to natural selection. A. True B. False

4. can occur instantaneously through formation of polyploid offspring. When chromosome numbers change in a single generation, it can be considered an instantaneous speciation event. The polyploidy individuals cannot mate with either parent species because the chromosome number in cells that are the product of meiosis cannot pair with gametes from either parent species. This renders them immediately reproductively isolated.

Sympatric speciation: 1. whenever hybrids mate with parental species. 2. only occurs in bacteria. 3. occurs whenever a physical barrier between two species is removed (i.e., a river dries up) and the two species start to interbreed. 4. can occur instantaneously through formation of polyploid offspring.

2. both evolutionary innovations and shared, derived traits.

Synapomorphies are used in determining relationships among animal groups. Synapomorphies are: 1. evolutionary innovations. 2. both evolutionary innovations and shared, derived traits. 3. shared, derived traits.

2. a paternal grandfather with hairy ears.

The Y-linked trait of hairy ears has been passed down for many generations in a certain family. A hairy-eared male in this family would be expected to have: 1. male and female grandchildren with hairy ears. 2. a paternal grandfather with hairy ears. 3. a maternal grandfather with hairy ears. 4. nephews with hairy ears. 5. uncles with hairy ears.

2. long-term carbon; short-term carbon

The _____ cycle deals with geological processes and carbon reservoirs, some of which have been built up or take place over a period of millennia. In contrast, the _____ cycle involves biological processes that are carried out on a daily and/or seasonal basis. 1. short-term carbon; long-term carbon 2. long-term carbon; short-term carbon 3. short-term carbon; rapid carbon 4. long-term carbon; intermediate carbon

3. realized niche

The _____ of a species is usually the result of predation, competition, and other types of interaction between species. 1. resource partitioning 2. abiotic environment 3. realized niche 4. fundamental niche 5. habitat

3. farther apart; genetic distance

The _____________ two loci are on a chromosome, the more likely they will be separated by crossover events during gamete formation, and thus the frequency of recombination between loci on a chromosome can be used to measure the _______________ between those loci. 1. closer together; genetic distance 2. closer together; number of crossovers 3. farther apart; genetic distance 4. farther apart; number of crossovers

4. genetic divergence

The accumulation of different mutations in genetically separated populations is known as _____ and is the key to speciation. 1. reproductive fitness 2. intersexual selection 3. reinforcement 4. genetic divergence

1. during meiotic cell division segregation and recombination break up combinations of genes leading to extreme phenotypes (e.g., very tall or very short). 2. the phenotypes of the parents result from both their genes and their environment. 3. the phenotypes of the offspring result from both their genes and their environment.

The actual offspring mean height in the graph lies between the parental mean line and the population mean because: (Select all that apply.) https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/resources/17_regression_towards_the_mean/q2-1.jpg 1. during meiotic cell division segregation and recombination break up combinations of genes leading to extreme phenotypes (e.g., very tall or very short). 2. the phenotypes of the parents result from both their genes and their environment. 3. the phenotypes of the offspring result from both their genes and their environment.

2. Two outcomes (such as having the genotype BB or Bb) are mutually exclusive in an organism.

The addition rule requires which option? 1. More than one outcome (such as two different genotypes resulting in black fur) can occur simultaneously in an organism. 2. Two outcomes (such as having the genotype BB or Bb) are mutually exclusive in an organism.

1. mammals. 2. birds. 4. reptiles.

The amniotes include: Select all that apply. 1. mammals. 2. birds. 3. sharks. 4. reptiles. 5. amphibians.

4. p = 0.70, q = 0.30; p2 = 0.49, 2pq = 0.42, q2 = 0.09

The table lists the number of individuals with genotypes coding for blue, red, and green coloration in generation 1 of a fish population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Fish coloration is determined by two alleles, B and G. The allele frequencies for alleles B and G are represented by p and q, respectively, and the genotype frequencies for genotypes BB, BG, and GG are represented by p2, 2pq, and q2, respectively. Refer to the data in the table to calculate the allele and genotype frequencies. https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/resources/20_genetic_drift/q8-1.png 1. p = 1.00, q = 0; p2 = 1, 2pq = 0, q2 = 0 2. p = 0.20, q = 0.80; p2 = 0.04, 2pq = 0.32, q2 = 0.64 3. p = 0.50, q = 0.50; p2 = 0.25, 2pq = 0.50, q2 = 0.25 4. p = 0.70, q = 0.30; p2 = 0.49, 2pq = 0.42, q2 = 0.09

4. An influx of fish with medium fin size entered the population.

The table lists the number of individuals with genotypes corresponding to fin size in generations 1 through 4 of a fish population. In this species, fin size is determined by two alleles, S and s. Refer to the data in the table to determine which statement describes what happened between generations 1 and 4 of this fish population. https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/12625481,8,0,7,0/Assets/resources/21_natural_selection/q4-1.png 1. No new mutations appeared in the population. 2. The population remained under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 3. Fin size did not affect the selection of fish mating partners. 4. An influx of fish with medium fin size entered the population.

A. True

The tips of the arms of the X and Y chromosomes share small regions of homology. Genes located in these regions are inherited in the same manner as the ones found in autosomes. A. True B. False

1. The events being considered occur independently.

The use of the multiplication rule requires which option? 1. The events being considered occur independently. 2. The events being considered are associated.

A. True

This image shows a pair of linked genes with alleles A and B linked on one of the homologues and alleles a and b linked on the other. A. True B. False

A. True

Traditional levels of taxonomy are nested in categories from least to most inclusive. This same relationship is also represented on a phylogenetic tree by moving from the terminal (most recent) nodes to the earliest nodes. A. True B. False

B. False

Traits favored by sexual selection are the same traits favored by natural selection. A. True B. False

5. Synapomorphies *shared TRAITS*

Traits that are shared by more than one member of a group because of common ancestry are known as: 1. analogies. 2. alternative character states. 3. homologies. 4. cladistics. 5. synapomorphies.

4. Animals have diversified into the vast number of niches provided by tree diversity.

Tropical rainforests have high species richness of trees. Which of the statements provides the most reasonable explanation why animal species richness is also high in tropical rainforests? 1. Animals are unable to adapt to climate variability in higher latitudes. 2. Animal diversification rates are higher than those of trees. 3. Animals have had the same amount of time to evolve in rainforest areas as trees. 4. Animals have diversified into the vast number of niches provided by tree diversity.

2. There are fewer species in temperate regions because the number of trees per hectare is lower than in tropical rainforests. Trees can still achieve high density at higher latitudes.

Tropical rainforests have high species richness, but low density. In deciduous forests the pattern is the opposite. Which of the statements is not a plausible explanation for this pattern? 1. Because there are fewer organisms that can adapt to higher latitudes, there are fewer "pest" species that could easily move between trees in close proximity. 2. There are fewer species in temperate regions because the number of trees per hectare is lower than in tropical rainforests. 3. Organisms that are adapted to the variability in higher latitudes are able to achieve higher population sizes. 4. Many deciduous tree species are pollinated by wind, so individuals must be more closely spaced to one another for fertilization to occur.

2. Offspring have a 50% chance of being a carrier, but only a 25% chance of being affected.

Using the given settings, press "Generate Pedigree" three to six times, and notice the frequency of affected sons and daughters in the F1 to F4 progeny. Settings: Mode of inheritance - Recessive Parental generation - Male - Heterozygous Female - Heterozygous Matings between relatives - disallow Progeny in first generation - 4 Show carriers - turn on Why is there a higher number of carriers than affected individuals? 1. Offspring have a 25% chance of being a carrier, and a 50% chance of being affected. 2. Offspring have a 50% chance of being a carrier, but only a 25% chance of being affected. 3. Offspring that are homozygous for a recessive trait usually die. Carriers will live, so more of them are present in the pedigree. 4. Offspring inherit alleles from their parents. Since both parents are carriers, the offspring are more likely to be carriers.

3. Since both parents have disease alleles, all the offspring will inherit at least one mutant allele.

Using the given settings, press "Generate Pedigree" three to six times, and notice the frequency of affected sons and daughters in the F1 to F4 progeny. Settings: Mode of inheritance - Recessive Parental generation - Male - Heterozygous Female - Homozygous mutant Matings between relatives - disallow Progeny in first generation - 4 Show carriers - turn on Why is there a higher number of carriers than affected individuals? 1. Offspring that are homozygous for a recessive trait usually die. Carriers will live, so more of them are present in the pedigree. 2. Offspring have a 75% chance of inheriting at least one mutant allele, but only a 50% chance of having the disease. 3. Since both parents have disease alleles, all the offspring will inherit at least one mutant allele. 4. Offspring have a 75% chance of inheriting at least one mutant allele, but only a 25% chance of having the disease.

3. All gametes produced that combine to make up the F1 generation have the mutant allele. It is impossible to have a carrier in the F1 generation.

Using the given settings, press "Generate Pedigree" three to six times, and notice the frequency of affected sons and daughters in the F1 to F4 progeny. Settings: Mode of inheritance - Recessive Parental generation - Male - Homozygous mutant Female - Homozygous mutant Matings between relatives - disallow Progeny in first generation - 4 Show carriers - turn off Why are all the offspring in the F1 generation affected? 1. All gametes produced that combine to make up the F1 generation have the mutant allele. Some of the offspring should be carriers of the mutant allele. 2. Because offspring reflect a mix of the parental phenotypes, all offspring of affected parents are affected. 3. All gametes produced that combine to make up the F1 generation have the mutant allele. It is impossible to have a carrier in the F1 generation. 4. All offspring in the F1 generation will not always be affected; the simulation just hasn't been run enough times to show an alternate outcome.

2. Two recessive alleles are required to express the phenotype, and F1 individuals always receive one nonmutant allele from the unaffected parent.

Using the given settings, press "Generate Pedigree" three to six times, and notice the frequency of affected sons and daughters in the F1 to F4 progeny. Settings: Mode of inheritance - Recessive Parental generation - Male - Homozygous mutant Female - Homozygous nonmutant Matings between relatives - disallow Progeny in first generation - 4 Show carriers - turn off Why aren't there any affected individuals in the F1 generation? 1. Two recessive alleles are required to express the phenotype, and F1 individuals always marry individuals that are not affected. 2. Two recessive alleles are required to express the phenotype, and F1 individuals always receive one nonmutant allele from the unaffected parent. 3. One recessive allele is required to express the phenotype, and F1 individuals only have a 50% chance of inheriting the mutant allele. 4. One recessive allele is required to express the phenotype, and F1 individuals that are the same sex as the affected parent have a 50% chance of inheriting the mutant allele.

1. Fathers pass on their X chromosome to their daughters, so all daughters in the F1 will have the disease.

Using the given settings, press "Generate Pedigree" three to six times, and notice the frequency of affected sons and daughters in the F1 to F4 progeny. Settings: Mode of inheritance - X-linked dominant Parental generation - Male - Mutant Female - Heterozygous Matings between relatives - disallow Progeny in first generation - 4 Show carriers - turn off Why are all daughters, but only some sons, affected in the F1 generation? 1. Fathers pass on their X chromosome to their daughters, so all daughters in the F1 will have the disease. 2. Fathers pass on their X chromosome to their sons, so all of the sons in the F1 will have the disease. 3. Females pass one of their X chromosomes to their daughters, so all daughters in the F1 will have the disease. 4. Females pass one of their X chromosomes to their sons, so at least half of all the sons in the F1 will have the disease.

4. Only males can be affected because the trait is linked to the Y chromosome.

Using the given settings, press "Generate Pedigree" three to six times, and notice the frequency of affected sons and daughters in the F1 to F4 progeny. Settings: Mode of inheritance - Y-linked Parental generation - Male - Mutant Female - Homozygous nonmutant Matings between relatives - disallow Progeny in first generation - 4 Show carriers - turn on Why aren't there any affected females in the F1 to F4 generations under these conditions? 1. There could be affected females, but the simulation would have to be run many more times. 2. Females cannot be affected because the allele is on the inherited paternal X chromosome. 3. Only males can be affected because they only receive one X chromosome from their mother. 4. Only males can be affected because the trait is linked to the Y chromosome.

2. Dead zones in coastal waters of the oceans have been a common occurrence for many thousands of years.

Which of the answer choices is false concerning the development of dead zones in coastal waters, for example, the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico? 1. High concentrations of algae and cyanobacteria require oxygen to survive during the dark hours of the day, leading to depletion of oxygen levels. 2. Dead zones in coastal waters of the oceans have been a common occurrence for many thousands of years. 3. When alive, the algae and cyanobacteria photosynthesize and produce oxygen but only during the daylight hours. 4. When they die, algae and cyanobacteria sink to the bottom of the coastal zones where heterotrophic aerobic bacteria feed on them and deplete the water of oxygen. 5. Higher levels of nutrients entering streams and ultimately the oceans lead to overproduction of algae and cyanobacteria.

4. The greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have all come from human activity.

Which of the answer choices is false? 1. Approximately 50% of the sun's light energy does not reach the surface of the Earth. 2.. The Earth radiates heat energy back to the atmosphere. 3. Much of the heat that is lost from the Earth's surfaces is re-radiated back into the atmosphere by greenhouse gases. 4. The greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have all come from human activity. 5. Light energy from the sun warms the surface of the Earth's continents and the ocean.

4. Individuals can migrate in and out of a population as long as the population size remains constant.

Which of the answer choices is not a condition of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? 1. The size of a population must be large. 2. Mating within a population must be random. 3. Individuals of any genotype must have the same reproductive success as individuals of any other genotype. 4. Individuals can migrate in and out of a population as long as the population size remains constant.

3. oxygen

Which of the answer choices is not an example of a greenhouse gas? 1. methane 2. carbon dioxide 3. oxygen 4. water vapor

4. infrared radiation

Which of the answer choices is reflected back to the Earth's surface by greenhouse gases? 1. carbon dioxide 2. solar radiation 3. visible light 4. infrared radiation

2. elevated phosphorous and nitrogen in the water

Which of the answer choices is responsible for the increased growth of algae in the dead zones? 1. elevated nitrogen and oxygen in the water 2. elevated phosphorous and nitrogen in the water 3. elevated carbon and phosphorous in the water 4. elevated phosphorous and oxygen in the water 5. elevated carbon and nitrogen in the water

2. The phenotype outcomes of females and males can be different.

Which of the answer choices is true of a cross involving a sex-linked gene but not of a cross involving an autosomal gene? 1. A Punnett square cannot be utilized for illustrating the possible outcomes of a cross involving a sex-linked gene. 2. The phenotype outcomes of females and males can be different. 3. Both parents have two copies of a sex-linked gene. 4. Recombination, or crossing over, cannot take place between sex chromosomes. 5. Only autosomal genes observe the law of segregation.

4. Cell division results in the production of gametes.

Which of the choices is a characteristic of meiotic cell division? 1. The cells produced by meiosis are genetically identical. 2. Meiotic cell division requires two rounds of DNA replication. 3. Meiotic cell division ultimately results in the formation of two cells. 4. Cell division results in the production of gametes.

5. Only one X chromosome is active in each cell, regardless of how many X chromosomes there are in a cell. X-chromosome inactivation in female cells shuts down gene expression of all X chromosome copies but one, no matter how many copies of the X chromosomes there are.

Which of the choices is an accurate statement that accounts for why women with the genotype XXX are not phenotypically different from an XX female? 1. Cells normally have enzymes that recognize and degrade extra X chromosomes. 2. The X chromosome only carries genes dealing with being a female, so having another one doesn't matter. 3. The extra X chromosome only becomes active in nonreproductive areas of the body. 4. None of the answer options is correct. 5. Only one X chromosome is active in each cell, regardless of how many X chromosomes there are in a cell.

2. a strain of corn whose yield varies with the amount of nutrients in the soil 3. a line of dairy cows that increases milk yield in relation to feed amount

Which of the examples would be good examples of genotype-by-environment interactions? Select all that apply. 1. a strain of mutant mice that becomes obese regardless of feed amount 2. a strain of corn whose yield varies with the amount of nutrients in the soil 3. a line of dairy cows that increases milk yield in relation to feed amount 4. a line of chickens whose eggshells are extra thick regardless of feed type 5. two different strains of corn that differ in height due to genotype 6. two different mutants of mice that share similar fat metabolism abilities

1. When taking the second sample, 200 individuals are caught and 20 are marked from the first sample. When only 10% of the second sample is marked from the first capture period, it is indicative of a population that is very large. If the population were small, then there would have been a higher percentage of recaptures on the second day. The equation N = (C/R) × M can confirm this: N = 200/20 × 200; N = 2000.

Which of the results from a mark-recapture study done on mice would reflect a larger population size? 1. When taking the second sample, 200 individuals are caught and 20 are marked from the first sample. 2. When taking the second sample, 100 individuals are caught and 80 are marked from the first sample. 3. All of these scenarios would result in the same population estimate. 4. When taking the second sample, 100 individuals are caught and 20 are marked from the first sample. 5. When taking the second sample, 200 individuals are caught and 80 are marked from the first sample.

4. All of these choices are true.

Which of the statements about coral bleaching is true? 1. Coral bleaching results from the loss of algal symbionts from the coral tissue. 2. Increased seawater temperature is one cause of coral bleaching. 3. Corals appear white after bleaching because their white calcium carbonate skeletons are visible through their translucent tissue. 4. All of these choices are true. 5. Bleached corals die more rapidly than unbleached corals.

3. duplicated nonhomologous chromosomes.

Which of the statements are false for this image? The image shows a pair of: 1. homologous chromosomes. 2. chromosomes containing the same genes but different alleles of the genes. 3. duplicated nonhomologous chromosomes. 4. chromosomes containing the same genes. 5. duplicated homologous chromosomes.

1. Homologous chromosomes fail to separate. 2. Gametes are produced with extra chromosomes. 3. Gametes are produced with missing chromosomes. 5. Sister chromatids fail to separate.

Which of the statements are true of both first- and second-division nondisjunction? Select all that apply. 1. Homologous chromosomes fail to separate. 2. Gametes are produced with extra chromosomes. 3. Gametes are produced with missing chromosomes. 4. Half of the gametes produced are wild-type, whereas half are mutated. 5. Sister chromatids fail to separate.

1. Hybridization involves the transfer of genetic material between members of similar species. 3. Hybridization can result in fertile offspring. 4. Hybridization occurs in plants more often than in animals. 5. Natural selection sometimes acts against progeny that result from hybridization.

Which of the statements are true regarding hybridization? Select all that apply. 1. Hybridization involves the transfer of genetic material between members of similar species. 2. Hybridization cannot result in the formation of new species. 3. Hybridization can result in fertile offspring. 4. Hybridization occurs in plants more often than in animals. 5. Natural selection sometimes acts against progeny that result from hybridization.

1. In a group of individuals of the same sex, about 80% of the variation in height among individuals is due to genetic differences and 20% is due to environmental differences.

Which of the statements best reflects the extent to which we can distinguish the effects of genes and the environment on the expression of a complex trait? 1. In a group of individuals of the same sex, about 80% of the variation in height among individuals is due to genetic differences and 20% is due to environmental differences. 2. About 80% of an individual's height is determined by genes and 20% by environment. 3. For identical twins raised in the same environment, height should not differ by more than 20%. 4. If one individual is 60 inches tall and another is 70 inches tall, they differ in about 80% of their genes.

5. Usually multiple mutations are required in different genes to cause cancer.

Which of the statements concerning cancer and mutations is correct? 1. None of the other answer options is correct. 2. Cancer can only occur with a mutation in a somatic cell. 3. Usually a single mutation is all that is required to cause cancer. 4. Cancer can only occur with a mutation in a germ cell. 5. Usually multiple mutations are required in different genes to cause cancer.

2. Rates of oxygen consumption are lower than rates of photosynthesis.

Which of the statements explains how an oxygen-rich atmosphere became possible on Earth? 1. Rates of carbon fixation and respiration are equal. 2. Rates of oxygen consumption are lower than rates of photosynthesis. 3. Photosynthetic organisms have existed on Earth longer than heterotrophs. 4. The number of plants is greater than the number of animals.

1. Sister taxa always share a most recent common ancestor that is not shared with any other taxon on the phylogeny.

Which of the statements is always true about sister taxa on a phylogenetic tree? 1. Sister taxa always share a most recent common ancestor that is not shared with any other taxon on the phylogeny. 2. Sister taxa are always the result of speciation events that result in two new genera. 3. Sister taxa are always the result of the most recent divergence event represented on a phylogeny. 4. Sister taxa are always defined by shared ancestral characteristics that have been modified in all other taxa in the phylogeny.

2. crossovers between sister chromatids

Which of the statements is least likely to produce recombinant chromosomes? 1. crossovers between non-sister chromatids 2. crossovers between sister chromatids 3. crossovers between homologous chromosomes

5. They fuse to form a new organism during fertilization.

Which of the statements is true about gametes? 1. They are genetically identical to other gametes formed during meiosis. 2. They have the same number of chromosomes as a somatic cell of the same individual. 3. They are found in animals but not plants. 4. They are formed by mitotic cell division. 5. They fuse to form a new organism during fertilization.

3. For genes with incomplete penetrance some individuals can show the trait while others with the same genotype may not.

Which of the statements is true of incomplete penetrance? 1. Incomplete penetrance implies that some individuals will experience less severe forms of disease such as cancer or Alzheimer's. 2. Incomplete penetrance refers to cases in which individuals developing a particular disease (e.g., cancer or Alzheimer's) lack the typical genotype for this disease. 3. For genes with incomplete penetrance some individuals can show the trait while others with the same genotype may not. 4. Environmental factors do not influence penetrance.

2. A small portion of the population on the mainland moves to an island. Over time, the island population genetically diverges from the mainland population. 3. Humans set up a dam in the middle of a river, splitting a fish population in two. The two resulting fish populations accumulate different sets of mutations over time.

Which scenario(s) depict allopatric speciation in process? Select all that apply. 1. Two individuals from different plant species in the same geographic location mate to create a hybrid species that cannot mate with individuals from either of the parent populations. 2. A small portion of the population on the mainland moves to an island. Over time, the island population genetically diverges from the mainland population. 3. Humans set up a dam in the middle of a river, splitting a fish population in two. The two resulting fish populations accumulate different sets of mutations over time. 4. A mutation appears in several individuals of a population that prevents these members from mating with individuals that lack the mutation.

3. ecological species concept

Which species concept might differentiate species on the basis of specific dietary requirements? 1. phylogenetic species concept 2. morphospecies concept 3. ecological species concept

2. oak tree

Which species is a primary producer? 1. cow 2. oak tree 3. frog 4. fish

4. smooth or wrinkled pea seeds

Which statement is not an example of a complex trait? 1. milk production in dairy cows 2. grain yield in corn 3. height in humans 4. smooth or wrinkled pea seeds

1. gymnosperms

Which taxonomic group of land plants, still in existence today, was the dominant group of land plants when the angiosperms began their rapid increase in speciation and distribution? 1. gymnosperms 2. ferns and horsetails 3. bryophytes 4. lycophytes

3. neutral

Which type of mutation does not undergo natural selection in a population? 1. beneficial 2. deleterious 3. neutral

4. None of the above

Which type of selection pattern at a population level would be the best fit or explanation for the statements given below? Polar bears going extinct due to climate change and loss of habitat. Select one: 1. Stabilizing selection 2. Directional selection 3. Disruptive selection 4. None of the above

1. Stabilizing Selection - When selective pressures select against the two extremes of a trait, the population experiences stabilizing selection.

Which type of selection pattern at a population level would be the best fit or explanation for the statements given below? The largest and smallest wolves in a population are found to be less successful as hunters than are average-sized wolves. Select one: 1. Stabilizing selection 2. Directional selection 3. Disruptive selection 4. None of the above

2. Directional Selection - one extreme of the trait distribution experiences selection against it. The result is that the population's trait distribution shifts toward the other extreme. In the case of such selection, the mean of the population graph shifts.

Which type of selection pattern at a population level would be the best fit or explanation for the statements given below? Wolves are larger and stronger in areas where they mostly hunt moose than are wolves in areas where they mostly hunt rabbits. Select one: 1. Stabilizing selection 2. Directional selection 3. Disruptive selection 4. None of the above

3. numbers of different phylogenetic groups.

While biodiversity includes the number of species in a given area, it also includes: 1. abiotic factors that define the community. 2. overall number of trophic levels in a food web. 3. numbers of different phylogenetic groups. 4. amount of primary productivity.

5. recessive and only seen in homozygous recessive individuals such as the daughter.

While doing a pedigree analysis of a European royal family, you notice a disease in a female child of two healthy parents. There are also some cousins with the same genetic disease. If this disease is controlled by a single gene, then the most likely explanation for these observations is the disease is: 1. a spontaneous mutation. 2. dominant and is seen in homozygous dominant or heterozygous individuals. 3. only seen in heterozygous individuals such as the daughter. 4. dominant and only seen in homozygous dominant individuals such as the daughter. 5. recessive and only seen in homozygous recessive individuals such as the daughter.

2. Two different species on the basis of reproductive behavior. The situation states that there is no interbreeding between the two species. This is a condition of the biological species concept. If they were the same species, then it would be expected that the two groups would interbreed.

While in South America, you come across what you think are two groups of birds in the same location. They are nearly identical aside from their color. After years of observation, you conclude that the birds eat similar diets and share similar behaviors but do not reproduce with each other. These groups of birds appear to be an example of: 1. a single ecological species. 2. Two different species on the basis of reproductive behavior. 3. a single biological species. 4. two different species on the basis of the ecological niche each group occupies.

3. because age structures provide information that allows the estimation of a population's potential for future growth

Why are biologists interested in age structures of populations? 1. because age structures provide information about current reproductive rates in the population 2. because age structures provide information about the number of individuals in a population that are of a reproductive age 3. because age structures provide information that allows the estimation of a population's potential for future growth

3. The structure of the histone gene must be conserved for DNA to function properly. Histone proteins cannot have many changes in amino acid structure. The slightly positive charge of histones is caused by the specific amino acids that associate with the negatively charged DNA. Any accumulated changes in those amino acids would change the charge and the histone's ability to properly associate with the DNA. This would have extensive ramifications for cell function and replication.

Why do histone genes have a very slow molecular clock? 1. Cells have more histone genes than any other kind of gene. 2. Histone genes normally have self-correcting mechanisms. 3. The structure of the histone gene must be conserved for DNA to function properly. 4. Histone genes do not have the same rate of mutations. 5. DNA-correcting mechanisms function more readily with histone genes.

2. Sampling from generation to generation is more variable in small populations than large.

Why does genetic drift have more of an impact on the evolution of small populations than large ones? 1. Small populations have greater rates of mutation. 2. Sampling from generation to generation is more variable in small populations than large. 3. Small populations are more prone to migration. 4. Small populations are less affected by mutations. 5. Small populations are affected more by stabilizing selection.

3. 14C has decayed to such low levels that measurement becomes inaccurate.

Why is it not possible to carbon date fossils older than 60,000 years before present? 1. The radioactive decay half-life for 14C has been exceeded. 2. There was too little C in the atmosphere to be detectable in the fossils. 3. 14C has decayed to such low levels that measurement becomes inaccurate. 4. In most fossils older than that, the C has all been converted to N.

4. Most mutations are deleterious and produce an extreme phenotype that is selected against.

Why is it thought that the majority of natural selection is stabilizing selection? 1. Mutations produce extreme phenotypes, which are selected for. 2. Artificial selection is the most common, which is a type of stabilizing selection. 3. Directional selection is more common because it increases adaptations to the environment. 4. Most mutations are deleterious and produce an extreme phenotype that is selected against. 5. Most mutations are beneficial and produce intermediate phenotypes.

3. Marine habitats are places where sedimentation is more likely than erosion.

Why is the fossil record of marine life more complete than that of organisms living in terrestrial ecosystems? 1. Fossilization cannot occur without water acting to preserve body parts from decomposition. 2. Organisms that live in marine environments don't have bones or other hard body parts. 3. Marine habitats are places where sedimentation is more likely than erosion. 4. Organisms that live in terrestrial habitats are evolutionarily too old to fossilize.

2. The abundance of 14C in the atmosphere has varied over time.

Why is the raw measurement of 14C inaccurate for predicting the age of a fossil? 1. Radioactive decay rates are not constant, but rather change with the environment. 2. The abundance of 14C in the atmosphere has varied over time. 3. The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has varied widely over geologic time spans. 4. Rates of CO2 uptake by plants varies over time.

1. Gene sequence changes may not result in morphological changes. 2. Some highly conserved genetic sequences can result in unrelated species appearing closely related in a molecular phylogeny, and do not reflect the same pattern as the morphologic phylogeny.

Why might a phylogeny based only on molecular data show a different pattern of relationships than a phylogeny of the same taxa based only on morphological traits? Select all that apply. 1. Gene sequence changes may not result in morphological changes. 2. Some highly conserved genetic sequences can result in unrelated species appearing closely related in a molecular phylogeny, and do not reflect the same pattern as the morphologic phylogeny. 3. The molecular data may be based on the analysis of introns, which aren't expressed and don't contribute to the evolutionary history of a group of taxa. 4. Gene sequences always provide more data than morphological traits. 5. Morphological analyses always provide more data, because each morphological trait is the result of the expression of many genes.

1. allele A

Within a population, several mutations appear, resulting in four alleles, A through D. Consider the graph of allele frequency. Which allele becomes fixed in the population? 1. allele A 2. allele D 3. allele B 4. allele C

2. p^2q^2

Within a species, there is a given trait determined by two alleles. The allele frequencies for these two alleles are represented by p and q. If Hardy-Weinberg conditions are met, which is not a possible genotype frequency? 1. 2pq 2. p^2q^2 3. q^2 4. p^2

3. have higher temperatures and lower rainfall.

Without the higher rates of transpiration exhibited by angiosperms, many tropical regions would: 1. be deserts. 2. have higher temperatures and higher rainfall. 3. have higher temperatures and lower rainfall. 4. have lower temperatures and higher rainfall. 5. have lower temperatures and lower rainfall.

2. Post-zygotic factors prevented successful production of offspring. Fertilization occurred, but the zygote did not develop into a viable offspring. Pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms prevent fertilization. Since fertilization occurred, but there are not viable offspring, this would be a post-zygotic isolating mechanism.

You are an experienced naturalist and biologist and you observe two birds mating that you do not believe are members of the same species. The eggs from this breeding do not hatch, and when you obtain one of the eggs, you find embryonic development stopped not long after fertilization. Which of the conclusions is supported by these observations? 1. Pre-zygotic isolation prevented successful production of offspring. 2. Post-zygotic factors prevented successful production of offspring. 3. Temporal isolation prevented successful production of offspring. 4. Behavioral isolation prevented successful production of offspring. 5. This evidence suggests the two types of birds are a single species.

2. dominant.

You are examining a human pedigree for a trait. You notice that the trait appears in every generation, is equally likely to occur in males and females, and about half of the offspring are affected when one parent is affected. The trait is most likely: 1. epistatic. 2. dominant. 3. one that shows incomplete penetrance. 4. produced by multiple alleles. 5. recessive.

1. ecological disturbance After a disturbance, none of the species' composition in the area is changed. Removing the grass and leaving only soil would result in a secondary successional pathway for the community. That secondary pathway is the soil and its nutrients.new communityNone of the answer options is correct.ecological disturbance and a new community

You decide to plant a garden in your backyard. You dig up a strip of grass in a sunny spot. When you have finished digging up the grass, but you haven't planted anything, you have created a(n) _____ in the lawn. 1. ecological disturbance 2. new community 3. None of the answer options is correct. 4. ecological disturbance and a new community

2. Crustaceans; branched

_____, which include lobsters and crabs, have _____ legs and, in the ocean, fill many of the ecological roles occupied by insects on land. 1. Crustaceans; unbranched 2. Crustaceans; branched 3. Chelicerates; branched 4. Chelicerates; unbranched 5. None of the other answer options are correct.

2. Natural selection; Genetic drift

_____________ is the primary force responsible for changes in allelic frequency of deleterious mutations. _______________ is the primary force responsible for changes in allelic frequency of neutral mutations. 1. Genetic drift; Natural selection 2. Natural selection; Genetic drift

5. If the level of genetic divergence for all five species pairs is similar, then vicariance is the likely cause. If all five species have a similar level of divergence, then the speciation was probably driven by a physical separation from the mainland. On the other hand, if the speciation was caused by each animal swimming or travelling over to the island, then you would expect the level of divergence to be different among the five species, based on when they each came to the island.

You identify five endemic species of mammals living on an island a short distance from the mainland. You also identify each species' closest relative on the mainland. Two alternatives exist to explain this group of species: Hypothesis 1. The ancestors of the current island species dispersed from the mainland to the island and subsequently diverged on the island (dispersal). Hypothesis 2. The island was originally part of the mainland but a rise in sea level resulted in its being cut off, with the result that the mammals on the island diverged from the ones on the mainland (vicariance). How would you distinguish between these two hypotheses after sequencing the same segment of DNA in representatives of all ten species? 1. If the level of genetic divergence differs for each of the five species pairs, then vicariance is the likely cause. 2. If the level of genetic divergence for all five species pairs is similar, then dispersal is the likely cause. 3. If the level of genetic divergence differs for at least two of the five species pairs, then dispersal is the likely cause. 4. If the level of genetic divergence differs for at least three of the five species pairs, then dispersal is the likely cause. 5. If the level of genetic divergence for all five species pairs is similar, then vicariance is the likely cause.

A. True

You observe two species of squirrels, Species A and Species B, coexisting on a mountain, and diagram the distribution of the two species as shown. In the diagram, the distribution of Species A is shaded dark gray and that of Species B is shaded light gray. You indicate in your diagrams the distributions of each species, either in the presence or absence of the other species. Both species experience a change in their fundamental niche when occupying the same mountain. A. True B. False

A. True

You observe two species of squirrels, Species A and Species B, coexisting on a mountain, and diagram the distribution of the two species as shown. In the diagram, the distribution of Species A is shaded dark gray and that of Species B is shaded light gray. You indicate in your diagrams the distributions of each species, either in the presence or absence of the other species. Both species will experience a reduction in fitness due to competition for resources on mountains where they are found together. A. True B. False

A. True

You observe two species of squirrels, Species A and Species B, coexisting on a mountain, and diagram the distribution of the two species as shown. In the diagram, the distribution of Species A is shaded dark gray and that of Species B is shaded light gray. You indicate in your diagrams the distributions of each species, either in the presence or absence of the other species. The area shaded in dark gray in the figure on the left represents the fundamental of species A. A. True B. False

2. False Fertilization may occur when these two species mate, but the zygote cannot develop normally. The chromosomes cannot accurately undergo separation between daughter cells during meiosis.

You would expect similar species with a different number of chromosomes to be genetically compatible and, therefore, able to reproduce fertile offspring. 1. True 2. False

1. Natural selection

_____ allows populations to adapt to the abiotic and biotic conditions where they live. 1. Natural selection 2. Reproduction 3. Competition 4. Predation

1. Survivorship

_____ describes the number of individuals in a species that survive from one life cycle stage to the next. 1. Survivorship 2. A cohort 3. A population pyramid 4. The intrinsic growth rate of a population

5. Adaptive radiation

_____ is a special case of explosive speciation in which new species form rapidly in response to numerous "open" ecological niches. 1. Peripatric speciation 2. Co-speciation 3. Allopatric speciation 4. Sympatric speciation 5. Adaptive radiation

3. Allopatric speciation

_____ is the gradual emergence of two or more species as a result of the geographic separation of two or more groups of animals of the same species. 1. Adaptive speciation 2. Co-speciation 3. Allopatric speciation 4. Instantaneous speciation 5. Sympatric speciation