GPY Exam #3 Study Guide

Chinese Nationalist party.

1911 Qing Dynasty was overthrown, republic was established Sun Yat Sen Individual enfranchisement & individual rights General Chiang Kai Shek took over nationalist party after Sun Yat Sen died Chiang allied with powerful and landowning interests: he had little regard for democracy and individual rights

Nine-dash line

A demarcation line used by the government of the Republic of China to claim the majority of the South China Sea.

Forward capital in South Asia

A forward capital is a symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategic reasons. A forward capital is sometimes used to integrate outlying parts of a country into the state. When Pakistan became an independent state following the partition of British India in 1947, its capital was Karachi on the south coast, near the western end of the Indus Delta. As the map shows, however, the present capital is Islamabad. By moving the capital from the "safe" coast to the embattled interior, and by placing it on the doorstep of the contested territory of Kashmir, Pakistan announced its intent to stake a claim to its northern frontiers. And by naming the city Islamabad, Pakistan proclaimed its Muslim foundations here in the face of the Hindu challenge. This politico-geographical usage of a national capital can be assertive, and as such Islamabad exemplifies the principle of the Forward Capital.

Creative Destruction

Joseph Schumpeter coined the phrase "Creative Destruction" It is free markets messy way of delivering progress. Revolutions come from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one. Losing jobs, industries, and businesses is apart of evolving. Citizens must adapt to new job markets. If people are trying to preserve jobs or protect industries then it will lead to stagnation. Horses and mules gave way to cars and airplanes. Creative destruction benefits the long term.

Spatial inequality in China.

Largely influenced by colonial powers by denoting the People of Han as the Real China. Ethnic Chinese majority has referred to itself as China's Proper. Rich population lies on the eastern coastal provinces. Poor population lies in interior and eastern periphery provinces.

The Production Responsibility System

Launched in the early 1980s Agriculture production system Allowed households to contract land, machinery and other facilities from collective organizations Aim: to preserve basic unified management of the collective economy, while contracting out land and other goods to households Households could make operating decisions independently within the limits set by the contract agreement, and could freely dispose of surplus production over and above national and collective quotas.

Religious crossroads of Southeast Asia

Migrants from Indian subcontinent: Hinduism & Buddhism Indonesia: Muslim Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia: Buddhism Malaysia: Muslims China: mostly Buddhist Vietnam: ultimate religious crossroads of the realm (blending of early Hinduism, Buddhism, Daoism, Confucianism: all mixing comfortably with age-old traditions of ancestor worship)

Major agricultural regions in South Asia

More than half of the entire workforce is employed in agriculture. Heavily impacted by dry and wet season (Monsoon) Wet Southwestern coastal strip grow rice as staple crop Drier northwestern India and Pakistan raise wheat.

Trends in world population growth

Most of the growth is in undeveloped nations due to lack of contraception

Geography of China's manufacturing

Mostly located in the eastern provinces

Reason for establishment of Pakistan

Muslim Nationalism

Failed states in Asia

North Korea North Vietnam (Viet Cong)

Islam in South Asia

Pakistan Equal before God

Challenges to China's future

Political and Administrative Divisions Population Issues Expanding interior population

Human impact of the Great Leap Forward

Propaganda term in China (campaign by the Communist Party) Worst human-engineered catastrophe in the history of the world 30-45 million deaths- most are direct result of starvation. The idea was to enforce labor-intensive industrialization through the compulsory enlistment of large rural population.

Geography of wealth and poverty in China

Rich east Poor west

A striking geographic pattern of Chinese agriculture

River based agriculture. Irrigation systems stem from major rivers

Characteristics of caste systems

Segmental division Group hierarchy Restriction of marriage Religious disability Limited choice of occupation The caste system divides Hindus into four main categories - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the Shudras. (India)

Economic heart of Southeast Asia

Singapore

Histogeography of Chinese imperialism.

Started in the Ming Dynasty (6th Century) Carried throughout the following dynasties, ending with the Qing Dynasty. Qing became weak when it was confronted by imperialist designs of the European, Russian, and Japanese. This caused conflict, revolution, and a final collapse in 1911.

Demographic burden

Term refers to the proportion of the population that is either too old or too young to be productive and that must be cared for by the productive population

Who is the Chinese?

The Han take their label from the dynasty in the 3rd century. Many Chinese today share the idea that a chinese person is instantly recognizable. The most populous nation only naturalizes 1,448 a year. Less than 0.0001% of total population. The majority of the population thinks Tibetan's are wild or savages. Often Tibetan and Uighurs are rejected from hotels across china via Chinese ID state cards ethnicity. Anyone with Han ancestry has a leg up on legal battles, getting jobs, and applying for Universities. Gary Locke, first Chinese-American Ambassador in Beijing was criticized for being white and doing his job. The country has more billionaires than refugees they have accepted since 1978. (583 refugees) Decades ago China's government said it was to populous and too poor to accept new entrants. However, the country is richer and women are averaging 1.6 children well below the replacement rate. So they are having trouble fulfilling social workers, nurses, and care staff to take care of the aging population. Most chinese workers are unwilling to fill these roles.

Paracel Islands

The Paracel Islands is a group of islands, reefs, banks and other maritime features in the South China Sea. It is controlled (and occupied) by the People's Republic of China, and also claimed by Taiwan (Republic of China) and Vietnam.

String of pearls theory.

The String of pearls is a geopolitical theory on potential Chinese intentions in the Indian Ocean region. It refers to the network of Chinese military and commercial facilities and relationships along its sea lines of communication, which extend from the Chinese mainland to Port Sudan.

UN Law of the Sea

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is the international agreement that resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), which took place between 1973 and 1982. The Law of the Sea Convention defines the rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources. 12 mile territorial sea 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone over which a coastal state would have total economic rights.

Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone

The area encircling the earth near the equator where the northeast and southeast trade winds come together.

Territorial sea

The belt of coastal waters that extends out and it means that the country has jurisdiction over. A state's territorial sea extends up to 12 nautical miles (22.2 km; 13.8 mi) from its baseline. If this would overlap with another state's territorial sea, the border is taken as the median point between the states' baselines, unless the states in question agree otherwise. A state can also choose to claim a smaller territorial sea.

Fetch

The length of water in which a given wind has blown, can lead to coastal flooding and erosion if the winds are strong enough

Measures of population density

The number of people per unit of area, usually quoted per square kilometer or square mile

Neolithic.

The period of human culture that began around 10,000 years ago in the Middle East and later in other parts of the world. It is characterized by the beginning of farming, the domestication of animals, the development of crafts such as pottery and weaving, and the making of polished stone tools.

Population geography of Southeast Asia

The population of southeast asia is very populated, it has the world's largest population cluster of people. (India & China)

Terms of trade

The ratio of an index of a country's export prices to an index of its import prices. China runs a significant surplus, and this reflects, up to now, the fact that the Terms of Trade are to China's advantage: India supplies raw materials while China sells finished goods with higher added value.

The Treaty of Nanking of 1842

Treaty between Britain and China after the disputes about the British trading Opium to the Chinese Peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (1839-42) between the United Kingdom and the Qing dynasty of China on August 29, 1842 It was the first of what the Chinese later called the unequal treaties because Britain had no obligations in return.

Cause of Vietnam's economic rise

Vietnam's transition from communist to capitalist encouraged free enterprise, farmers were allowed to cultivate for profit, and foreign investment was welcomed. Top 5 biggest coffee-producing countries in the world. 2nd largest clothing manufacturer to the U.S.

Negative effects of Monsoon

Widespread flooding. • Property damage. • Destruction of agricultural lands. • Damage to transportation infrastructure. • Homelessness. • Disease. • Malnutrition. • Serious injury. • Death.

Floating population in China.

Without household registration China's urban transformation that created inequality within cities and between cities. Consists of temporary urban dwellers with restricted residency rights.

Shatterbelt

Zone of persistent splintering and fracturing Is a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals. Example: Indonesia (background of multi-cultural ethnicities and religion)

The coming African demographic

century`African dominance African demographic momentum will spread Africa's population elsewhere Pull factors: to maintain its economically-active population Push factors: Africa's robust population growth and continuation of developmental disparities between Africa and the rest of the world will push Africans to migrate African dominance African demographic momentum will spread Africa's population elsewhere Pull factors: to maintain its economically-active population Push factors: Africa's robust population growth and continuation of developmental disparities between Africa and the rest of the world will push Africans to migrate

The Gimbutas and Renfrew hypotheses

Hypothesis developed by British scholar Colin Renfrew wherein he proposed that three areas in and near the first agricultural hearth, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families: Europe's Indo-European languages (from Anatolia (present-day Turkey)); North African and Arabian languages (from the western arc of the Fertile Crescent); and the languages in present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India (from the eastern arc of the Fertile Crescent)

Hanification

Imparting a cultural imprint by the ethnic Chinese. Within China, often refers to the steadily increasing migration of Han Chinese into the country's periphery (especially Xinjiang & Xizang) Overseas Chinese imprints, more generally referred to as Sinicization, have been significant as well, most importantly in the Southeast Asian realm. The Chinese government practice of moving Han Chinese citizens into minority ethnic areas to dilute the importance of the minority culture

South Korea's modernization after the Korean War

Initially, State capitalism propelled by powerful industrial conglomerates Then democracy took hold, corruption was confronted, and the economy took off.

Chinese Communist development strategy compared to Soviet Russia

Involved around globalization and trade rather than internal development.

Models for future power in the Pacific.

Japan becoming an industrial giant, a technological pacesetter, a fully urbanized society, a political power, and one of the most affluent nations on earth Export processing zones Asian Tigers followed Hong Kong South Korea Taiwan Singapore

Marxist-Leninist Khmer Rouge policies.

A regime in Cambodia in the late 1970's that eliminated as many as 2 million Cambodians. Killed anyone with connections to the former Cambodian government or with foreign governments. Killed professionals and intellectuals - in practice this included almost everyone with an education, people who understood a foreign language and even people who required glasses (which, according to the regime, meant that they spent too much time reading books instead of working) Killed ethnic Vietnamese, ethnic Chinese, ethnic Thai, and other minorities in the Eastern Highlands, Cambodian Christians (most of whom were Catholic, and the Catholic Church in general), Muslims, and the Buddhist monks. Made muslims eat pork. Killed "economic saboteurs" - many former urban dwellers were deemed guilty of sabotage due to their lack of agricultural ability.

Missing girls phenomenon

A shortfall in the female population of China resulting from cultural influences and government policy. The causes of the high sex ratio in China result from a combination of strong son preference, the one-child policy, easy access to sex-selective abortion, and discrimination against and abuses of females.

Buffer state

A small neutral country, situated between two larger hostile countries, serving to prevent the outbreak of regional conflict. Afghanistan was a buffer state between the British Empire (which ruled much of South Asia) and Russian Empire (which ruled much of Central Asia) during the Anglo-Russian conflicts in Asia during the 19th century, with the Wakhan Corridor later extending the buffer eastwards to the Chinese border.

Confucianism.

A system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius Chinese Philosophy based on mutual respect and kindness toward others Developed to bring peace and stability in society Founded before the birth of Confucius, developed through his later life and was made popular soon after, during the Han Dynasty

Monsoon

Arabic word Seasonal reversal of winds Winter monsoon: dead season Summer monsoon: wet season Guided by the himalayas

Political geography of Asia

Asia is home to the world's oldest civilizations, and its cultural and political geography continue to inform and influence the rest of the world. Asia is the largest of the world's continents, covering approximately 30 percent of the Earth's land area

The Meiji Restoration.

Chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 Led to changes in Japan's political and social structure 1868-1912 Responsible for emergence of Japan as a modernized nation

Indian Ocean trade network

China needs products and supplies of raw materials to sustain a rapid growing industrial production, a majority flows through the Indian Ocean. Chinese are expanding political and military power through the Indian Ocean. China wants to penetrate India's vast and growing consumer market. India supplies raw materials while China sells finished goods

Dr. Sun Yat-sen.

Chinese Nationalist Party Founding father of Republic of China Unique among 20th-century Chinese politicians for being widely revered amongst the people from both sides of the Taiwan Strait.

Hukou.

Chinese resident permit Provides education, healthcare, retirement

Lingua franca

Common language that people learn so that they can communicate with one another 20-30 official languages in South Asia They manage the chaos by speaking English (language of the colonizer) & French in some areas

Chokepoints and examples.

Definition: a narrowing of an international waterway causing marine-traffic congestion, requiring reduced speeds and/or sharp turns, and increasing the risk of collision as well as vulnerability to attack. A narrow waterway that constrains navigation. The Strait of Malacca (Melaka) Hormuz Strait (Persian Gulf) Suez Canal (Egypt) Much of the realm near Malaysia and Indonesia is considered a chokepoint.

Regional complementarity.

Exists when two regions, through an exchange of raw materials and/or finished products, can specifically satisfy each other's demands North and South Korea are the classic illustration of regional complementarity. The North is mountainous and has access to minerals, coal, iron ore, and nitrates (fertilizers) that are needed in the South for industrialization and food production

Treaty ports.

Extraterritorial enclaves in China's coastal cities, established by European colonial invaders under unequal treaties enforced by gunboat diplomacy. The name given to the port cities in China, Japan, Taiwan and Korea that were open to foreign trade by unequal treaties with the western powers.

Characteristics of urban India today

Extremely Populated Social caste system is eroding in India's bigger cities, but much less for the majority of people in the country who reside in rural areas.

Role of FDI in Asia.

FDI stands for foreign direct investment, its role is to help china's investment opportunities and growing domestic market and they do that by working with foreign countries. They help by investing in exports across Asia since their port cities handle many exports.

Protecting the border from threatening nations. (Great Wall)

Geostrategic focus of early Chinese states.

Characteristics of air masses

Guided by mountain ranges Seasonal winds

Characteristics of the Indo-European language family

Hinduism spread across South Asia and India India: mostly Indo-European language family (central and north) Did not impact very southern tip of India (pg.329) Dominates Western and Northern realms.

Immigrants in Southeast Asia.

Home to major ethnic minorities from outside the realm Malay Peninsula: south asian cluster, indian ancestry also exist in many parts of peninsula Singapore: South Asians form a significant minority (these communities emerged during the European colonial period, but South Asians had arrived in this realm many centuries earlier, propagating Buddhism and leaving imprints on Jawa and Bali)

China's culture hearth

Huang Valley