Global Health Issues
what are examples of successful interventions
- promotion of condoms and screenings - male medical circumcision
What is the burden of disease related to these injuries
-In 2010, about 90% of deaths from unintentional injuries were in low- and middle-income countries -About 4.2% of total deaths in high-income countries compared to 7.9% in low- and middle-income countries -Two thirds of deaths among men
MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS
-Lend or grant money to countries to promote economic and social development -Main focus to serve as financial intermediaries
NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
-Most raise money from private sources or receive grants -Vary from small to very large and secular to faith-based
What measures can be taken to mitigate the health impacts of these events
-Outline the role that different actors will play in the event of an emergency -Provide health education and promote hygiene - Include external assistance
Health Impacts due to age, sex, location
-Security conditions put women at considerable risk of sexual violence -Vaccinate all children aged 6 months to 15 years old for measles -Populations affected are generally poor and have poor nutritional status
ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
-Strength is investing a relatively small amount of money to make large impacts -Now focus on universal health coverage, food security, and further leveraging the private sector
WHAT ARE UNICEF FOCUS AREAS
-Young child survival and development -Basic education and gender equality -HIV/AIDS and children
WHAT ARE THE SIX PRIORITIES OF WHO
1. Universal health coverage 2. The International Health Regulations 3. Increasing access to medical products 4. Social, economic and environmental determinants of health 5. Non-communicable disease 6. Health-related Millennium Development Goals
What is the importance of child health
6.3 million children under 5 years old die/ year deaths are preventable vulnerable population
What are the costs and consequences associated with non-communicanle diseases
Direct cost of treatment indirect costs from lost productivity
what are the costs and consequences of these injuries
Direct costs: Medical care Hospitalization Rehabilitation Funeral services Indirect costs: Lost wages Sick leave Disability payments Insurance payouts Costs associated with family care
What can be done to start addressing key challenges to the health of women?
EDUCATE WOMEN
key challenges to future efforts
Enhance political commitment to the prevention and control of these diseases Work with communities to overcome underlying causes
what are cost-effective ways to address these challenges
Ensuring a healthy and well-nourished mother Prenatal care and micronutrient supplementation for the mother-to-be Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV
What are the most important environmental threats to health in low- and middle-income countries?
Environmental risk factors account for 25-33% of global burden of disease leading causes of death in low-middle income countries - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - lower respiratory infections -diarrheal disease
What are the costs and consequences of poor health during adolescence?
Essential to maintaining gains made in improving child health Future losses to adult productivity and potential High costs associated with morbidity (e.g., HIV and TB treatment)
THE BILL AND MELINDA GATES FOUNDATION
Funds scientific discoveries, aims to improve health and supports partner organizations
What is the burden of disease for women, with a focus on low- and middle income-countries?
HIV/AIDS Maternal disorders Self-harm Tuberculosis
what are the costs and consequences for these challenges
High costs of caring for a sick child Potential long-term disability Growth retardation and retardation of mental development can result in poor school attendance and performance
What are the costs and consequences of this burden?
Impacts maternal health, which affects household income and survival and health status of children Affects children's ability to grow or achieve full intellectual capacity, impacting future prospects Leads to lower productivity in adult workers
What are the determinants of nutritional status and what are nutrition needs at different stages of the life course?
Inadequate dietary intake: weakens the body and opens it up to infection Illness: makes it harder for people to eat, absorb the nutrients they take in, and raises the need for some nutrients
What are unintentional injuries and what are the most important types
Injury: "the result of an act that damages, harms, or hurts" Unintentional injuries: "that subset of injuries for which there is no evidence of predetermined intent" Road injuries Poisonings Falls Fires
What are the key terms related to nutrition?
Malnutrition: refers to those who do not get proper nutrition, whether too little, too much, or the wrong kind Undernutrition: the three most commonly used indexes for child undernutrition are height-for-age, weight-for-age, and weight-for-height Underweight: low weight-for-age; that is, two z-scores below the international reference for weight-for-age
What measures can be taken in cost-effective ways to address key injury issues?
Raise awareness about how to apply rigorous methods of prevention and control Formal surveillance systems to provide information on numbers and patterns Implement minimum standards Develop local capacity to analyze data and design programs specific to the setting
What are cost-effective ways to address these challenges?
Requires a life-course perspective to preventing and treating health issues Improve educational and employment opportunities Promote universal health coverage to improve access of adolescents
Examples of emerging infectious diseases
SARS, China. MERS, Arabian Peninsula
What are key concepts concerning prevention, transmission, and treatment
Vaccination Mass chemotherapy Vector control Improved water, sanitation, hygiene Improved care seeking, disease recognition Case management (treatment) and improved caregiving Case surveillance, reporting, and containment Behavioral change
What are the consequences of women's health issues?
Violence, STIs, and fistula tend to isolate women socially When a woman dies in childbirth, her family is typically left without a primary caregiver
AGENCIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION-agency that engages in knowledge sharing and plays a key role in setting technical standards and norms UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN FUN- The main function of UNICEF is to enhance the health and well-being of children UNAIDS- Joint United Nations Program on HIV/ AIDS
THE WELCOME TRUST
Well known for sequencing one third of the human genome and uncovering genetic links to cancer and diabetes
What are Natural disasters
any occurrence that causes damage, ecological destruction, loss of human lives, or deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community area
why do environmentalist oppose war
brings diseases, deaths, environmental destruction
what are the determinants of selected communicable diseases
infectious and parasitic diseases
Importance of Natural Disasters and CHEs
lead to increased death, illness and disability, economic impacts. - diarrheal diseases, respiratory infections, measles, or malaria -mental health (PTSD)
Multilateral Development Banks
lend or grant money to countries to promote economic and social justice, & serve as financial intermediaries World Bank African Development Bank- All of Africa the Asian Development Bank- All of Asia The Inter-American Development Bank- Latin America
causes of illness and death among young children globally
penumonia diarrhea malaria
What are the most important causes of illness and death among adolescents globally?
road injury, HIV/AIDS, self-harm, interpersonal violence, maternal conditions
what is unicef doing advocating for disability rights
focusing on equity
What are the burdens of disease and consequences related to these threats?
household air pollution- 3.5 million deaths ambient air pollution- 3.1 million deaths water, sanitation, hygiene
What are the risk factors for these causes?
Alcohol use Unsafe sex Lack of contraception Iron deficiency Illicit drug use Unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene
What measures can be taken to address the burden in cost-effective ways
All countries should focus on prevention and the main risk factors of tobacco, alcohol, dietary risks, and the lack of physical activity Food labelling Work with producers to reduce sugar and salt in food
EXAMPLES OF NGO'S AND DEFINITIONS
BRAC- works in ares of human rights and social empowerment and health DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS- provision of health services following humanitarian crises, involved in nutrition disease control and increase access to essential medicines.
What can be done in cost-effective ways to reduce the global burden of these threats?
Because of the high burden, social and economic consequences are enormous Burden falls disproportionately on relatively poor people Negative consequences on productivity
Reemerging ID
Cholera, Peru Ebola, West Africa
What are the costs and consequences of communicable diseases
Constrain health and development of children, affecting schooling and adult productivity Strong stigma and discrimination associated with HIV, TB, and others such as leprosy Limit productivity and income of adult workers Costs of treatment burden families
What are the burdens of nutrition globally?
Nearly 30% of the world's population, 2.1 billion people, are obese or overweight Obesity has nearly doubled worldwide since 1980 Childhood obesity has emerged as one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century The U.S. has the highest proportion of the world's obese people (13%)
What measures can be taken to address key nutrition concerns?
Policy makers need to understand the exceptional importance of nutrition to good health and human productivity and act accordingly Governments need to work with the food industry to improve the way in which foods are fortified and to be sure that processed foods are healthy
What is the importance of women's health?
Poor health of women can have enormous consequences on society The health of children depends in many ways on the health of their mothers
what are the risks factors for these causes
Social determinants of health and poverty Mother's nutritional and health status, and education Access to trained healthcare provider to attend birth and provide counseling Water quality and sanitation War and conflicts
WHAT ARE SOME FOUNDATIONS
The Rockefeller Foundation The Wellcome Trust The UN Foundation The Clinton Foundation The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
What is the burden of NCDs worldwide
The burden of NCDs will continue to increase as countries develop economically Burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) greater than burden of communicable diseases in low-, middle-, and high-income countries Often prevented at low cost, but expensive to treat
What are the most important risk factors for the burden of NCDs
The risk factors relate in significant ways to lifestyle, much of which is within people's control
What is the importance of adolescent health?
There are 1.2 billion adolescents in the world (1 in every 6 people) Important health behaviors are set during adolescence Important links to the MDGs
What are complex humanitarian emergencies? (CHEs)
complex, multi-party, intra-state conflict resulting in a humanitarian disaster which might constitute multi-dimensional risks or threats to regional and international security ex : Liberia Civil War