GOVT: Chapter 3

When Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in 1932, there were more than _____ million workers who were employed by industry, compared to only 1 million in 1860.

10

The First National Bank of the United States was established in what year?

1791

Public support for federal domestic spending declined after the

1950s

In 2010, the Democratic-controlled Congress passed the ______, one of the largest expansions of federal authority since the 1960s.

Affordable Care Act

Who among the following were the authors of The Federalist Papers, which argued for ratifying the Constitution?

Alexander Hamilton and James Madison

Which of the following are reasons why the policy role of the federal government has expanded greatly since the early twentieth century?

American society is highly interdependent. The federal government has superior taxing capacity. Americans expect government help.

The Constitution's commerce clause says that ______ shall have the power to "regulate commerce" among the states.

Congress

In the years following 1935 during the Great Depression, the Supreme Court loosened restrictions on

Congress's taxing and spending power. the banking industry. Congress's ability to regulate commerce.

Prior to the Great Depression, the ______ Party supported greater regulation of business and more rights for labor, while the ______ Party was ideologically committed to free markets and smaller government.

Democratic; Republican

Which federal agency, created in the 1930s, prevented the total collapse of the American banking industry?

Federal Deposit Insurance Agency (FDIC)

Which amendment of the Constitution was at the center of the famous Supreme Court case, Plessy v. Ferguson?

Fourteenth Amendment

Which of the following are true statements about the federal structure of the United States?

Hamilton felt people would shift their trust between the national and state governments, depending on their needs and interests at the time. Madison and Hamilton argued that the states and national government would serve to check each other and thus protect peoples' rights.

Which of the following cases involved attempts by the Supreme Court to curb business practices as part of their authority to regulate commerce?

Hammer v. Dagenhart Lochner v. New York

The Republican-controlled Congress removed what provision of the Affordable Care Act in 2017?

Individuals were required to pay a penalty if they did not have insurance.

Why were the Anti-Federalists concerned about passage of the "necessary and proper" clause?

It provided a constitutional basis for expanding federal power

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court block states from regulating labor practices, concluding that doing so would violate factory owners' property rights?

Lochner v. New York

In 1965 the federal government partnered with states to provide health care to the poor as part of which program?

Medicaid

As a result of the Supreme Court's ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford, the Supreme Court invalidated which of the following?

Missouri Compromise

Which of the following statements about federalism is accurate?

Neither the national nor state governments has the right to abolish the other

In Federalist No. 10, Madison argued which faction was best suited to guarding the interests of the new nation?

None of the answers is correct; Madison warned against the power of any faction.

The Supreme Court had been handing down rulings against New Deal programs by 1937, and President Roosevelt put forth a plan to increase the number of justices in order to give himself a majority. How was this plan resolved?

One justice inexplicably changed sides, giving Roosevelt the majority he wanted.

Which of the following were primary goals of the welfare reform bill called the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, passed by Congress in 1996?

Reduce federal spending on welfare. Reduce the number of welfare recipients. Increase the states' discretion in administering welfare programs. Increase assistance for the children of welfare recipients.

The president who began to move power, funds, and responsibility back to the states in what was called new federalism was

Ronald Reagan

President Lyndon Johnson promoted federal initiatives to help the poor as part of his Great ______ program.

Society

Why do states continue to accept federal grant money?

States depend on the federal grant money to meet policy needs

States' reserved powers are provided through the ______ Amendment.

Tenth

What was the legal argument in McCulloch v. Maryland against the federal government establishing a national bank?

The Constitution did not expressly authorize the establishment of a national bank

Which of the following statements best represents the American constitutional model of federalism?

The Constitution grants sovereignty to both the national and state governments.

Which of the following best describes the doctrine of dual federalism?

The Supreme Court maintained a precise separation of state power and national power.

Which of the following happened during the New Deal period?

The Supreme Court struck down key pieces of the New Deal programs. The New Deal programs thrust federal power into policy areas previously reserved for the states.

New Deal programs Great Society programs Welfare Reform Act

The government responded to massive unemployment during the Great Depression. Americans supported government-provided health care for the elderly and poor. Americans believed that too many people were getting undeserved benefits and federal programs had become too expensive.

Which of the following is the primary challenge made by states as to the constitutionality of federal grant programs?

The grant programs intrude too heavily on the reserved powers of the states.

Under the Articles of Confederation, what problem arose because the national government had no power to levy taxes on its citizens?

The nation could not maintain an army or navy

What did the Supreme Court decide in McCulloch v. Maryland?

The necessary and proper clause implies the power to establish a national bank National law overrides state law

In the U.S. system, what is the relationship between the state governments and the local governments within each state?

The system is unitary. The states create counties and cities and can abolish them if they choose.

How would the framers have reacted to the ways in which federal power has evolved over the decades?

They would be largely unsurprised

The most significant change wrought by the Republican Revolution was the 1996 ______ Reform Act.

Welfare

Madison argued in Federalist No. 10 that it is not the size of government that determines whether it serves the common good. Instead, this is determined by

a broad range of interests that share political power

During the 1930s, five new cabinet departments were created to

administer federal programs in policy areas traditionally reserved to the states

The necessary and proper, or elastic, clause of the Constitution

allows Congress to have powers that are not listed in the Constitution but are needed to exercise the listed powers.

In its decision to uphold the National Labor Relations Act, along with a subsequent ruling, the Supreme Court declared that Congress's commerce power is

as broad as the nation needs it to be

Rather than using the Fourteenth Amendment to protect freed slaves, in 1886 the Supreme Court interpreted the amendment to provide protection to

businesses

Which system grants sovereignty solely to non-central governments, thereby making the central government dependent on them?

confederation system

Which of the following actions gave the national government more power than the states during George W. Bush's presidency?

creation of the Department of Homeland Security

Which of the following would have fought against uncontrolled business power in the era just before the Great Depression?

democrats progressive republicans

A recent trend in intergovernmental relations to "pass down" policy authority from the national government to state and local governments is known as

devolution

The doctrine by which state and national authority was separated precisely is known as

dual federalism

What are the powers specifically given to the national government by the Constitution called?

enumerated

Those powers expressly listed in the Constitution are referred to as

enumerated powers

The McCulloch and Gibbons decisions both

expanded national power and relied upon the necessary and proper clause

The two trends that define federalism in the period from 1937 to the 1990s in the U.S. are

expansion and devolution of federal authority

According to the supremacy clause in Article VI of the Constitution, which layer of government prevails whenever federal and state law conflict?

federal

The Constitution enumerates powers for which level of government?

federal

The use of the commerce clause during the 1930s gave the ______ government(s) increased power.

federal

A(n) _________ system of government is one in which the power to govern is shared between a national government and smaller governments, with each retaining some exclusive power.

federalist

The expenditure of federal funds on programs run in part through state and local governments is known as

fiscal federalism

When Republicans recaptured congressional control in 1994, they moved to

give more power to the state and local governments

Money provided by the federal government to state and local governments to administer programs is called

grants-in-aid

In the system of cooperative federalism, the states

have retained most of their traditional authority

The complex demands of contemporary society

have shifted power to the national government

After the Plessy decision, black Americans in the South were forced to endure legal segregation, which included

inferior public schools inferior public conveyances hospitals with few doctors and fewer supplies

Which of the following describes the fact that what happens in a policy area at one level of government affects what happens at all other levels?

interdependency

Government-funded programs like Medicaid are administered

jointly by national and state governments

The justices of the post-Civil War Supreme Court mostly favored

laissez-faire capitalism

In the U.S. federal system, which of the following is/are the national government's responsibility?

military defense and currency regulation

enumerated reserved implied

national state national

Chief Justice John Marshall is best described as a(n)

nationalist activist

Which of the following terms best describes the power relationship between the various layers of government during the era of cooperative federalism?

overlapping

An 1886 Supreme Court ruling determined that corporations were

persons

categorical grants block grants

recipients must spend the funds for a designated purpose they provide the greatest discretion for allocating funds

In Gibbons v. Ogden, the Supreme Court interpreted the meaning of which constitutional power of Congress?

regulating commerce between the states

In the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court established the ______ doctrine arguing that it did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.

separate-but-equal

The Dred Scott decision involved the issue of

slavery

Supreme and final governing authority is known as

sovereignty

In Federalist No. 28, Hamilton stated that the people would have an "instrument of redress," should they wish to challenge established power. What was that instrument?

state power against national power, or national power against state power

The Articles of Confederation created a union of

states

Which of the following entities are in a competitive situation regarding taxation?

states and localities

Since the 1930s,

the federal government has dramatically increased its power.

The implied powers of Congress derive from which clause of the Constitution?

the necessary and proper clause

Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government lacked which of the following powers?

the power to regulate interstate commerce and the power to draft an army or navy

Before the New Deal, who was responsible for assisting the poor?

the states

Which of the following are the two most important forces in the evolution of the American federal structure?

the strength of partisan interests that sought to change the balance of power between the nations and the states the country's changing needs

When the key pieces of the New Deal programs were struck down by the Supreme Court, President Franklin Roosevelt responded by

threatening to pack the Court with his own judges

How many distinct eras of federalism have occurred in the U.S.?

three

True or false: During the 1930s, the Supreme Court ruled that the Congress had the power to regulate all aspects of commerce as an industrial economy could not be confined to one state and thus must be subject to national regulation.

true

True or false: Madison and Hamilton thought that the federal structure would encourage the state and national governments to check each other if either became abusive to individual freedom.

true

True or false: Prior to the passage of the United States Constitution, many of the states governed under their own state constitutions that dated back to the colonial era.

true

True or false: The principle of federalism has provoked frequent and bitter conflict from the time the Constitution was ratified.

true

Federal laws that set up requirements for states without providing the money to pay for them are called ___________ mandates

unfunded

A system in which the national government alone has sovereignty (final governing authority) is called a ______ system.

unitary

In a unitary system, all sovereignty rests

with the national government