glomerular filtration
what does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increase in the luminal membrane?
aquaporins (release of h2o)
what two pressures oppose filtration and what are their values?
colloid osmotic pressure; capsular space pressure
glomerular filtration is a process of ________ driven by the ______ of the blood
diffusion; pressure
what force drives filtration at the glomerulus
hydrostatic blood pressure
two mechanisms that provide autoregulatory control over renal processes include
myogenic mechanism and macula densa cells
aldosterone is stimulated by a decrease in
sodium
what does aldosterone increase in the basolateral membrane
sodium
transport of what ion could cause the diffusion of the lumen into the interstitial space
sodium (main one)
the ASCENDING limb of the loop of henle is permeable to ________ but impermeable to _________
sodium, potasium, chloride; water
what is the role of the vasa recta
to maintain the osmotic gradient of the medulla (counter current exchanger)
what are the two re-absorption pathways through the tubular cell barrier
trancellular (through cells); paracellular (between cells-tight junction)
high osmolarity in the ascending loop of henle will cause afferent arterioles to constrict by releasing
vasal constricting chemicals
in periods of extreme stress the sympathetic nervous system will override autoregulation. an increase in sympathetic flow to the kidney will result in what two important effects that will aid maintenance of blood pressure
vasoconstrictor and release of renin
the simple squamous cells of the thin descending loop are permeable to _____ but impermeable to _____
water; sodium, potassium, chlorine
how can we cause water to diffuse from the lumen into the interstitial space?
increase osmolarity of the space
aldosterone is stimulated by an increase in
potassium
what is the role of the loop of henle?
reabsorption of water, sodium, potassium, and chloride (countercurrent mechanism)
what percent of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule
65%
