Global pop

What is Asian Underground and who is credited with inventing and naming this genre? X

-Indian classical music and EDM -Talvin Singh

Who was Bob Marley & what were his contributions to Jamaican popular music?

-Rastafarian social worker for change, symbol of rebellion -popularized reggae worldwide -used music as weapon of change, encouraged peace -recognized his underdog status of the Jamaican people

What was actor/singer/composer Muhammad 'Abd al-Wahhab's contribution to Egyptian popular music? X

-composer that introduced Western instruments to Arabic classical music -composed melodies for Umm Kulthum

What characterizes the genre of kugak fusion? X

-created by adapting American and European music to the needs and interests of the local (Korean) population -reviving traditional Korean instruments and styles to make them more exciting and contemporary in context of global popular music

What is the myth of "racial democracy" and what has been its impact on music in Brazil? X

-false idea that all racial groups in Brazil had equal rights, when in fact there was a lot of racial inequality -in music, samba was supposedly representative of Brazil's diversity, but it actually marginalized people of African descent and their culture (the "whitened" or Europeanized samba that emerged with Carmen Miranda in the 1930s is a good example of this) from Dr. Ruskin

What does the term "soft power" mean relative to Korea's dominance of mass media in East Asia?

-flood of Korean media/pop culture through Asia used by government as a way of making Korea appear as prosperous/cosmopolitan, no longer seen as brutish emerging industrial nation -made Korea "Hollywood of Asia" -power exercised without overt legal/military presence.

Where did bhangra music come from, what was its original function, and what are the names of its three key musical instruments? X

-folk dance of the northwest (Punjab) -celebration of harvest dance mimics agricultural activities Bhangra instruments -dhol (barrel drum) -tumbi (single string lute) -chimti (metal instrument)

Why was the Indian silent film modeled after the folk theater? What qualities/elements of folk drama were incorporated into early Indian film? X

-folk theater was a medium that most people were familiar with and understood -the first audiences for film in India wew non-literate accustomed to a folk theater tradition steeped in myth and history that used music and dance to convey moral instruction -early Indian film followed suit

What is iqa' ? X

-in Arabic music, rhythmic modes or patterns with specific lengths and organizations of beats

Who is Seo Taiji and what contributions has he made to K-pop?

-independent artist chose rap to express himself -introduced sounds of west coast hip hop into k-pop -introduced incorporating elements of popular musical genres from the United States -"president of culture"

How did James Brown's style of soul/funk influence West African popular music? X

-influence on Fela Kuti's mature afrobeat style and Afro-funk in the 1970s -funky guitars and horns, and faster tempo/vocals

What is Bhangra-remix? What genres of music does it blend?

-influences from techno, hip-hop and rap, and reggae -associated with dance parties in the U.S. (New York City) attended by first South Asian immigrants

How did Rocky Dawuni discover reggae music and why did he decide to devote his career to that genre of music?

-inspired by African reggae artists like Lucky Dube and Alpha Blondy, and liberation themes of Jamaican reggae

Who is Kim Min-ki and why was his music banned?

-singer and songwriter that got his music banned because he wrote political lyrics about the relations between North Korea and South Korea

What historical factors, as discussed in lecture, helped shape West African popular music? X

-trade and migration -trans-Atlantic slavery -Islam and Christianity -European colonialism -urbanization -growth of mass media

Seo Taiji's songs "Classroom Ideology" and "Come Back Home" draw on what American musical genres and address what social issues? X

-"Classroom Ideology": -inspired by rap metal Korean school was oppressive and didn't let young people be who they wanted to be -"Come Back Home": -inspired by west coast rap -told people who had run away from home to go home because running away won't solve their problems

Why did filmi (popular film songs) become so important with the advent of talkies/sound films? X

-"Filmi" supposedly eliminated any societal/linguistic/religious/caste differences with a common thing: music -reached audiences beyond boundaries of language -added elements of music popularized these films and made them more broadcastable to larger audiences

Why is Sin Jung-hyun important to Korean popular music (hint: he introduced the electric guitar)

-"Godfather of rock" -led Korean pop/rock culture during the 1960s and 1970s -asked to write patriotic songs by the president but refused and was harassed by police

Around what time period and where did samba schools come into being? What types of instruments do they feature and what social and musical purposes do they serve?

-1920s -samba schools teach the students about samba and create competition -samba schools have a strong community basis and are often associated with a particular neighborhood -feature drums such as surdo bass drum and tamborim,

Who is Sheila Chandra and what does she view as her biggest challenges as a British pop artist of Indian descent? ?

-British pop singer of Indian descent. -bridges traditional Indian music and western pop influences in innovative ways -Indian classical gestures, experimental music -critics claim she is over-exaggerating her Indian-ness whereas Indians thought she was too commercialized (British) -she just wanted to be seen as an individual

How do the film East and West (Purab and Pachhim) and the band Rhythm Dhol Bass (RDB) represent, respectively, "anxious" versus "optimistic" attitudes towards cultural mixing in the South Asian diaspora? X

-East and West film about a young Indian woman who relocates to the UK and appears to become European in her dress and mannerisms much to the chagrin of her traditional family -reflects an anxiety about the loss of Indian culture in the post WWII diaspora -RDB, in their music and dress reflect the more optimistic view that one can be both Indian and British, that one can follow tradition and take part in modern culture without losing their identities

What is palmwine music, where did it develop, and who introduced its characteristic guitar picking technique? X

-Ghanian/West African coastal music developed from Liberian Kru sailors at palmwine bars who traveled across the West African coast -Involves two-finger plucking -combined black diasporic elements and local West African instruments with portable ones of visiting sailors

According to Sunaina Maira, in what ways does participation in the culture of Bhangra-remix pose opportunities for and challenges to South Asian identity formation in the diaspora? How does this differ for men and women? ?

-Immigrant parents and expectations vs mainstream American culture -gender, hip hop, and machismo -issues about Race, appropriation, and "model minorities"

Who were Ismael Silva and Noel Rosa and why was their relationship important? ?

-Ismael Silva was a samba composer that consolidated samba as a genre, adding to its musical complexity; created samba schools -Noel Rosa was a Brazilian songwriter/composer that influenced samba by combining its Afro-Brazilian roots with a more urban, witty language and making it a vehicle for ironic social commentary

Who was Desmond Dekker & why was he important to the development of Jamaican popular music?

-Jamaican rocksteady musician -popularized rocksteady in UK/US -Disc, 007, was the most enduring rudeboy album & 1st brought word about rudie phenomenon to the world

Who are Marcus Garvey & Emperor Haile Selassie & why are they significant to Rastafarianism & reggae music? X

-Marcus Garvey: -forceful campaigner for black unity, pan-Africanism, & return to Africa; seen as prophet -urged Africans of New World to look to Africa for a prince to emerge (taken by many to be Selassie) -Emperor Haile Selassie: -Emperor of Ethiopia claimed descent from Solomon; seen as messiah -contributed to liberation theology heard in reggae music

What social and cultural factors led to samba's transformation from a regional to a national music? X

-advent of radio -Vargas's Estado Novo (era under dictatorship of Vargas) -nationalism -Good Neighbor Policy: non intervention in domestic affairs of Latin America led to favorable relations with U.S. -emergence of star composers and singers such as Ary Barroso and Carmen Miranda

Who is Apache Indian and what is his contribution to South Asian popular music? X

-artist that blends of bhangra and dancehall reggae rhythms (bhangra-muffin) -juxtaposes "traditional" India with urban British life -known for using music and video to articulate various aspects of his identity

What was Mzbel's "16 years" about and why was it controversial? What message do you think she was trying to convey with the song and video? X

-attracted criticism for its sexual themes and message, adoption of foreign culture (Western culture) -condemns older men who pursue younger women an affirmation that women have the right to dress and express themselves however they wish without being the victims of harassment

How did Jamaican sound systems & the practice of deejaying & "toasting" contribute to the birth of hip-hop in NYC?

-bass of Jamaican sound systems carried into hip-hop -"toasting" evolved into rapping

What elements of music and dance make up the "DNA" of K-pop?

-blend of Western/Asian/new and old -synchronized dances -audiovisual elements colorful outfits -influenced by American RnB, new jack swing, and girl/boy bands.

In what context and for what purpose is Candomble music performed? X

-candomble is Afro-brazilian religious music used during religious ceremonies or in devotional praise of the gods -also used in secular contexts such as Carnival

What is hiplife? What genres does it blend? X

-combination of highlife and hip hop -blends local versions of hip hop, dancehall, and rap

What was the cultural impact of media liberalization in Korea in the late 1980s and early 1990s?

-created a situation where Korean pop culture was cheaply available in neighboring Japan and Hong Kong, while emphasis on developing the culture industry within Korea was thought to help the local industry fend off the rising consumption of foreign imports but could also help build the country's "soft power" in the region and improve relations with its neighbors

What is mahragan (festival) music? X

-developed in the early 2000's from the urban working-class practice of street wedding celebrations -consists of electronic beats and auto-tuned vocals -lyrics are often vulgar/cynical and deal with issues affecting the working poor in Egyptian society

What is the difference between dub music & dub poetry?

-dub music: -predominantly instrumental remixes of existing recordings -achieved by manipulating recordings, usually by removing the vocals from an existing music piece, and emphasizing drum & bass parts -dub poetry: -form of performance poetry; performance normally prepared, rather than the chat of the dancehall deejay -dub poet usually appears on stage w/ band performing music specifically written to accompany each poem rather than simply performing over the top of dub plates or riddims -overtly political & social

Who was King Tubby & what were his contributions to Jamaican pop music?

-dub poetry artist -stripped vocal discs to their instrumental basics -transferred traditional reggae into dub with new music technology

Who is Lee "Scratch" Perry & what were his contributions to Jamaican pop music?

-dub reggae artist, innovative producer - use of bizarre sound effects -pioneers of dub music with early adoption of effects and remixing to create new instrumental/vocal versions of existing reggae tracks

What musical technologies & techniques were used to transform reggae music into dub?

-dynamically adding extensive echo, reverb, panoramic delay, occasional dubbing of vocal/instrumental snippets from original version/other works

What were Umm Kulthum's primary contributions to Egyptian popular music and culture? X

-embodied the spirit of Egypt, "voice of Egypt" -symbol of Arab culture and Pan-Arabism -brought religion back to music (because she grew up learning how to recite the qur'an, she had very good pronounciation) -accomplished tarab -opened the door for women to do what she did

Who was Carmen Miranda, in what historical context did she emerge, and what did she represent to Americans and Brazilians, respectively?

-emerged during the advent of radio, the spread of mass media, and favorable relations with the U.S. (Good Neighbor Policy) -to Americans she represented a stereotypical (whitewashed version) of Brazil as the face of Samba, wore a colorful fruit hat -to Brazilians, she was an ambassador to U.S. and way to gain their favor (foster ties and trade), but was criticized by Brazilians for being too whitewashed and not accurately representing Brazil

What sets roots reggae apart - musically, politically, & spiritually - from earlier forms of Jamaican popular music?

-emphasis on lyrics -emphasis on liberation theology, struggle of urban masses, resistance to government, social oppression, Rastafari ideology, sprititual/political unity -mostly drum, guitar, & bass based with a "one drop" -slower rhythm

Who is Muhammad Ayub and how is he significant to the development of bhangra in the U.K. X

-established industry for Bhangra music -record store owner that distributed Southeast Asian music in UK, popularized Bhangra in UK -Bhangra groups sought him for help, he became record producer to help keep the music of his culture alive

What about the circumstances of Rocky Dawuni's upbringing enabled him to become well versed both in local Ghanaian cultures and international popular culture?

-from Northern part of Ghana -studied Ghanaian traditional music -was exposed to various styles of local and international pop music by soldiers in the military barracks, where his father worked

What about Umm Kulthum's life story, musical talents, self-presentation, and social position led to her acceptance as a national figure - as a singer who was "as Egyptian as the pyramids"?

-from the countryside, uncultured, seen as romantic and traditional -father was a priest, very religious included the Quran and other Arab influences into the music -incredibly powerful voice with perfect pronunciation and emotiveness

What is maqam? X

-in Arab music, maqam is a melodic-modal system of set of notes with defined relationships between them, habitual patterns, and melodic development -main organizational system for melody in Arab music

Why were the "B-sides" of reggae records important to the development of dub?

-instrumental side of record -allowed dub artists to create dub sound by adding vocals/effects

What was the contribution of Oswald de Andrade's "Cannibalist Manifesto" to artistic modernism in Brazil? ?

-introduced idea of cultural cannibalism: borrowing from other cultures (European/African) and making it part of their own -this piece highlights Brazil's ability to resist its encounter with colonists; it tells that cultural cannibalism was a result of the anti-colonial struggle, the resistance to the culture, and the desire to absorb the colonists' power

How does Suhael Yusuf Khan approach the blending of Indian classical music with rock and electronic music?

-makes us of Hindustani vocal techniques, including is characteristic glides and ornaments with the context of a rock song -harmony functions like a drone during the verses, adding to the song's Indian classical flavor

What is capoeira and why is it important to black Brazilian identity?

-martial-arts like dance that eventually influences samba -it was important to black Brazilian identity because it pays homage to those who escaped slavery and those who helped them

What is samba-reggae and who created it?

-mix of samba and reggae -emerged to protest idea of "racial democracy" -slower tempo and "offbeat" phrasing of Jamaican roots reggae -created by the groups Ile-Aiye and Olodum

What is a Jamaican "sound system"? What was the role of the Jamaican deejay?

-mobile dance clubs to spread reggae that wasn't being played on the radio -deejays talk over record (toasting)

How did the decision to market film songs as independent product change the role of music in Indian film during the late 90s/early 2000s? X

-musical episodes in film became more like music videos, detachable from the film's main narrative and usually featuring performers who do not appear anywhere else in the film -enabled the music/video to be marketed as a separate product

What is SM Entertainment and why is it important?

-named after its founder, Lee Soo-man, it was the first music label and talent agency company to begin modern K-pop in the 1990s -Soo-man made the company follow the Hollywood model, where the company controlled the actions of its artists, and dropped them if they misbehaved -perfected the factory system model

What are the key elements & tenants of the Rastafarian religious movement?

-non-doctrinal (holds no one church as powerful enough to impose its religion) -Jah is living force on earth (God); enabled humans to unite -1 person's views are valid as long as he/she is possessed of the Spirit of Jah -unity is essential if Rastas are to stand strong vs. forces of Babylon -awaiting repatriation to Africa & regard themselves as living "slavery days" in bondage

Why is the Jimmy Cliff film The Harder They Come culturally significant? X

-non-exoticized/non-romanticized portrayal of black Jamaicans in real locations & use of local patois -Jamaica was not shown as a vacation destination but as a place with very little money -soundtrack was said to have brought reggae to the world and inspired many UK reggae artists -important to Jamaicans living abroad in the UK to learn about the culture of their homeland

What characterizes the musical genre known as "trot" and on what musical sources does it draw?

-oldest form of Korean pop music, influenced by Japanese, European, and Korean musical influences -Korean vocal style with European orchestration/melody

Who is A.R. Rahman and why is he important? X

-one of the greatest Indian composers/music directors -incorporates Western musical styles with traditional styles of North Indian music for Bollywood films

Who is Ramy Essam and what was his role in the Egyptian uprising of 2011? X

-one of the leaders during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 -kept up morale at protests at Tahrir square -used music as a energizing tool -his song, "Irhal," urged the president to resign from his position and it became internationally known to the world, became the anthem of the revolution

What were the key characteristics of the Tropicalia movement? On what musical and cultural sources did it draw? ?

-political protest movement that questioned Brazilian modernity and the government's motives (criticizing the coup) -musically, it drew on Afro-Brazilian and rock and roll music, bossa nova, indigenous/folk music of northeastern Brazil -drew on the idea of cultural cannibalism and how Brazilians should absorb outside influences

Who is the band Alaap and why are they important? X

-popularized/modernized /professionalized Bhangra in the UK, created diaspora -introduced electronic western sound and instrumentation -blended traditional Punjabi elements with Western elements

What role has Korean TV played in the success of K-pop throughout East Asia

-primed the market for K-Pop music through cultural dominance -allows the population to follow their favorite groups -TV was an emotional outlet for youth in an oppressive society

Who is Lata Mangeshkar and why is she important? X

-prominent Indian playback singer -dominated Filmi music industry (1950's-60's) -most recorded voice in Indian film

How does Obrafour da Executioner differ from Rockstone and other emcees in his approach to hiplife? X

-raps in the Ghanaian language Twi -represents new generation of hiplife in which artists turned to older traditions for inspiration, in this case the poetic traditions of the Akan people -uses verbal formulations similar to those of libation prayers honoring ancetors

T'ong guitar music and the norae undong song movement of the 1970s and 80s were responses to what political conditions? From what American musical movement did it take inspiration?

-responses to the period of dictatorship going on in Korea during this time that then changed to military control, discussed concern of youth culture in the beginning -took inspiration from the American folk (protest) music movement

What are the defining elements of Jamaican "rudeboy" culture? With what genre of Jamaican popular music is it most closely associated?

-rudeboys were young men who gave voice to their disaffection -over the rocksteady beat, rudeboys sang of their problems, fears, & "rude" attitude -known for flashy clothes & bad-boy/gangster persona

What is mento music & what are its primary cultural sources? X

-rural dance club music -draws from several of Jamaica's folk styles -shuffling strum -maracas, guitars, & banjos -lighthearted/witty/rebellious lyrics, often about sex

What is samba de roda and what are its key characteristics?

-samba de roda is "call and response" type samba accompanied by a circle dance -lays foundation for modern samba

How does Reggie Rockstone's "Keep Your Eyes on the Road" incorporate elements of old and new, local and global? X

-samples a 1970s highlife song and combines it with a heavy bass line and hip hop beat -raps in English, but makes reference to things that are locally identifiable as Ghanaian

What is "liberation theology" & what part does it play in Rastafarianism & reggae music?

-school of thought that explores relationship between Christian theology & political activism, particularly in areas of social justice, poverty, & human rights -rastafarians use reggae music to express cultural & religious liberation

What are the defining musical characteristics of Fela Kuti's Afrobeat genre as shown in your listening example "Zombie"? X

-sings in pidgin English, a hybrid vernacular speech style common in urban Nigeria -staggered entrances, in which the instrumental lines are introduced sequentially at the beginning of the song -long intro of instruments -layering of short melodic-rhythmic phrases (layered ostinato) -focus on construction of a groove within a single tonality -use of contrastive rhythm guitar techniques (single-line and scratching) -"off-beat" phrasing of the drums counterbalanced by emphasis on the first beat of every four -improvised vocal/instrumental parts

In general terms, how did ska music develop out of American rhythm n blues (R&B)? What are the dominant musical characteristics of ska as discussed in your listening examples?

-ska musicians used fast R&B as basis -cut out half the shuffle, leaving an abrupt series of off-beats -features a displacement of shuffle rhythm onto upbeats -beats 2 & 4 given added weight through placement of bass drum -improvised horn solos

What is tarab and what techniques did Umm Kulthum use to generate tarab in her musical performances? X

-state of ecstasy in listener created by choice of words, repetition, melodic turns and cadences, rendering of the mode (maqam) -"spiritual exchange between audience and singer," erases boundaries -created by emotive quality of her voice, prounciation

What is "cultural technology" and who coined the term? X

-strategy of applying industrial methods to the process of creating musical stars -goal: generate lots of talent, but do it in a systematic way that consistently yields quality music and high profits -term was coined by Lee Sooman, the founder of SM Entertainment from Dr. Ruskin

What does "perfect localization" mean as a business strategy in K-pop? How does idol group EXO realize this strategy in their song/video "Mama"? X

-targeted export, and an expansion to a certain market with collaboration between local artists, and between businesses otherwise known as joint ventures -EXO's "Mama" does this by incorporating Korean mythology to target the Korean market -Chinese version of the idol group that translated the song into Chinese to for that market.

Who are Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil and what are their contributions to Brazilian popular music?

-two musicians that were founders of the Tropicalia movement -Veloso wrote a piece called Tropicalia about Brazilian modernity, challenging what the city of Brasilia actually stands for -they combined rock with Brazilian instruments and genres to make tropicalismo

What are the defining musical characteristics of Rocky Dawuni's Afro-roots style as shown in your listening example "African Thriller"? X

-unique afroroots sound: funky blend of soul, pop, afrobeat, and reggae grooves -single line guitar ostinato (repetitive melodic-rhythmic pattern) evokes sound of Afrobeat -drum pattern is modeled on the dembow rhythm of Jamaican dancehall

What is Bollywood-remix? What genres of music does it blend? X

electronic remixes of classic Bollywood songs

What is hybridity/hybridization? X

mixing of cultures and modern and traditional styles to create something new

Who was E.T. Mensah and what was his contribution to West African popular music? X

"King of dance-band highlife" -popularized dance-band highlife in the 1960s in West Africa -popularized Afro-Latin and Caribbean songs and brought a new level of professionalism to African dance music and popularized it throughout West Africa

List the name, date, and composer of the first commercially recorded samba. X

"Pelo Telefone" 1917 Ernesto dos Santos

The Hindu deity Krishna is associated with what musical instrument? X

flute

What is the name of the Euro-Brazilian two-step dance that preceded samba as the country's national dance? X

maxixe (the music played for this dance was Choro)

How do mahragan artists differ from the uprising's independent artists in their social critique and in their attitude towards the uprising of 2011?

opposed to the optimistic protest music, mahragan was more cynical, profane, dark, and ironic

Koo Nimo and Kwaa Mensah are associated with what genre of music? X

palmwine

Why is the British reggae band Steel Pulse significant? ?

prominent British reggae band that emerged in the 1970s -established sound systems in London and popularized reggae

How does the music/video of Bally Sagoo's remix "Aap ki Nazron ne Samjha" represent elements of new and old India? For what film was the original song composed?

video juxtaposes the new world sounds with the "old world" splendor of classic Indian cinema

What role have British Jamaicans played in the global diffusion of reggae?

?

What is the name commonly given to Rastafarian drumming & chanting?

Nyabinghi (burru drumming)

Who was Sayyid Darwish and how did his music and poetry influence the protest music of the Egyptian uprising of 2011?

?

The music features in the film Sant Tukaram reflects what Indian religion and what musical genre? X

Bhakti (reflects genre of Bhajan)

What genres does Banjabi MC blend in "Mundian to Bach Ke" X

Bhangra + hip hop

Bollywood refers to the film industry of what city? X

Bombay (Mumbai)

What are the key musical and social differences between mainstream and independent Arab pop music? X

MAINSTREAM: -Arab rhythms -traditional and electronic instruments -lyrics about love -verse-chorus form -importance of video clip cassette and mobile phones -commercial (sponsorships) -highly censored INDEPENDENT -do-it-yourself (DIY) -avoid censorship -use of Facebook, Youtube, Myspace to market themselves -departure from traditional boundaries of genre; more experimentation hundreds of bands from many genres (rock, metal, electronic, rap, jazz, etc.) -controversial political topics, hardships of everyday life, reality of Egyptian life -band formation, rather than individual singers -occasional use of English lyrics

To what kinds of music did West African palmwine and military band music respectively give birth? X

Palmwine: juju in Nigeria and guitar-band highlife in Ghana -guitar-band highlife gave birth to afrofunk, afrorock, and eventually hiplife Military brass bands: brass band/dance band highlife, which later influenced afrobeat.

What Hindu and Sufi devotional genres are used in Indian film?

Qawali and Bhajan

What is the difference, other than size, between a takht (small ensemble) and firqa (orchestra) like the one Umm Kulthum used?

Takht: smaller (2 to 5 musicians), used more traditional Egyptian instruments Firqa: much larger, incorporated more European/Western instruments (like violins)

What is the name of the band that claims to be the originator of ska? X

The Skatalites

What is afoxe? x

blend of popular and African religious music -secular Candomblé music -performed in Carnival

What social and musical factors led to the emergence of blocos-afros (Afro-blocks/black carnival groups) like Ile-Aiye and Olodum? ?

blocos-afros emerged out of the idea of heightened consciousness of black diaspora in post-civil rights era Bahia, Brazil