Greathouse nutrition final- ch. 14

Use the Harris-Benedict equation to calculate the estimated energy needs for a 27-year-old female. She is 64 inches tall and weighs 140 pounds. Females: RMR 655.1 + (9.6 weight in kg) + (1.8 height in cm) - (4.7 age in years)

1,430 kcals

The thermic effect of food contributes ________ of the total kilocalories expended. (TEF)

10 percent

essential fat for men and women

3 for men and 12 for women

for most adults, BMR accounts for _______ percent of the total daily energy expenditure

60 percent

What percentage of the overweight population will develop diabetes?

80 percent

dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

A method that uses two low energy X-rays to measure body density and bone mass

bioelectricalimpedance analysis (BIA)

A method used to assess the percentage of body fat by using low level electrical current; body fat resists or impedes the current, whereas water and muscle mass conduct electricity

underweight

BMI less than 18.5 - weighing too little for your height

obese

BMI of 30 or more severe obesity over 40 BMI or more than 100 pounds over ideal body weight

Which method of assessing body composition is influenced by hydration status?

Bioelectrical impedance analysis

What is a limitation of using BMI to assess weight status?

Individuals with high muscle mass may be classified as overweight or obese.

estimated energy requirement (EER)

The average kilocalorie intake that is estimated to maintain energy balance based on a person's gender, age, height, body weight, and level of physical activity

non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

The energy expended for all activities not related to sleeping, eating, or exercise, including fidgeting, performing work related activities, and playing

Waist circumference is an easy way to assess body composition. Women and men are at increased health risk if their waist measurements are what?

Woman > 35 inches; man > 40 inches

healthy weight

a body weight in relationship to height that doesn't increase the risk of developing any weight related health problems or diseases. a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 is considered healthy

BMI body mass index

a calculation of body weight in relationship to height

essential fat

a component of body fat that is necessary for health and normal body functions; includes the fat stored in the bone marrow, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, intestines, muscles, and the lipid rich tissues of the central nervous system

direct calorimetry

a direct measurement of the energy by the body obtained by assessing heat loss

hydrostatic weighing

a method used to assess body volume by underwater weighing

air displacement plethysmography

a procedure used to estimate body volume based on the amount of air displaced

skinfold caliper

a tool used to measure the thickness of subcutaneous fat

brown adipose tissue (BAT)

a type of adipose tissue, found primarily in infants, that produces body heat; it gets its named from the large number of mitochondria and capillaries responsible for the brown color

disordered eating

abnormal and potentially harmful eating behaviors that do not meet criteria for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nerves or binge eating disorder

harris- Benedict equation

also calculates RMR based on gender age height and weight and applies an activity factor to determine total daily energy expenditure. the drawback is that it does not include lean body mass, so may not be accurate for individuals who are very muscular or who are very fat

central or android obesity

an excess storage of visceral fat in the abdominal area, indicated by a waist circumference greater than 40 inches for males and 35c inches for female; central obesity increased the risk of heart disease, hypertension, diabetes

gynoid obesity

an excessive storage of body fat in the thighs and hips of the lower body

indirect calorimetry

an indirect measurement of energy obtained by measuring the amount of oxygen dioxide produced

bomb calorimeter

an instrument used to measure the amount of heat released from food during combustion; the amount of heat produced is directly related to the amount of kcals in given food.

Of all the forms of energy expenditure, which of the following expends the most energy?

basal metabolic rate

The amount of energy expended by the body to meet its basic physiological needs is known as

basal metabolic rate

The disorder that is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating without purging is known as

binge-eating disorder

The kilocalories in foods are measured using a(n) ________.

bomb calorimeter

________ is the eating disorder characterized by consuming large quantities of food and then purging through vomiting, laxative and diuretic use, and/or excessive physical exercise

bulimia nervosa

adipose tissue

connective tissue that is the main storage site for fat in the body

Which dietary factor increases the thermic effect of food

consuming a high-protein meal

overweight

defined as having a BMI between 25-29.9

This measures the energy expended by the body, obtained by assessing heat loss.

diet calorimetry

Negative energy balance will result in

fat loss, muscle loss, loss of glycogen

A female is considered "overfat" when her body fat percent is

greater than 25 percent >25%

body image

how you perceive your physical appearence

bulimia nervosa

includes large quantities and vomit

Android obesity

increased risk for heart disease

factors that affect basal metabolism

lean body mass, age, gender, body size, genes, ethnicity, stress, hormones, starvation, environmental temperature, caffeine, drugs

Anorexia nervosa is characterized by severe weight loss and self-starvation. One of the most dangerous consequences of this eating disorder is

low blood potassium

waist circumference

measurement taken at the top of the iliac crest or hip bone; used to determine the pattern of obesity

desirable fatness for good health

men 10-20 percent and women 16-26 percent

overfat for men and women

men more than 25 percent and women more than 30 percent

Being underweight increases the risk of developing which of the following conditions?

osteoporosis

A common trait of people with eating disorders is

perfectionism

When energy intake is greater than energy expended, the result is

positive energy balance

eating disorders

psychological illness - meet criteria for disorders

anorexia nervosa

starve themselves , causing weight loss

Which of the following factors results in a higher BMR?

taller stature

basal metabolism

the amount of energy expanded by the body to meet its basic physiological needs, including muscle tone and heart and brain function

thermic effect of food (TEF)

the amount of energy expended by the body to digest, absorb, transport, metabolize, and store energy-yielding nutrients from foods approx. 10 percent of kcal is consumed protein meals - 20-30 percent carbohydrates - 5-10 fat - 0-3 percent

the BMR refers to

the amount of energy expended to meet basically physiological needs that enable the organs and cells to function

visceral fat

the body fat associated with the internal organs and stored in the abdominal area

central or android obesity refers to

the excess accumulation of fat in the abdomen

subcutaneous fat

the fat located under the skin and between the muscles

thermogenesis

the generation of heat from the basal metabolism, digestion of food, and physical activity that provides necessary warmth; adaptive thermogenesis and non excretes activity thermogenesis (NEAT) are other terms used to describe specific aspects of the generation of heat

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

the measure of basal metabolism taken when the body is at rest in a warm, quiet environment, after a 12 hour fast, expressed as kcal per kilogram of body weight per hour

resting metabolic rate (RMR)

the measure of the amount of energy expended by the body at rest and after approximately a 3 to 4 hour fasting period. this rate is about 6 percent higher than BMR

body composition

the ratio of fat to learn tissue (muscle, bone, and organs) in the body; usually expressed as percent body fat

physiological fuel values

the real energy value of foods that are digested and absorbed; they are adjusted from the results of bomb calorimetry because of the inefficiency of the body

energy balance

the state at which energy (kcal) intake from food and beverages is equal to energy (kcal) output for BMR, physical activity, digestion and absorption, and body repairs

positive energy balance

the state in which energy intake is greater than energy expenditure. over time, this results in weight gain

negative energy balance

the state in which energy intake is less than energy expenditure. over time, this results in weight loss

total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)

the total kcals needed to meet daily energy requirements; based on basal metabolism, physical activity, the thermic effect of food, and adaptive thermogenesis

thermic effect of exercise (TEE)

this refers to the increase in muscle contraction that occurs during physical activity, which produces heat and contributes to the total daily energy expenditure.

less body mass (LBM)

total body weight minus the fat mass; it consists of water, bones, vital organs, and muscle. LBM is the metabolically active tissue in the body

Overweight individuals tend to have higher blood levels of

triglycerides and LDLs

Obesity is strongly correlated to several leading causes of death. All of the following are included

type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and cancer

factors that influence the thermic effect of food

type of fuel, meal composition, fiber content, age, environmental temperature, alcohol, intense exercise, training status, obesity

lanugo

very fine, soft hair on the face and arms due to anorexia nervosa

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the "energy in" part of the energy balance equation?

water

obesity classified percent of body fat

women more than 32 and men more than 25 percent