Globalisation- Cambridge sociology- a level- 7.1-7.2

What does the economic commission for latin america and the caribbean (ECLAC) say?

'In a world which is more interconnected than ever, in which financial and trade flows have been liberalized, the mobility of people runs up against severe barriers which restrict it,' immigration legislation is much more restrictive than in the past and focuses increasingly on achieving greater control of illegal immigration.

Barber notes that this has turned out globe into a...

'mcworld' our consumption is standardised

When did the term globalisation first become common and where?

1990s and after the end of the cold war and the collapse of communism in eastern Europe The idea of the world become a single globe shapes by capitalism became much more acceptable.

Name a statistic on mcdonald's

4000 in china in 2022 from only 3500 in 2020 Therefore, unique eating habitats and culture have disappeared.

What is ethnic revitalisation?

A renewed emphasis on ethnic identities as a reaction against globalisation

What is meant by Global commodity chain?

A series of links between places where raw materials are sourced to manufacture commodities which are distributed and sold on the world market.

What did they do?

Hid in a church for 'sanctuary' for 843 days after ICE tried to deport them even when they have a DACA status and 'American' children whom are legal citizens.

Name a study that supports this?

In 2013, A factory called Rana Plaza in Bangladesh collapsed with over 1000 factory workers died, majority were females.

Name an example where there is a gender division?

In the textiles industry in Bangladesh and Cambodia is very matriarchal

Cultural differences are disappearing due to globalisation as it has motivated the...

Initiative to remove some major territorial boundaries.

Name one way as to why globalisation has been negative for some females?

It has widened economic inequalities Globalisation has opened up a door for oppression and the exploitation of women

Name a statistic on languages in the future.

Its predicted that at least 50% languages spoken in the world in 2018 will have disappeared by the end of the 21st century

What else does Appadurai argue?

Local cultural concepts spread across national boundaries, both influencing and being influenced by the ideas and relationships they encounter.

Politically, how has globalisation been accepted?

People have accepted the global spread of human rights and gender equality and are accepted in principle if not always in practice.

How is this positive?

Puts more people in jobs

It can be argued that globalisation is not causing the disappearance of cultural differences but changing them instead, globalisation is causing the emergence of...

cultural hybrids on the mixing of cultures in particular places and practices.

What does steger mean by global imagining?

Refers to people growing consciousness of thickening globality. People across the world still have a sense of home and generally subscribe to a sense of local or regional or tribal/ethnic identity. Steger argues that national identity is increasingly diluted as globality thickens.

the increasing global nature of stock markers and trading blocs based on...

capital mobility- companies and investments move into and out of different countries as the need for profit and economic policy is dictate. Labour mobility- as people physically move around from place to place Information mobility- that helps the development of a range of global financial and other services.

Appadurai rejected the idea that...

cultural inter-relationships flow from the 'core to the periphery'. By which globalised, homogeneous, cultural forms are picked up by individual culture. Rather, these inter-relationships should be seen in terms of variety of 'scapes'- imagined worlds that cross territorial borders are connected in a variety of ways.

Giddens in his book runaway world notes that...

detraditionalisation may be the cause of the disappearence of cultural differences

Cultural globalisation has two apparently opposed tendencies, what are they?

diversity and homogenisation

Moreover, economists see globalisation in terms of...

economic changes

Globalisation has had a huge impact on...

economic inter-relationships in terms of mobility

What is Disembedding?

encouraged and accelerated in areas such as economic exchange such as the development of credit cards and electronic money transfers. Production and distribution is now not local but global.

The main aspect of culture which are being globalised are often highly visible aspects of western/american culture:

fast food chains, baseball, caps, jeans, hollywood films and hip-hop

Cultural globalisation is very closely linked to economic globalisation and includes....

global information global patterns global sport global tourism

Name a third reasons as to why cultural differences are disappearing due to globalisation?

globalisation has motivated the mass spread of global food corporations and has arguably led to the decline of local diets and eating traditions.

Seabrook (sceptic) for example argues that...

globalisation makes all other cultures inferior. It diminishes and marginalises local culture.

name one way in how globalisation is positive economically

it has caused the growth in the number and size of transnational corporations (TNC)

While the two can theoretically be separated, there are also places where they meet. Robertson expressed this in terms of how the...

local and the global interact; each influences and is influenced by the other.

For example, growing issues within society such as terrorist attacks and inequality in regards to ethnic minority groups, according to Bruce has caused...

migrants to adopt a strong religion to offer a sense of security and cultural identity in an otherwise hostile environment.

Define Mundialisation

movement in which more than 1000 cities around the world have declared themselves to be 'world citizen cities', with global rights and responsibilities and are trying to work together to act on global issues. Nation state become increasingly less powerful and relevant, with decision making increasingly being made at local and global rather national levels.

mcLuhan believes that this is because we are...

now a global village

Barber notes that...

our world is becoming a 'mcworld'

Economic globalisation means that the world has entered a new...

phase of economic development

Name a second way as to how globalisation has affected the economy positively...

production now involves global commodity chains

People have always traveled and went different places. For example...

sea voyages by europeans in the 15th century evidence of trading by Zimbabwe in the 14th and 15th century with countries such as China and Iran

What does steger mean by globality?

signfies a social condition characterised by tight economic, political, cultural and environmental interconnectedness and flows underpinned by technological innovation that have rendered most national borders and boundaries irrelevant.

Moving on now to the significance of different dimensions of globalisation, including cultural, political and economic

slayyyy

Perspecives on globalisation

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Moving on to sceptics, optimists/transformationalists and globalists

slayyyyyyyyyyyy

Globalisation is also a term used to describe the...

spreading of cultural practices and ideas

Sen (optimistic/transformationalist)

suggests that globalisation represents hope for all humanity because it will produce a universal techno-scientific culture which will liberate people from poverty

Llosa (optimistic/transformationalist)

suggests that much war and conflict is caused local cultural differences. Therefore, the quicker that local cultures merge into a single globe culture the better.

However, there has been arguments that the term globalisation is a very old process but accelerated recently due to...

technological developments

Malone suggets

that global subcultures are a from of hybridity in contemporary societies, in which global styles are given a unique local interpretation by different cultural groups . For example, hip-hop exists as a global youth culture based on a particular style/identity. However, the meaning of this style is intepretated differently by different youths in different countries. Therefore, this produces globalised youth subcultures.

This goes against The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) which states?

the cornerstone of the human rights system, asserts that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

These ideas create tension between two areas...

the local or particular, characterised in terms of high levels of cultural diversity. the global or universal, characterised in terms of homogeneity.

Steven

Argues that 'for the past century, US political and economic influence has been aided immensely by US film and music. Mass advertising of western culture icons such as Mcdonalds and coca-cola has resulted in their logos becoming powerful symbols to people, especially young people, in the less industrialized world, because they imply that they need to adopt western consumer lifestyles in order to modernise. Therefore, eventually undermine and even destroy rich local cultures and identities.

Martell

Argues that global processes are sweeping away significant territorial boundaries and bringing about the global homogenisation of cultural tastes. allowing majority of the population to have similar leisure habitats and language

Thompson

Argues that the world is divided into three major regional economic blocs; north and central america, europe and asia. While economic globalisation may be takin place within each regional bloc, there is limited competition between them, and other parts of the world are effectively excluded from globalisation.

Giddens, point 2

Argues that there are 'some sceptics who believe that although communication and economies are becoming more global. it is not a globalised world'.

What does Steger mean by glocalisation?

As globality increases, it produces a dynamic global-local nexus which changes the character of both the national and local.

Name a second statistic on languages in the future.

At the end of 2020, the series Call of duty had over 250 million players, up from 70 million people who played call of duty in 2018.

Name two other things as why feminists think globalisation is positive?

Globalisation has created opportunities for women around the world to work together, creating transnational networks of people with shared political commitments Globalisation involves the spread of ideas about gender inequality which can help women around the world argue for justice.

What is the TNC?

Businesses that have globalised their operations to produce and sell around the world and employ many people from many different countries.

Harvey (marxism)

Capitalism has been an international phenomenon for hundreds of years. All we are experiencing at the moment is an extension/continuation/evolution of the western form of capitalist production and trade. As the logic of capitalism propels manufacturing and marketing to seek greater profit in the global arena.

This view is put forward by...

Chanda

Name an example of how globalisation is positive for people

China's GDP growth over the last ten years (from 2001) appears to be directly correlated with its growth in exports.

Hoschild (feminism)

Describes 'global care chains' as the exchange of services around the world women work but often send money back

This can be referred to as...

Disembedding

Giddens

Distanciation is the separation of space and time

However, it can be argued that globalisation can be reversed as...

Donald Trump turned against free trade and imposed tariffs on some goods coming into the USA

Name a second reason as to how cultural differences are disappearing due to globalisation

Due to technological advances

Steger

Globalisation is an unstoppable juggernaut Globalisation is made up of three processes; globality, global imagining and glocalisation

How are cross territorial borders connected in a variety of ways...

Ethnoscapes- reflect how people of different cultures physically interact. Technoscapes- reflect the interaction of different forms of technology and its cultural adaptations and uses. Finanscapes- refer to the interplay of financial relationships and their effect on political and social cultures. Mediascapes- involve the flow of information across different societies and cultures. Ideoscapes- reflect how people interact in terms of the exchange of images and ideas.

Name an example of how some cultures are inferior from globalisation?

Everything is now being westernised and American culture in having an influence on other nations such as the clothing and international companies/brands.

Name one thing feminist think about globalisation?

Feminists have recognised that due to globalisation certain societal structures clearly have a gender dimension.

What do feminists recognise?

Feminists recognise intersectionality systems of oppression interact so that gender injustices cannot be understood only in terms of gender around the world.

People act local in various ways. For example, groups or individuals in their local area may attempt to reduce their carbon emissions and climate change. One form of this is...

Mundialisation

For instance, a jamaican couple named...

Oneita and Clive Thompson demonstrated this idea when they...

name an example of territorial boundaries disappearing?

Schengen area

What are the statistics of human trafficking?

The International Labour Organization estimates that there are 2.5 million trafficking victims who are living in exploitive conditions and another 1.2 million people who are trafficked across and within borders. Women account for more than 50% percent of all trafficking victims.

Define globalisation

The increasing interconnectedness and interdependency of the worlds nation and their people into a single global, economic, political system.

What do sceptics believe in?

The sceptic perspective highlights that the world has seen greater, rather than lesser, nationalism in certain areas. This is often a response to perceived or real threats of globalisation (Milner 2020). An example of this could be in America, where Trump gained support for his campaign to reduce the number of migrants in the Country.

What has this caused?

The widespread subjugation of women, with males being in charge.

Name one reason as why globalisation is not causing the disappearance of cultural differences

There is still a strong sense of countries being independent, distinct and separate from others due to the increase in world wide issues.

This is evident in global cultural icons, what is this?

They export aspects of their culture to their foreign fans, who read about their lifestyle and may adopt aspects of other cultures such as tattoos and dress codes in order to conform to expectations of their 'idol'.

Name one way as to how globalisation exploits women?

Through human trafficking Globalization has provided for an easier means of exploiting those living in poverty who are seeking better lives, it also has provided for dramatic improvements in transportation and communications with which to facilitate the physical processing of persons.

Name three things transformationalists thinks?

Transformationalist views like globalists and sceptics see globalisation as unstoppable. Transformationalists believe globalisation can be controlled and steered in a positive direction and does not necessarily have any unavoidable consequences. Transformationalist believe that instead of cultures being swamped by the western culture they believe they can merge and create a new vibrant hybrid. Transformationalists point to an example of new forms of music combining like traditional and modern merging to create new cultures which can then develop in a new cultural context.

What else does Chua state?

Trumps epitomises americanism- with him in power, any other groups feel more threatened than the straight white male.

Wallerstein (marxism)

World systems theory Core- exploit peripheral- america and australia Peripheral- dependent on countries for resources- chile Semi-peripheral- share a bit of both- Brazil

What does globalisation cause?

a single one world culture where diversity and culture is lost.

Define global culture

a single world culture, in which distinctive ways of life (language, clothing, norms and values) have been lost

Describe the Schengen area?

an area comprising of 26 European countries, which have abolished all passport and all types of border control at their mutual borders.

Parekh and Wilcox (feminism)

argue that because of the conditions of war that economic and political globalisation has brought, there is now a system that's hostile and antagonistic towards women.

Castells

argued that economic behaviour has entered this new phase with the development of globalised capitalism. Where older forms of capitalism has come into our new technological world.

Adamu

argues that global events/processes interact with local events/processes.

Chanda

argues that the globalisation of today is a continuation, more visible and faster, of a long historical process.

Finally, what does this do?

because of islamophobia some muslims make islam the main aspect of their identity and unification occurs.

How is TNC negative ?

because their economic activity increasingly takes place in virtual trading communities. This causes the breakdown of differences between the local, national, international and global.

State a good summary

the transmogrification of traditional religions and belief systems; the beginning of the disintegration of the traditional social fabrics and shared norms by consumerism

Name a third way as to how cultural differences are not disappearing?

there has been an ethnic revitalisation

Mcluhan

there is a shrinking of the 'real' world and the expansion of a technological village. This is known as the 'global village' We are becoming one village due to the media- communication is now instant.

Diversity and homogenisation between societies can have two different outcomes, what are they?

they can produced cultural hybrids based on the mixing of cultures in particular places and practices They can also produce arguments, by which the spread of ideas and images provoke reactions and resistance within and between different cultural groups. This is particularly relevant to ideas such as gender inequality which many be contested where established religious ideology may be patriarchal.

Politically, where and when did the term globalisation become common?

through the use of politicians such as Tony Blair globalisation was used to describe the ending of restrictions on trade and the movement of goods between nations.

Chua believes that this is evident in...

trumps victory in 2016

Define glocalisation

where people in developing countries select aspects of western culture and adapt them to their own particular needs.

What is meant by detraditionalisation?

where people question their beliefs about religion, marriage and gender roles due to having access to a multitude of online opinions.

What else happened in the Rana Plaza?

women done compulsory overtime and faced sexual harassment.