Greathouse nutrition final- ch. 14
Use the Harris-Benedict equation to calculate the estimated energy needs for a 27-year-old female. She is 64 inches tall and weighs 140 pounds. Females: RMR 655.1 + (9.6 weight in kg) + (1.8 height in cm) - (4.7 age in years)
1,430 kcals
The thermic effect of food contributes ________ of the total kilocalories expended. (TEF)
10 percent
essential fat for men and women
3 for men and 12 for women
for most adults, BMR accounts for _______ percent of the total daily energy expenditure
60 percent
What percentage of the overweight population will develop diabetes?
80 percent
dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
A method that uses two low energy X-rays to measure body density and bone mass
bioelectricalimpedance analysis (BIA)
A method used to assess the percentage of body fat by using low level electrical current; body fat resists or impedes the current, whereas water and muscle mass conduct electricity
underweight
BMI less than 18.5 - weighing too little for your height
obese
BMI of 30 or more severe obesity over 40 BMI or more than 100 pounds over ideal body weight
Which method of assessing body composition is influenced by hydration status?
Bioelectrical impedance analysis
What is a limitation of using BMI to assess weight status?
Individuals with high muscle mass may be classified as overweight or obese.
estimated energy requirement (EER)
The average kilocalorie intake that is estimated to maintain energy balance based on a person's gender, age, height, body weight, and level of physical activity
non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
The energy expended for all activities not related to sleeping, eating, or exercise, including fidgeting, performing work related activities, and playing
Waist circumference is an easy way to assess body composition. Women and men are at increased health risk if their waist measurements are what?
Woman > 35 inches; man > 40 inches
healthy weight
a body weight in relationship to height that doesn't increase the risk of developing any weight related health problems or diseases. a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 is considered healthy
BMI body mass index
a calculation of body weight in relationship to height
essential fat
a component of body fat that is necessary for health and normal body functions; includes the fat stored in the bone marrow, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, intestines, muscles, and the lipid rich tissues of the central nervous system
direct calorimetry
a direct measurement of the energy by the body obtained by assessing heat loss
hydrostatic weighing
a method used to assess body volume by underwater weighing
air displacement plethysmography
a procedure used to estimate body volume based on the amount of air displaced
skinfold caliper
a tool used to measure the thickness of subcutaneous fat
brown adipose tissue (BAT)
a type of adipose tissue, found primarily in infants, that produces body heat; it gets its named from the large number of mitochondria and capillaries responsible for the brown color
disordered eating
abnormal and potentially harmful eating behaviors that do not meet criteria for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nerves or binge eating disorder
harris- Benedict equation
also calculates RMR based on gender age height and weight and applies an activity factor to determine total daily energy expenditure. the drawback is that it does not include lean body mass, so may not be accurate for individuals who are very muscular or who are very fat
central or android obesity
an excess storage of visceral fat in the abdominal area, indicated by a waist circumference greater than 40 inches for males and 35c inches for female; central obesity increased the risk of heart disease, hypertension, diabetes
gynoid obesity
an excessive storage of body fat in the thighs and hips of the lower body
indirect calorimetry
an indirect measurement of energy obtained by measuring the amount of oxygen dioxide produced
bomb calorimeter
an instrument used to measure the amount of heat released from food during combustion; the amount of heat produced is directly related to the amount of kcals in given food.
Of all the forms of energy expenditure, which of the following expends the most energy?
basal metabolic rate
The amount of energy expended by the body to meet its basic physiological needs is known as
basal metabolic rate
The disorder that is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating without purging is known as
binge-eating disorder
The kilocalories in foods are measured using a(n) ________.
bomb calorimeter
________ is the eating disorder characterized by consuming large quantities of food and then purging through vomiting, laxative and diuretic use, and/or excessive physical exercise
bulimia nervosa
adipose tissue
connective tissue that is the main storage site for fat in the body
Which dietary factor increases the thermic effect of food
consuming a high-protein meal
overweight
defined as having a BMI between 25-29.9
This measures the energy expended by the body, obtained by assessing heat loss.
diet calorimetry
Negative energy balance will result in
fat loss, muscle loss, loss of glycogen
A female is considered "overfat" when her body fat percent is
greater than 25 percent >25%
body image
how you perceive your physical appearence
bulimia nervosa
includes large quantities and vomit
Android obesity
increased risk for heart disease
factors that affect basal metabolism
lean body mass, age, gender, body size, genes, ethnicity, stress, hormones, starvation, environmental temperature, caffeine, drugs
Anorexia nervosa is characterized by severe weight loss and self-starvation. One of the most dangerous consequences of this eating disorder is
low blood potassium
waist circumference
measurement taken at the top of the iliac crest or hip bone; used to determine the pattern of obesity
desirable fatness for good health
men 10-20 percent and women 16-26 percent
overfat for men and women
men more than 25 percent and women more than 30 percent
Being underweight increases the risk of developing which of the following conditions?
osteoporosis
A common trait of people with eating disorders is
perfectionism
When energy intake is greater than energy expended, the result is
positive energy balance
eating disorders
psychological illness - meet criteria for disorders
anorexia nervosa
starve themselves , causing weight loss
Which of the following factors results in a higher BMR?
taller stature
basal metabolism
the amount of energy expanded by the body to meet its basic physiological needs, including muscle tone and heart and brain function
thermic effect of food (TEF)
the amount of energy expended by the body to digest, absorb, transport, metabolize, and store energy-yielding nutrients from foods approx. 10 percent of kcal is consumed protein meals - 20-30 percent carbohydrates - 5-10 fat - 0-3 percent
the BMR refers to
the amount of energy expended to meet basically physiological needs that enable the organs and cells to function
visceral fat
the body fat associated with the internal organs and stored in the abdominal area
central or android obesity refers to
the excess accumulation of fat in the abdomen
subcutaneous fat
the fat located under the skin and between the muscles
thermogenesis
the generation of heat from the basal metabolism, digestion of food, and physical activity that provides necessary warmth; adaptive thermogenesis and non excretes activity thermogenesis (NEAT) are other terms used to describe specific aspects of the generation of heat
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
the measure of basal metabolism taken when the body is at rest in a warm, quiet environment, after a 12 hour fast, expressed as kcal per kilogram of body weight per hour
resting metabolic rate (RMR)
the measure of the amount of energy expended by the body at rest and after approximately a 3 to 4 hour fasting period. this rate is about 6 percent higher than BMR
body composition
the ratio of fat to learn tissue (muscle, bone, and organs) in the body; usually expressed as percent body fat
physiological fuel values
the real energy value of foods that are digested and absorbed; they are adjusted from the results of bomb calorimetry because of the inefficiency of the body
energy balance
the state at which energy (kcal) intake from food and beverages is equal to energy (kcal) output for BMR, physical activity, digestion and absorption, and body repairs
positive energy balance
the state in which energy intake is greater than energy expenditure. over time, this results in weight gain
negative energy balance
the state in which energy intake is less than energy expenditure. over time, this results in weight loss
total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)
the total kcals needed to meet daily energy requirements; based on basal metabolism, physical activity, the thermic effect of food, and adaptive thermogenesis
thermic effect of exercise (TEE)
this refers to the increase in muscle contraction that occurs during physical activity, which produces heat and contributes to the total daily energy expenditure.
less body mass (LBM)
total body weight minus the fat mass; it consists of water, bones, vital organs, and muscle. LBM is the metabolically active tissue in the body
Overweight individuals tend to have higher blood levels of
triglycerides and LDLs
Obesity is strongly correlated to several leading causes of death. All of the following are included
type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and cancer
factors that influence the thermic effect of food
type of fuel, meal composition, fiber content, age, environmental temperature, alcohol, intense exercise, training status, obesity
lanugo
very fine, soft hair on the face and arms due to anorexia nervosa
Which of the following does NOT contribute to the "energy in" part of the energy balance equation?
water
obesity classified percent of body fat
women more than 32 and men more than 25 percent
