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14. A policy that sets emission standards for automobiles is an example of (A) regulatory policy (B) judicial policy (C) fiscal policy (D) distributive policy (E) monetary policy
(A) regulatory policy
57. When party members meet to nominate a candidate for office, they participate in which of the following? (A) General election (B) Caucus (C) Blanket primary (D) Open primary (E) Closed primary
(B) Caucus
52. Which of the following groups would be most likely to support a constitutional amendment banning all abortions? (A) Conservatives (B) Libertarians (C) Independents (D) Liberals (E) Moderates
(A) Conservatives
26. Which of the following clauses in the Constitution justifies the "implied powers doctrine" ? (A) The necessary and proper clause (B) The privileges and immunities clause (C) The contract clause (D) The debts and engagements clause (E) The executive power clause
(A) The necessary and proper clause
38. A writ of habeas corpus refers to (A) a person's right to know the reasons for his or her imprisonment (B) a person's right to not be charged for an action committed before that action was a crime (C) a person's right to trial by jury (D) the protection against cruel and unusual punishment (E) a demand from one state to extradite a suspect from another state
(A) a person's right to know the reasons for his or her imprisonment
46. The United States Constitution says that Congress has the power to coin money. This is an example of (A) an enumerated power (B) an implied power (C) an inherent power (D) a reserved power (E) a concurrent power
(A) an enumerated power
24. Congress has the constitutional power to control the judicial branch by (A) determining the size of the Supreme Court (B) nominating the chief justice of the Supreme Court (C) limiting the length of judicial terms (D) reducing the salary of judges while they are sitting (E) altering the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
(A) determining the size of the Supreme Court
13. The supremacy clause in the Constitution states that (A) federal law takes precedence over state law when the laws conflict (B) only Congress may declare war (C) the Senate should have a greater role in foreign affairs than does the House of Representatives (D) the federal government has the right to regulate interstate commerce (E) the Supreme Court has the power to overturn decisions of lower courts
(A) federal law takes precedence over state law when the laws conflict
7. Much of the steady increase in federal government expenditures since 1960 has been caused by (A) increases in entitlement programs (B) higher interest rates caused by an increase in the discount rate (C) the provisions of the Gramm-RudmanHollings Act (D) increased purchases of United States government securities by foreign investors (E) the growth of the United States trade imbalance
(A) increases in entitlement programs
22. The expansion of the executive branch since 1939 has affected the separation of powers by (A) increasing presidential control over the legislative process (B) increasing the power of the media as a result of more frequent presidential press conferences (C) reducing the power of the Supreme Court through the use of executive orders (D) giving more power to interest groups than to parties (E) making senatorial approval of presidential appointees ceremonial
(A) increasing presidential control over the legislative process
59. A difference between the House of Representatives and the Senate is that in the House (A) legislative activity on the floor is more constrained by rules (B) committees are less important in the decision-making process (C) junior members have more influence over legislative decisions (D) party leaders are less powerful (E) bills are more likely to be amended on the floor
(A) legislative activity on the floor is more constrained by rules
18. Children are most likely to adopt the party identification (A) of their parents (B) of the president (C) of their friends (D) of their teachers (E) endorsed by the media
(A) of their parents
60. To which level of government did the Bill of Rights originally apply? (A) State governments only (B) Federal government only (C) State and federal governments only (D) Local and federal governments only (E) Local, state, and federal governments
(B) Federal government only
32. Interest groups are protected under the Constitution by the (A) provisions of Article I, Section 8 (B) First Amendment (C) Ninth Amendment (D) Tenth Amendment (E) Fourteenth Amendment
(B) First Amendment
31. Which of the following best accounts for the lack of success generally encountered by minor political parties in electing members to the House or Senate? (A) Political action committee (PAC) contributions are restricted by law to the two major parties. (B) General elections in the United States are based on the winner-take-all principle. (C) House and Senate rules exclude members of minor parties from organizing coalitions with the major parties. (D) The public has great faith in the two major political parties. (E) Some states outlaw minor political parties.
(B) General elections in the United States are based on the winner-take-all principle.
21. The doctrine of stare decisis is significant for which of the following reasons? (A) It establishes the jurisdiction of federal courts in litigation involving two or more states. (B) It is the principle that affirms that courts are bound by prior decisions. (C) It is the policy by which the Supreme Court decides which of the appellate cases it will hear. (D) It directs states to provide a lawyer for people who cannot pay for their own legal defense. (E) It holds high courts responsible for determining the constitutionality of proposed legislation before it becomes law.
(B) It is the principle that affirms that courts are bound by prior decisions.
4. Which of the following describes the president's Cabinet? (A) It consists of career civil servants with decades of experience in government service. (B) Its members have varying levels of influence on presidential decisions. (C) Its members hold office for fixed terms that coincide with the president's. (D) Its members must be selected from among current or former members of Congress. (E) Its members are required to approve presidential policy decisions.
(B) Its members have varying levels of influence on presidential decisions.
25. Which of the following is most important for getting an accurate measure of public opinion in a survey? (A) Surveying only cell phone users (B) Selecting a random sample (C) Asking leading questions (D) Contacting only registered voters (E) Conducting the survey online
(B) Selecting a random sample
43. The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (McCain-Feingold) was designed to curtail which of the following? (A) Individual contributions to candidates (B) Soft money (C) Hard money (D) Public disclosure rules (E) Lobbying
(B) Soft money
40. Which of the following amendments to the Constitution most likely provides the basis for a driver to challenge the constitutionality of police use of sobriety checkpoints in enforcing drunk driving laws? (A) The First Amendment right to petition the government for a redress of grievances (B) The Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable search and seizure (C) The Fifth Amendment protection against self-incrimination (D) The Eighth Amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment (E) The Tenth Amendment right of states to powers not given to the national government
(B) The Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable search and seizure
11. Which of the following best explains why the winner of a presidential election usually claims to have a mandate from voters? (A) The president's party often wins a majority of seats in Congress by riding the president's coattails. (B) The allocation of electoral votes in the winner-take-all system exaggerates the margin of victory. (C) Presidents are allowed to implement their legislative agendas without interference during their first term. (D) The new president is allowed to replace a significant number of justices on the Supreme Court. (E) The incoming president automatically gains control of Congress.
(B) The allocation of electoral votes in the winner-take-all system exaggerates the margin of victory.
29. The framers of the Constitution designed which of the following to be LEAST responsive to public opinion? (A) The office of the president (B) The courts (C) Congress (D) The electoral college (E) Political parties
(B) The courts
12. Typically, presidential candidates implement their campaign strategies by (A) applying their resources evenly among the states, because they must win popular votes in a majority of the states to be elected (B) focusing on larger, competitive states, because they might tip the balance of the electoral college (C) focusing on small states, because these states have proportionally more electoral votes than more populous states have (D) ignoring the electoral college, because the popular vote determines the outcome of the election (E) ignoring the electoral college, because more states are moving away from the winnertake-all system
(B) focusing on larger, competitive states, because they might tip the balance of the electoral college
48. Constitutional checks and balances, especially applied to the president, are designed to (A) provide for a balanced budget (B) minimize the threat of tyranny from any one branch of government (C) ensure that the states do not become too powerful (D) ensure efficient government (E) ensure that the federal government is militarily strong
(B) minimize the threat of tyranny from any one branch of government
56. If a college's admission policy to reserve twenty seats in its incoming class for applicants belonging to racial minority groups is challenged in the courts, a judge is likely to (A) uphold the policy because it provides additional opportunities for minority applicants (B) strike down the policy because reserving seats amounts to a quota system (C) strike down the policy because the percentage of seats reserved is less than the percentage of minority citizens in the general population (D) uphold the policy because only a small percentage of the total seats for incoming students are affected (E) strike down the policy because it did not apply to women as well as racial minorities
(B) strike down the policy because reserving seats amounts to a quota system
6. The concept of realignment refers to changes in (A) the United States system of international alliances (B) the social bases of the parties' voting support (C) the media's criticism of the president and Congress (D) spending priorities in the federal budget (E) the rate of voter participation
(B) the social bases of the parties' voting support
53. Which of the following is true of the relationship between Congress and executive agencies? (A) The agencies were created by and work under the direction of Congress. (B) Agencies, once created, work totally independent of Congress. (C) Because the agencies have bureaucratic expertise, Congress delegates "rule-making authority" to them. (D) Because of differing objectives, their relationships are always adversarial. (E) Congress creates, staffs, and supervises all executive agencies.
(C) Because the agencies have bureaucratic expertise, Congress delegates "rule-making authority" to them.
55. Policy that describes the impact of the federal budget (including taxes, spending, and borrowing) on the economy is referred to as which of the following? (A) Monetary policy (B) Trade policy (C) Fiscal policy (D) Antitrust policy (E) Capitalist policy
(C) Fiscal policy
34. If Congress wanted to effect a change in the Social Security payroll tax, to what congressional committee would the task initially be assigned? (A) House Appropriations Committee (B) Senate Appropriations Committee (C) House Ways and Means Committee (D) House Rules Committee (E) Senate Finance Committee
(C) House Ways and Means Committee
50. Which of the following is an example of presidential use of informal powers? (A) President Ronald Readan nominating Sandra Day O'Connor to the United States Supreme Court (B) President John F. Kennedy negotiating the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty with the Soviet Union (C) President Bill Clinton advocating for public policy reform on his Health Security Express bus (D) President George W.Bush deploying United States troops to Iraq (E) President Barak Obama delivering the State of the Union address to Congress
(C) President Bill Clinton advocating for public policy reform on his Health Security Express bus
58. Which of the following is an example of the constitutional design of checks and balances? (A) The federal government requires state governments to provide unemployment insurance. (B) The Supreme Court overturns a lower court's ruling on the application of the Fourth Amendment. (C) The Senate rejects a president's nomination for secretary of state. (D) The Federal Communications Commission revokes the license of a radio station for hate speech. (E) The Office of Management and Budget rejects a proposed regulation of air quality standards.
(C) The Senate rejects a president's nomination for secretary of state.
54. Which of the following is the primary reason for the tensions that exist between the legislative and executive branches of the federal government? (A) Each branch sets and approves the other's budget. (B) The branches are staffed with many of the same people. (C) The branches have different constituencies with different interests. (D) The branches are responsible for the selection of Cabinet-level officials. (E) Each branch has the constitutional power to levy taxes.
(C) The branches have different constituencies with different interests.
28. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service will spend money appropriated by Congress to maintain wildlife refuges. This action is an example of (A) the power of the filibuster (B) congressional oversight of the bureaucracy (C) bureaucratic implementation of law (D) an unfunded mandate (E) an independent expenditure
(C) bureaucratic implementation of law
19. The media's effect on public opinion can best be described as (A) influencing older citizens' opinions of incumbents (B) affecting the public's views on domestic policy only (C) influencing which issues the public sees as important (D) changing well-educated people's views on foreign policy (E) influencing the public's views on controversial issues only
(C) influencing which issues the public sees as important
15. The idea that judges ought to freely strike down laws that are inconsistent with their understanding of the Constitution is known as (A) original intent (B) judicial restraint (C) judicial activism (D) judicial review (E) stare decisis
(C) judicial activism
37. The practice in Congress whereby Representative A promises to vote for Representative B's legislation, provided that Representative B will support Representative A's legislation, is referred to as (A) personal casework and services (B) partisan discipline (C) logrolling (D) pork barrel legislation (E) filibustering
(C) logrolling
27. Interest groups use political action committees (PACs) to (A) provide expertise to members of Congress when they are writing legislation (B) lobby the executive bureaucracy when they are considering new rules and regulations (C) raise and spend money on election campaigns (D) generate research that can be used to influence public opinion (E) hire policy experts who will promote their views in the media
(C) raise and spend money on election campaigns
49. Civil rights activists, such as those who campaign for gay and lesbian equal rights and those who advocated for racial equality in the 1950s and 1960s, often find the most effective way to secure those rights is (A) through mass demonstrations to raise awareness of their cause (B) through lobbying of individual members of Congress for support on legislation (C) through litigation in the courts to gain legal protections against discrimination (D) by launching educational campaigns to increase the level of public support for their cause (E) by persuading presidents to issue executive orders that prevent discrimination within the federal workforce
(C) through litigation in the courts to gain legal protections against discrimination
41. Which of the following is the main reason interest groups are often successful in getting legislation passed to benefit their members? (A) It is easy to garner support from most members of Congress on any issue. (B) All members of society desire the legislation that special interests pursue. (C) It is very easy to get legislation passed in Congress. (D) A narrow constituency derives the benefits from such legislation but the costs are spread broadly across the population. (E) Interest group activity represents the democratic process at work because individual interest groups often represent more than half the population.
(D) A narrow constituency derives the benefits from such legislation but the costs are spread broadly across the population.
51. Which of the following is NOT a trait of a liberal democracy? (A) Holding regular, frequent, and competitive elections (B) Protecting minority rights (C) Having a lively and free press (D) Achieving income equality (E) Guaranteeing equality in voting
(D) Achieving income equality
30. Which of the following identifies the formal procedure for ending a filibuster? (A) Oversight (B) Logrolling (C) Pocket veto (D) Cloture (E) Discharge petition
(D) Cloture
9. Congress is most likely to exert oversight of the executive bureaucracy in which of the following ways? (A) Directly selecting the head of an executive agency (B) Impeaching the head of an executive agency (C) Using the Court to block implementation of proposed regulations (D) Controlling an executive agency's annual budget (E) Changing the term length of heads of independent regulatory commissions
(D) Controlling an executive agency's annual budget
42. The Connecticut (Great) Compromise drafted at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 is significant for which of the following reasons? (A) It established the presidential system and gave the United States Supreme Court power to serve as the ultimate arbiter of constitutional disputes. (B) It allowed southern states to count each slave as three-fifths of one person for determining representation in the House of Representatives. (C) It provided equality of representation among the states in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. (D) It proposed a Senate with equal representation for each state and a House of Representatives with membership established according to the population of each state. (E) It denied Congress the power to establish tariffs on exported merchandise.
(D) It proposed a Senate with equal representation for each state and a House of Representatives with membership established according to the population of each state.
35. Which of the following statements is supported by the information in the table? (A) Strong Democrats were more likely to vote their party identification than were strong Republicans. (B) Independents were less likely to vote than were party identifiers. (C) There was no difference among Independents voting for candidates of either party. (D) Partisanship was a good predictor of the way a person voted. (E) The number of strong Democrats was less than the number of strong Republicans.
(D) Partisanship was a good predictor of the way a person voted
2. Which of the following types of committee deals with broad areas of public policy and can be found in both houses of Congress? (A) Rules (B) Select (C) Joint (D) Standing (E) Conference
(D) Standing
3. Which of the following explains why any attempt to reduce Social Security benefits is difficult? (A) The Supreme Court has ruled that benefits are constitutionally required. (B) Interest groups concerned with Social Security are ineffective. (C) The global economy makes government insurance programs necessary. (D) There are many voters who support Social Security. (E) Government cannot predict the number of new retirees each year.
(D) There are many voters who support Social Security.
33. The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution, the Equal Rights Amendment, and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 were all directed toward the goal of (A) protecting the rights of minority children in the schools (B) overcoming discrimination based on sexual orientation (C) racial justice (D) equality for women (E) affirmative action
(D) equality for women
8. Establishing the boundaries of United States congressional districts to give one party an advantage over another party is referred to as (A) raiding (B) apportionment (C) reapportionment (D) gerrymandering (E) filibustering
(D) gerrymandering
47. The primary purpose of the North American Free Trade Agreement is to (A) strengthen the mutual defense agreements between the countries of western Europe (B) set up a mutual defense agreement between the United States, Mexico, and Canada (C) encourage trade between the United States and the countries of western Europe (D) reduce trade barriers between the United States, Mexico, and Canada (E) set up a system whereby the countries that were formerly part of the Soviet Bloc could be admitted to North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(D) reduce trade barriers between the United States, Mexico, and Canada
5. The development and persistence of the two-party system in the United States is best accounted for by (A) the Twelfth Amendment (B) proportional representation (C) multimember legislative districts (D) single-member legislative districts (E) strong party loyalty of elected representatives
(D) single-member legislative districts
20. When people vote for some candidates from one party and other candidates from another party, it is called (A) dealignment (B) realignment (C) republicanism (D) ticket splitting (E) caucusing
(D) ticket splitting
36. Which of the following concepts refers to the beliefs about government and politics that people in the United States hold most deeply? (A) Ethnic pride (B) Party identification (C) Policy attitude (D) Group identity (E) Political culture
(E) Political culture
10. Which of the following statements about voting behavior in national elections is most accurate? (A) Men are more likely to vote than are women. (B) Blue-collar workers are more likely to vote than are professionals. (C) Those with less than a high school education are more likely to vote than are college graduates. (D) Democrats are more likely to vote than are Republicans. (E) Senior citizens are more likely to vote than are college students.
(E) Senior citizens are more likely to vote than are college students.
39. Which of the following is true of voter turnout in the United States? (A) Three-fourths of the electorate votes in a presidential election. (B) The South votes in larger numbers than does any other region of the country. (C) Men vote in larger numbers than do women. (D) There is no relationship between the age of the voter and participation rates. (E) The voter-participation rate is one of the lowest of any industrialized nation.
(E) The voter-participation rate is one of the lowest of any industrialized nation.
45. If legislation passes in both the House of Representatives and the Senate but each version is slightly different, the conflicting bills are sent to (A) a standing committee of each house for a vote (B) an ad hoc committee for judicial review (C) the Rules Committee of each house for reconciliation and compromise (D) the majority and minority leaders of both houses for compromise (E) a conference committee for review and compromise
(E) a conference committee for review and compromise
1. Congress adopted the War Powers Resolution to (A) give the president additional powers in case of military emergencies (B) delineate a clear chain of command in the event of nuclear war (C) criticize the president for declaring war without authorization from Congress (D) enable the president to commit troops to United Nations peacekeeping forces (E) limit the president's authority to commit troops overseas
(E) limit the president's authority to commit troops overseas
16. Of the following, the most significant difference between the Constitution of 1787 and the Articles of Confederation was that the Constitution (A) made states sovereign over the national government, while the Articles were based on national sovereignty (B) was difficult to amend, while the Articles included an easier process requiring approval by a simple majority of states (C) provided for a presidential system of government, while the Articles provided for a parliamentary system of government (D) created a dominant national executive, while the Articles established a dominant national legislature (E) provided for a strong national government with many powers, while the Articles created a weak central government with few independent powers
(E) provided for a strong national government with many powers, while the Articles created a weak central government with few independent powers
44. The Americans with Disabilities Act was widely unpopular with governors and mayors because it (A) required that people with disabilities be given equal access to public facilities (B) required that buildings be retrofitted or remodeled to give equal access to people with disabilities (C) did not go far enough to establish equal access to public facilities (D) applied only to federal facilities and did nothing to accommodate people in municipal buildings (E) required that states and cities pay for federally mandated construction and remodeling
(E) required that states and cities pay for federally mandated construction and remodeling
23. The most significant trend in federal-state relations during the 1980s was (A) giving the federal government control over social welfare programs (B) bringing about greater equality in the provision of social services in different states (C) limiting state governments' ability to assess income taxes (D) expanding the authority of county and municipal governments at the expense of state governments (E) shifting the responsibilities and costs for many programs to state governments
(E) shifting the responsibilities and costs for many programs to state governments
17. The term "bicameralism" refers to the (A) establishment of two legislative chambers that have different structures and rules (B) members of the House of Representatives having two-year terms (C) president having veto power over both chambers of Congress (D) members of the House and Senate having to appease their mutual constituencies (E) checks that Congress has over the federal bureaucracy
A) establishment of two legislative chambers that have different structures and rules
