GOV 312L Exam 2

Media Ownership (4 Types)

(1) Competitive news markets-when you have multiple news organizations competing for the same audience. Not owned by the same organization (2) News Monopolies-a single firm owns all the media outlets (3) Concentration of Ownerships-industry controlled by a few firms (4) Cross media ownership-when a company owns not just newspapers but also television, radio stations, etc. In contrast to owning just one company.

8 Values in Media Coverage of Politics

(1) Ethnocentrism (2) Altruism Democracy (3) Responsible Capitalism (4) Small-Town Pastoralism (5) Individualism (6) Moderatism or Incrementalism (7) Social Order (8) National Leadership

Media Coverage of the Civil Rights Movement

-Accounts of coverage have been over-generalized and oversimplified -coverage varied over time, media, outlet, and setting -coverage focused more in the later end of the civil right movement and on the violent protests -Southern news outlets didn't really cover the civil rights movement -newspapers didn't have as much background information than TV coverage -TV coverage tended to focus on whites accounts of the movement -Impact of coverage overstated

Media Coverage of the Chicano Movement

-Chicano-Mexican descent usually concentrated in California -Movement surrounded labor rights-fairness and equity particularly among migrant farm workers -Difficult to make an overall assessment because of the small amount of coverage -coverage was parallel to that of the civil Rights Movement, although not nearly as extensive -Events that were seen as non-violent received more favorable coverage while violent leaders and events received less favorable coverage.

El Misisipi

-First Latino Newspaper -Founded in NEw Orleans in 1808 -Pro-spain (existed for 2 years)

Media Bias

-Giving one candidate more favorable coverage -Giving one candidate more coverage -More accurately portray campaign messages of a preferred candidate -Negativity bias (mostly created by focusing on conflict) •Why more Negative? o Decreased coverage of policy issues (doesn't lend itself to positive or negative biases) o Increased coverage of the horserace of campaign issues o increased reliance on interpretive campaign stories (people providing a narrative on objective facts) o Decreasing reliance on descriptive campaign stories (these were typically positive) o use sound bite news instead of in-depth coverage (take something and remove it from context and use it in anyway you want) o Increased use of journalists as experts to counterweight candidates o Emergence of candidate-centered campaigns (more mud slinging and more candidate on candidate debate)

Political learning

Effects tend to be pretty modest and depends on how much information we have prior to campaign

Media Coverage of the Asian American Movement

-No systematic analysis of media coverage of Asian-American movement -No real movement because there are so many different types of people under this umbrella term -Parallel press played a key role in movement by promoting solidarity and assisting in organizing and publicizing events

Karaoke

-Originated in Japan in 1972 -Custom of informal amateur singing -seen as reclamation of mass mediated music

Consequences of Concentrated Media Ownership

-Tends to be market driven, more on turning a profit. These involve a lot of focus groups to figure out what people are most interested in reading rather than objective determinants of newsworthiness -Determined on ratings -Less journalist driven

Media Coverage of the American Indian Movement

-Used a strategy that incorporated conflict and novelty -The idea that they were claiming a piece of land -In this instance, they were able to get coverage but they lost control of the framing of the issue -Really wanted to focus on civil rights but media coverage centered on the sense of militancy and the particular dramatic events that unfolded

Ethnic Blame Theory

-frames the problem behavior committed by ethnic others as intergroup conflict -crime associated with race -black and latino perpetration of crime may occur more frequently than whites

• What are key similarities of, and differences between, indigenous media for different groups? (make sure to include at least one example of each)

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• When do interest groups succeed in having their voices heard? What obstacles do they face?

1. Groups must get Coverage 2. Coverage that's sympathetic Media strategies are an additional resource for often resource-poor interest groups. If you have a good enough strategy, you don't need a lot of resources to get media attention. Media strategies bring attention to issues to help mobilize public support and elite support. o When Will Interest Groups be Successful: First, groups must get covered. Second, groups must get favorable/sympathetic coverage. o A Transactional Analysis: Argues that the level of power of an interest group relative to the media outlet is the key to understanding the success of the interest group. o 7 Rules of Transaction (When will interest groups be successful): 1. The media's centrality to a conflict depends on the level of power of the interest group 2. The lower the level of the interest group's resources, the greater the level of media influence on the interest group 3. The higher the interest group's resources and/or newsworthy behavior, the greater the group's influence on the media 4. The higher the level of the news medium's social and political status, the greater the level of media influence on the interest group. 5. Influence on the news media depends on the interest group's level of relative newsworthiness. i.e. conflict & violence, timing 6. An interest group's influence on the news media depends on the interest group's level of event information and control. 7. Media influence on an interest group depends on the interest group's political goals. Obstacles The biggest obstacle is the interest group's level of power relative to the media outlet. Media coverage can both help and hinder interest group's cause. To summarize potential obstacles, • Lower power and resources = the media having a greater influence on the interest group. • Lower level of interest group resources = greater media influence. • The higher the level of news medium's social/political status = greater level of media influence on interest group. • Lower relative newsworthiness = less influence on media. • Lower event information & control = less influence on the news media.

Native American Newspapers

A lot of them have to do with protest against media portrayal and government-Native American disputes (particularly with property disputes). Tend to be very focused on the local community. Stories tend to focus on issues and problems related to local communities. Tends to be more positive in indigenous media than it does in mainstream media. There are no stories related to anything else. Only focuses on Native Americans. Independent of anything related to the Us government. However, they tend to be very heavily controlled by the tribal governments. In this way, they don't have the same autonomy that mainstream newspapers would.

Symbols

visual or verbal cues that allow you to convey information (ex. Recycling sign, stop sign)

Contrast Ideas

Ads that contrast the positions of the sponsoring candidate and of the opponent

Advocacy Ideas

Ads that highlight the sponsoring candidate's issue positions or values.

Attack Ideas

Ads that specifically mention the candidate's opponent

Visibility

Amount of coverage received. Contingent on the candidate's viability.

The Korean Times

An integral part of Asian American communities that protect ethnic culture and interest in a community which previously lacked well organized social institution.

Transactional Analysis

Argues that the level of power of an interest group relative to the media outlet is the key to understanding the succes of an interest group. The more power the media outlet has, the less influence you will have on the media outlet. If you are a localized interest group or social movement, you are more likely to be covered in local news. In order to make the national news, you would have to do something that is relative to the nation as a whole or at least relevant to a subgroup of the nation.

Black Television

BET started in 1980. It originally covered racial issues and black history that were not routinely a part of mainstream channels. Viewers dran to BET tended to have high "racial orientations" (a sense of racial distinctiveness and pride) that the programming reinforced.

Stereotypes of Black Candidates

Dishonest and Amoral Dangerous and Threatening Novel and Different

Birmingham Campaign

Birmingham i. Targeted three stores, counted stools/chairs, sat at restaurants that were segregated and those protestors were arrested ii. Change in administration (Bull Connor was not elected as mayor, new government officials) but the new administration had not had time to adjust and MLK had already began protesting and community wanted to drive the protestors out iii. MLK led a demonstration to go to jail after being unable to raise funds to get the current people imprisoned out. White clergy said that his demonstration was bad timing but MLK replied back that the black community had waited too long and there was never a right time to demonstrate iv. Began to use children as protestors because they did not have financial responsibility of going to work and paying the bills, had same effect of taking a jail spot, 700 children were arrested v. Children and many others were protesting, Bull Connor ordered the shooting of fire hoses on the demonstrators, dogs against the protestors, gained national publicity vi. This was a huge usage of media in demonstrating to the nation about the struggles, images of the dog and water hoses provoked angry violent responses vii. Constant demonstration, police workers working 7 days a week around the clock, the struggle had to be met somehow viii. With no trees to block the water hose, people took the direct hit of water pressure, 2500 people arrested, 2,000 were juveniles ix. A huge riot fight broke out as business administration were conferencing, a resolution was reached - desegregation of stores, employment opportunities of blacks, x. Won a much needed victory and gained national attention xi. Someone had bombed outside the room MLK was staying at, set fries to many buildings and beatings were rampant, spread tension to cities surrounding Birmingham xii. Kennedy finally took action - race has no place in American life or law, pushed for new civil rights bill but heard of a large march gathering, was afraid it would incite more violence xiii. Huge march was organized in Washington, demonstrated jobs and freedom, many black and white advocates from all over the nation, very well organized, marched from Washington monument to Lincoln Memorial - over 250,000 participants xiv. John Lewis speech criticized the civil rights movement, begged them to rewrite their speech, and they did xv. MLKs speech - let freedom ring, free at last

• How are racial images on the news similar to those found in entertainment media? Are these images accurate? Provide evidence.

Blacks Stories focus on crime poverty and urban unrest (Race Riots), they are more likely to be the criminals. This is similar to the entertainment industry where they are usually the enemy and or coonish. Successful or positive news coverage of African Americans is used to hide institutional racism. Asians In the entertainment industry they are the brains of the operation, the "model minority" and in the news as well they perpetuate this stereotype. Native Americans Always seen as either savages or victims in entertainment like in Pocahontas, in the news they are almost completely forgotten. They use the steretoypes of this group to justify government response. Latinos According to population are the least represented in the US on the news and share a lot of the same stereotypes as the other minorities. According to Dixon and Linz blacks are incredibly overrepresented in crime rates and negative representation in the news while whites and latinos are underrepresented.

Determinants of Campaign Effectiveness

Campaign Effects (A campaign's effectiveness depends on: o Exposure-1 sided or 2 sided o Acceptance Some of this is contingent on education and crystallization of beliefs. The more educated you are the less persuadable you are. The Michigan Model: Party identification (which party you have more of a psychological connection with), issue positions (issues may go in and out of focus/priming & framing-if media focuses on econ then we will judge candidate on econ , candidate image (are they trustworthy leader, good communicator, share our values?. Scholars at U of M tried to determine ways to predict ways people vote by the info given

The Willie Horton Ad

Campaign ad that racially polarized the electorate during the 1988 presidential election. Executing Hortons: Racial Crime in the 1988 Presidential Campaign (Mendelberg 1997) • Examines the way in which racial campaigns prime racial predispositions Methods • Designed an experiment gauge impact of Willie Horton ad • 77 White students at the University of Michigan. Summary of Mendelberg (1997) • The Horton appeal was about race rather than crime • it mobilized whites' racial attitudes, not attitudes about crime • the consequences were greater resistance to policies perceived as illegitimately benefiting blacks.

Vote Choice

Campaign effects is most likely to be effective in competitive elections where on candidate is unknown

Covering Minorities in the News

Coverage of minorities in news is shaped by: -what and how much is covered (day to day life vs. a riot) -who is interviewed and which quotes are used -interpretation of the journalist -use of evaluative words -framing

Significance

Events that happen close to home—something that you feel will impact your life in some way. Can either affect nation or just locality. Tends to involve reporting concrete events. More news content than human interest stories

Foreign News Coverage

Everything that involves another country and the US. Media attention to external political matters focusing on events in other countries and other states and the US relationships with those nations. There is still a pattern here: First we like to cover the United States friends/allies and then our enemies

Native-American Radio

Explicitly Political: Core mission to maintaining and uplifting the Native American community. One of its central tenants is the preservation of native language and culture. Also to provide education and information. Heavily Controlled by Tribal Governments

Freedoms Journal

First newspaper produced by and for blacks. Arose out of two black freemen's frustration at the mainstream newspapers vilification of blacks and refusal to publish their letters to the editor. Aimed to report the accomplishments of Blacks, to encourage Blacks to strengthen their characters, and to seek by reason of persuasion the abolition of slavery.

Story Type Exclusion

Focusing on crime and conflict, etc. instead of on all stories relating to minorities

Chicago Defender

Gave a lot of attention to lynching of blacks. The defender was a forceful advocate for civil rights since its earliest days of publication and provided commentary on all aspects of racial discrimination, including prejudice of the white press.

• What can social movements do to ensure the best coverage?

Groups should: Communicate clear and narrow goals Have a single spokesperson Develop a professional organizational structure Plan large protests (go big or go home) Create new and changing images that are "newsworthy" Avoid internal conflict so the news doesn't focus on that Minimize violence

Community Interest

Has to appeal to targeted community. Appeals to community curiosity. Usually takes the form of human interest stories-appeal in someway to peoples sympathies or they are able to identify with. Examples: Role Reversals, Extraordinary People, Hero Stories, Exposes

Ricky Martin

His performance at the 198 Grammys marked the beginning of the "Latin Invasion in Music" in the 1990s

Agenda-Setting

How much media shapes our priorities. Transaction model-does not go in one way (its cyclical) the political elites, the media and the public influence each others agenda.

Geographic Exclusion

If a minority does not have a lot of presence in a community than they may be excluded based off of where they live

Subgroup Exclusion

Ignoring the variances and subgroups in minorities (e.g. Cubans and Puerto Ricans lumped in to the term "Hispanic")

Contemporary Asian Influence on American Media

Japanese Horror movies (US adaptations The Ring) Game shows (US Adaptations: Hole in the Wall)

External Effects of Stereotyping

Joies Act of 1917 • Korematsu v. United States •Operation Wetback •Prop. 187

• What are Leighley's final conclusions on the relevance of each model of the media for the current media environment in the United States?

Leighley finds that the profit seeker model seems to be the most supported. The weakening of the lines between the newsroom and the boardroom, the increased corporatization of the media business, budget cut-backs in news divisions, the "softening" of news content, and the topics commonly chosen for news coverage all confirm this claim. The reporter of objective fact model was fairly easily eliminated based on the world presented by the media. The media do more than just report objective facts; they sift through and choose which parts of the world to present, sometimes driven by objective reality, sometimes not. It also fails, because of the increase in entertainment news which is definitely not objective fact. Neutral adversary fails because the media rely on government officials as their main sources for the news. Reporters have rarely worked independently of government officials. Being critical of gov't officials is not the same as being a neutral adversary. Unfavorable info is often provided by competing elites. Typically not the result of investigative news by the press. Public Advocate model also fails because of the news media's reliance on gov't officials. Media do not put citizens in a central role as news sources and newsmakers. The propagandist model does not quite fit because media coverage of gov't officials has become increasingly negative. Evidence that the mass media audience is active in evaluating and processsing political information also suggests that a propagandist model is inaccurate.

• How do indigenous media differ from mainstream media?

Mainstream media preserves the status quo Indigenous media advocates protest

• Why would an interest group create a media strategy?

Media attention to issues help mobilize public support Media attention to issues help mobilize elite support Both can lead to policy solution

Free Media

Media coverage presented in public news programs that is "freely" available to political candidates in their pursuit of public office Good in a sense that you don't have to pay for it. o Have no control over how it covers you. o Campaign coverage focuses on horserace coverage o Media's issue emphasis is different from the canididates § Media prefer clear-cut issues § Candidates prefer diffuse issues o Horserace coverage affects who gets covered

Racialized Coverage

Media injecting race into a campaign

Indigenous Media

Media targeted toward particular racial/ethnic groups. • Indigenous media organizations were created due to a lack of coverage of minorities in mainstream media. Tend to be more positive than mainstream media and they tend to be a source of information and pride

ImaginAsian

Multi-media company based in NYC which focuses on entertainment featuring people of East Asian and South East Asian descent

Telemundo

NBC-owned Spanish-language television station

Personalized News

News that focuses on personalities, to which individuals can attach emotional meaning

Univision

News that premiers on this station usually lacks advocacy, relies on the same official government sources as the mainstream news, and is overtly patriotic and system supportive. Promotes itself as providing Latino-oriented news. It speaks to and helps create an imagined community of Hispanic Americans. Symbolically denationalizes its intended audience at it renationalizes them as US hispanics. Focuses on immigration stories, and includes political advocacy.

• What role do racial attitudes play in support for crime, immigration, welfare spending, and evaluations of presidential candidates? How do the media moderate the relationship between racial attitudes and support for public policies and candidates?

No evidence to suggest that media favor white candidates/politicians over minority candidates/politicians o Tone and amount of coverage contingent on the same factors for all candidates o Media do inject race into coverage, even when race is not emphasized by candidate/politician o Injection of race can have negative consequences for candidates • The Horton appeal was about race rather than crime • mobilized whites' racial attitudes, not attitudes about crime • consequences were greater resistance to policies perceived as illegitimately benefiting blacks. • Attitudes about immigration are highly contingent on stereotypical beliefs • While economic self-interest is significant, it is not as strong of an indicator as stereotypical beliefs • Opposition to welfare stems from stereotypical attitudes about Blacks, and negative attitudes about welfare recipients

• Do media personnel intentionally perpetuate racial stereotypes?

No, journalistic choices are based on such things as demographics, personal and professional values. Coverage of minorities in the news is shaped by: what and how much is covered, who is interviewed, framing, and the interpretation of the journalist.

Types of Campaign Effects

Political learning, Agenda-Setting, Turnout, Vote Choice

News and Newsworthiness

Report of Matters of some significance or interest to the specific community that news organizations serves Newsworthy •Journalists' assessment of what stories are most important and necessary to report to report

Effects of Stereotypes

Stigma-Categorizing and penalizing a group based on a set of shared characteristics Dominant Gaze-Equating stereotypes with the "truth"

Additional Obstacles faced by Social Movements Media Strategy

Still have to deal with the same obstacles faced by interest groups (transaction costs) (1) social movements seek to disrupt the status quo (2) social movements goals at offs with media's goals (3) coverage demonizes, marginalizes, and delegitimizes the group and its actions

Coverage of Hispanic Candidates and Politicians

Visibility -Dependent on incumbent status-e.g. incumbents get more coverage no matter race -Candidates from third parties are ignored Favorability -The ideology of the media outlet matters for the tone of coverage -Indigenous media assist Hispanic politicians/candidates in getting their messages out Racialization -Coverage is highly racialized

7 Rules of Transaction

Tells you under what circumstances you can expect to get media coverage. (1) The media's centrality to conflict depends on the level of power of the interest group. (2) The lower the interest group's resources and/or newsworthy behavior the greater the level of media influence on the interest group. The less power you have the more at the will of the media you are to their coverage (positive/negative/ how much you sell). (3) The higher the interest group's resources and/or newsworthy behavior the the greater the group's influence on the media (4) The higher the level of social and political status, the greater the level of media influence on the interest group. This talks abou the power of each media and the idea that all media are not created equal (5) Influence on news media depends on the interest group's level of relative newsworthiness. (6) An interest groups influence on the news media depends on the interest groups level of event and information control. (7) The media's influence on an interest group depends on the interest groups political goals.

Spreading Activation

The ability of the media to prime similarly linked mental constructs. There are lots of things linked by race (such as welfare to poor people, to people who commit crimes), so you will prime all things that are linked by race, so that one issue becomes applicable to many other issues unintentionally. For example, a news segment portraying the poor urban society as African Americans in the cities will prime viewers to believe that those people are the ones on welfare and because they are poor, they must be a significant part of the inner city crime rate.

Timeliness

The conveyance of information as soon as it is learned

Motown

The first black-owned record label First black label Name is derived from the motor city, Detroit, Michigan Founded by Berry Gordy, Jr, in 1959 Included people like the Jackson 5 and boyz 2 men The Motown sound • Defined by the use of orchestration, string sections, charted horn sections, carefully arranged harmonies, and called and response singing originating in gospel music Motown behind the scenes • Artist development to ensure crossover appeal Production Process Had its own set of house writers ex. Smokey Robinson

Coverage of Native American Candidates and Politicians

Visibility -Indian candidate/politicians are equally visible in the media as their white counterparts Favorability -Tone of coverage was balanced -Negative coverage occurred when "bad" things happen (this happens regardless of race) Racialization -Media do not racialize coverage -Racialized coverage reflected the injection of race by candidates/politicians

Horse Race/Game Coverage

The media's focus on the race between two candidates; who is ahead and who is behind, and what strategies the candidates are using. Typically, horserace coverage means that frontrunners get coverage, middlemen dont. Dark horses also get coverage

Cultivation Hypothesis

The more someone watches TV the more likely they are to believe what happens on TV is real

Sukiyaki

The only Asian song to reach the Billboard pop charts. Only one specifically Asian song "Sukiyaki" (1963) has made the Top 40 in the last forty years • There are no Asian-influenced musical genres that have become mainstream Charice Pempengco • First Asian artist to have a top ten album on the Billboard 200

Source Cues

The use of select sources at the expense of other select sources and the adjectives that journalists use to describe them. (Sources cited and source descriptors)

Paid Media

The use of television or other paid advertising by candidates

3 Critical Elements of the News

Timeliness o the conveyance of information as soon as it is learned • Community Interest o AKA appeals to community curiosity o Usually takes the form of human interest stories • Significance o Events that happen "close to home" o Reporting of concrete events

The Black Press

Very political motivation in the beginning but as the rights of blacks increased, the black press decreased in size and its goals moved towards gaining advertising and middle class readership

Coverage of Asian-American Candidates and Politicians

Visibility -No evidence to suggest amount of coverage is unbalanced -Asian-American candidates/politicians received coverage based on viability/seniority Favorability -Tone depends on competitor and presence of scandal -Positive coverage in the run-up to the election for Bobby Jindal. Only negative coverage started off after bad performance of response to State of Union Address Stereotypes -Model minority -Yellow Peril -Asexual Helper -Nerd-the response to State of Union played a little to much into this stereotype Racialization -Depends on how much race is emphasized by candidate/politician -By focusing on his deracialization, the media racialized it. -Emphasis on American dream racializes coverage

Coverage of Black Candidates and Politicians

Visibility -Tends to be no difference in amount of coverage received (relative to white candidates) -Black candidates and politicians receive as much or more coverage as white counterparts -Contingent on the candidate and the politician (viability) Favorability -No evidence to suggest that blacks receive more negative coverage Stereotypes -Dishonest and Amoral -Dangerous and Threatening -Novel and Different Racialization -Media inject race, even when candidates/politicians don't

Journalistic Choices

When journalists choose what should be news, they tend to follow patterns of choosing Demographics (different people choose differently) -Female vs. Male -Minority vs. White -Younger vs. Old Personal Values (different people choose differently) -Conservatives vs. Liberals -Republicans vs. Democrats Professional Values -Here are the values that journalists hold with respect to what they think that the media's role should be (actively involved in politics or just reporters of objective fact)

Authority Disorder Bias

When news dramas or crises develop, reporters place officials at the center of the plot and portray them as uncaring, scheming politicians who fail to restore order.

• Does minority ownership lead to better/different minority representation? How about minority inclusion in front of the camera?

Yes. Minority owned Media provides a more positive accurate depiction of racial ethnic groups.

Turnout

You want to make sure your base is energied and ready to go. Evidence on this is mixed-some say that more ads, the more likely people are to turn out. Some say that if you see your candidate is winning, people won't go out to vote. Some say bandwagon effect-If you think your winning you go out to vote, if you think you are losing than you don't vote.

The World Journal

chinese-language newspaper. Inform, entertain and politicize their audiences, building and nurturing their communities.

Fragmented News

features chronic problems that become newsworthy at the time. This may be existing conditions that have always been around and have just now reached higher levels (extraordinary conditions). This is news also associated with crisis.

Dramatized News

focuses on crisis or scandal. Tends to be more like a story and generally has more facts. An example would be an expose story that has a definite beginning, middle, or end.

The Golden Hills News

in San Francisco, was the first Asian pacific American in the US, publishing both news for chinese immigrant readers and english language editorials calling for fair treatment of Chinese coming to the california gold rush.

• Why has the number of indigenous media outlets been increasing?

indigenous media organizations were created from a lack of coverage of racial/ethnic groups by mainstream media • more positive depiction of racial/ ethnic groups • sources of intragroup communication, consciousness, and pride

Spanish-language press

irculation of Spanish-language dailies has more than tripled since 1990 -Ad revenues of Spanish-Language dailies have grown more than sevenfold since 1990. Spanish-Language Newspaper Ownership -Rooted in community papers -Increased as a result of increased immigration -Owners are local and the papers are unique to each community Early spanish newspapers were used to empower Hispanics. Many are owned by mainstream publishing companies and are produced to profit from a growing market rather than for political goals

Stereotype Theories of Social Cognition

may be formed by consistently seeing out-group members in stereotypical roles on tv over a long period of time

Cherokee Phoenix

newspaper founded in Georgia. Its mission was to unify the Cherokee people to protect their land but also to spread Christianity. Published in both English and Cherokee. Ran for about 6 years, but no longer in print.

• Why has media coverage of candidates become more negative?

o Decreased coverage of policy issues o Increased coverage of the horserace of campaign issues o increased reliance on interpretive campaign stories o Decreasing reliance on descriptive campaign stories o use sound bite news instead of in-depth coverage (take something and remove it from context and use it in anyway you want) o Increased use of journalists as experts to counterweight candidates o Emergence of candidate-centered campaigns

Structural Limitations Perspective

posits that the news-gathering process has an effect on the way that messages are framed

The Latin Invasion in Music

started with Ricky Martin in the 1988 Grammys. Crossover Success of Ricky Martin, Mark Anthony, Jennifer Lopez, Shakira, Julia Iglesias, jr, Enrique Iglesias

Meta-symbols

symbols-overarching group labels that members of organizations use to describe their organization (Pro-Choice, Pro-Life)

Domestic News Coverage

that which covers everything that happens in the United states (national, state or local level), Vast majority of our news is US centered. In other nations, news is not so center based. Tends to be dominated by nationally important figures (president, VP, etc.) We really like violence-rioters, protesters, victims of crime or natural disaster make the news

Issue Framing

the ability to structure the details of the debate; to define the terms on which the debate will be argued.

Issue Dualism

the tendency to present things as fair and balanced by presenting a counter point. Often times, this ends up emphasizing conflict.

Albany Campaign

xvi. After only one year of the doubts and failures in Albany was this great success, Kennedy saw the march as support for the passage of his civil rights bill xvii. 15 days after the march, bomb exploded injuring 15 people and killing 4 children, shook the movement to its core after the murder of these children xviii. This is during the time of Cold War, battling communists, the images spurred criticism from foreign nations, placing pressure on Kennedy to grant civil rights to Blacks

Minority Response to Media

• Access Programs aimed at increasing diversity in broadcast and print media • Advocacy Pressure groups that challenge FCC's issuing of licenses • Alternatives Growth of various indigenous media Largest is Spanish language media Happens mostly at the local level (because there is not typically a unifying language between this group)

Native Americans in the News

• Almost completely absent from the news, particularly in areas where there are small concentrations of Native Americans • Stereotypes tend to justify government response to what they call "the Indian problem" • Stereotypes tend to be characterized by the good Indian bad Indian dichotomy o Good Indians-childlike and vulnerable o Bad Indians-criminal and savage • Stereotypes-degraded Indian pagans, you also get Indian activists covered in the news.

Portrayals and Examples of Latinos in Film

• Hot-blooded lover • Gangster • immigrant • Entertainer Examples of Stereotypes • Scarface •Carlito's Way •Mi Vida Loca •American Me

• How has advertising benefited minorities in media? How has it harmed them?

• Minority images in advertising are designed to reflect the perceived values and norms of majority • Advertising parallels and reinforces entertainment and journalistic images in the media • Neutralizes of makes humorous the negative perceptions of racial minorities

News Values

• News Values-things that are deeply held abstract beliefs that affect what journalists think is important and how they view the world