Group 6- CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND OPERATIONS PART 1
review of highway construction
A _________ during the construction process will ensure that progress is made as it should, and that the highway is built exactly where it should be.
cofferdam
A __________ is a structure that holds water and allows employees to pour concrete, dig, repair, and weld in a dewatered work area.
DEEP FOUNDATION
Another major type of foundation is called the _________, usually it is constructed way below ground level since it is commonly utilized to support high-rise buildings.
foundation
In Construction, _________ is the member or structure that provides support or stability for the whole building by transferring their load to the soil.
1. Clearing the Site 2. Locating Structures 3. Earthmoving 4. Stabilizing Earth and Structure 5. Setting foundation 6. Building Superstructures 7. Installing utilities 8. Enclosing Frame Superstructures 9. Finishing the Projects
SPECIALIZED FIELDS OF CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS
salvaging
Saving things from being demolished (destroyed) is called __________
GRILLAGE FOUNDATIONS
is a type of foundation that consists of one or two levels of wooden or rolled steel sections placed at a right angle with concrete filling in the gaps between them.
Piling
is described as foundations that are driven or bored into the ground across a certain length of land to bear and transmit loads to soil that is structurally weak due to soil conditions.
TUNNEL EXCAVATING
is not usually considered under the heading of general excavation.
Sloping
is simply the process of shaping the soil into an inclined surface.
Demolition
is the dismantling, razing, destroying or wrecking of any building or structure or any part thereof.
SURVEYOR
is the individual with training and equipment needed to do this job.
building survey
is the inspection and investigation of the construction and services of a property in sufficient depth to enable a surveyor to advise what impact the condition of that property will have upon a client/owner.
FILLING
is the leveling of low spots.
TOP DRESSING
is the spreading of a thin coat over an area and improve the soil
Grading
is the work or act of assuring a level base or precise slope in construction or excavation.
INVERTED ARCH FOUNDATION
is used to be provided for multi-storeyed buildings in olden times. However, with the advent of reinforced cement concrete construction practice, inverted arch foooting is rarely done these days.
Sheathing
is when a wall is formed at the trench to prevent foreign materials such as soil, water, and more out of the excavated area.
SITE CLEARING
it affects everything from planning to building permits to project safety - but it's equally important to do it in a way that minimizes the impact on the land.
Disposing
may be done by burying, burning, or hauling away
Disposing
means removing from the site materials that are not wanted.
CONCRETE COLUMN FOOTING
one which is provided under a column or either similar member for distributing concentrated load in the form of uniformly loads on the soil below.
Transferring and Disposing
are often some of the same equipment used for both operations. Transferring liquid waste such as water from construction sites takes different kinds of equipment and operation.
CONSTRUCTION
is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure.
Earthmoving (or earthworks)
is the process of moving, removing, or adding soil or unformed rock from one location to another and processing it so that it meets construction requirements as part of engineering works.
Trimming
is the process of preparing the construction site ready for the excavation of foundation.
SITE CLEARING
is the process of removing all features from a site that interfere with construction.
Cleaning and washing
is the process of removing mud from the base rock which is commonly done by spraying the rocks using high pressure water hosting.
1. DEMOLISHING 2. SALVAGING 3. CUTTING 4. BURNING 5. EARTHMOVING 6. DISPOSING
EXAMPLES OF CLEARING THE SITE
1. To reach a good base for a foundation, 2. To build basements 3. To make cuts through hilly land for travel routes 4. To level uneven ground
Excavating is done:
1. Compacting 2. Sheathing 3. Bracing and Shoring 4. Piling 5. Coffer damming
FIVE WAYS TO STABILIZE EARTWORKS
1. Cleaning and washing 2. Grading 3. Sloping 4. Treating
FOUR WAYS TO PERFORM TRIMMING
operation blasting
If we demolish by using high explosive, we call this ________
TRENCHING
In ______, the excavation is long and narrow.
SURVEYING
It includes the determination of the measurement data, the reduction and interpretation of the data to usable form, and, conversely, the establishment of relative position and size according to given measurement requirements.
RAFT FOUNDATION
It's also the type of foundation utilized in huge basements, such as parking garages, public buildings, office buildings, school buildings, residential quarters etc.
MODERN CONSTRUCTION
Most ______ are off-site techniques. These methods involve building elements being constructed away from the building site itself
EARTHMOVING
Moving earth, both soil and rock, has always been important to man. Early man was limited in what earthmoving he could do because he relied highly on his own strength. Now, man has huge pieces of machinery for earthmoving. It is now possible to do more work than before.
1. Size of the site 2. The amount of natural growth 3. Man-made and natural obstacles 4. Location of the site 5. What is around the site
Some examples of important site factors:
BREAKING
The application of strong blows to tear up hard materials.
DEEP FOUNDATION
The depth of its footing is greater than its width and is used because of a low bearing capacity of a soil.
MASONRY PILLAR FOOTING
The foundation is designed to support a single column, which sits on its own square pad or footing and columns constructed in masonry.
Demolition by controlled blasting technique
___________ is based on rupture of critical elements of the structure that produce the same imbalance and as a result his downfall in a predetermined direction.
Cutting
also can be done with a torch to cut through pieces of metal.
burning
When wood cannot be used or vegetation has to be cleared, one of the best ways of destroying it is by _______.
footings
With a depth that is generally smaller than its width (shallow foundation) they are also known as _________
wall footing or strip footing
A ______ is a continuous strip of concrete that serves to spread the weight of a loadbearing wall across an area of soil.
1. SPREAD FOOTING 2. GRILLAGE FOUNDATIONS 3. RAFT FOUNDATION 4. STEPPED FOUNDATION 5. INVERTED ARCH FOUNDATION
CLASSIFICATIONS OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION
1. Develop Building plans 2. Utilize markings to set control points 3. Use of batter boards to be fastened at the top of skates 4. Nails are driven into the edge of the batter boards 5. Sketch a wire or cord between the nails to find the wall line 6. A plumb bob then is hung from the wire which is stretched between the batter boards 7. A surveyor looks through his transit to make sure that correct locations are maintained.
Procedure on Surveying for Buildings: Systematic Steps in Surveying
STEPPED FOUNDATION
To construct a ________________ some things must be considered such as, each step in the foundation should be no more than the foundation's thickness.
trenches
To construct a foundation, _______ are dug into the soil until proper depth is reached. These trenches are filled with reinforcement cage for the footing and will be connected to the reinforcement bar for the substructure above. Lastly, it will be filled with concrete.
surveyor
To measure vertical distance, ______ uses an engineer's level and a level rod.
RIPPING
Used instead of blasting wherever ripping equipment can get the area
surveyor
A _______ uses a measuring tape and transit to measure horizontal distances and angles.
wrecking ball
A _______ is a heavy steel ball, usually hung from a crane, that is used for demolishing large buildings. This type of demolition uses a wrecking ball, which can weigh up to 13,500 pounds.
slope
An inclined ground surface whose inclination may be represented as the ratio of horizontal distance to vertical distance is referred to as a ________
Soil compaction
is a technique used to increase the density of a soil by lowering the quantity of void space, or air between soil particles.
1. Brick and Block 2. Timber Frame 3. Steel Frame
According to Springfield Mobile Ltd. (2019), there are three common examples of traditional construction methods.
1. Architect 2. Construction Manager, Design Engineer, Construction Engineer or Project Manager
An _________ normally manages the job and a __________ supervises it.
excavating (digging)
Earthmoving is usually done by ______ material in one area and transferring (moving) it to another place.
GRILLAGE FOUNDATIONS
In order to keep the intensity of pressure within the soil's safe bearing capacity, this style of construction avoids extensive excavation limited between 1 to 1.5m in depth.
cutting
In wooded areas, ________ means bringing down timber by using axes, explosives, or saws.
BLASTING
Is done mostly to rock.
Site Clearance
It also involves clearing the surface layer of topsoil - which is necessary to remove as it cannot be built on.
CLEARING THE SITE
It can also contain chemicals within the topsoil leading to plant growth, which could affect new structures over time. The process involves the use of specialist heavy machinery, a skilled team with the expertise and knowledge of operating the required equipment and the means to legally dispose of the waste
1. PRECAST FLAT PANEL SYSTEM 2. 3D VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION 3. TUNNEL FORM 4. HYBRID CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION 5. THIN JOINT MASONRY 6. INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK 7. PRECAST FOUNDATION
MODERN CONSTRUCTION EXAMPLES
1. Find the correct direction 2. Set the stakes or markers surveyors use in surveying projects 3. Use level and rod to find the height of the ground at each of the center line stakes. 4. Proceed with cut or fill on the earth soil 5. When the cut, fill, and other earthwork is done, the surveyor must put up new stakes 6. Other workers will then lay the pavement by following the surveyor's stakes.
Procedure on Surveying for Highways: Systematic Steps in Surveying
1. BLASTING 2. BREAKING 3. SCARIFYING 4. RIPPING
TECHNIQUES FOR LOOSENING SOIL MATERIALS
1. Traditional Construction Methods 2. Modern Construction Methods
TWO TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION METHODS
1. EXCAVATING 2. TRANSPOSING AND DISPOSING
TYPES OF EARTHMOVING
1. BULK PIT 2. BULK WIDE-AREA 3. LOOSE BULK 4. LIMITED-AREA VERTICAL 5. TRENCHING 6. DREDGING 7. TUNNEL EXCAVATING
TYPES OF EXCAVATING
1. SHALLOW FOUNDATION 2. DEEP FOUNDATION
TYPES OF SETTING FOUNDATION
1. WALL FOOTINGS 2. MASONRY PILLAR FOOTING 3. CONCRETE COLUMN FOOTING
TYPES OF SPREAD FOOTING
1. TRIMMING 2. STABILIZING
TYPES OF STABILIZING EARTH AND STRUCTURE
1. FILLING 2. TOP DRESSING
TYPES OF TRANSPOSING AND DISPOSING
surveyor
The ______ shows construction workers the exact location and size of the structure they build.
grade
The ground level, or elevation at any particular position, is referred to as ______
LOOSE BULK
The material is not hauled away, as in the above two, but it is piled into a new position.
Site Clearance
The sole purpose of ________ is to clear the land of any existing buildings, debris or waste.
BULK WIDE-AREA
These areas are wide but fairly shallow, and there is easy access to them.
RAFT FOUNDATION
They're ideal for low-bearingcapacity soils and enable for more even load distribution for huge constructions.
salvaging
This can be done by tearing down, taking apart, or removing the wanted material from the site.
3D VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION
This involves the production of three dimensional units in controlled factory conditions prior to transportation to the site
BULK PIT
This is the digging up of a wide and deep area. The loose material must be hauled away from the site.
SITE CLEARING
This is the first step in any construction project.
DREDGING
This kind of excavation deals with the removal of soil or other materials from under water.
LIMITED-AREA VERTICAL
This kind of excavation is done mainly by digging vertically. It may be used to dig a basement.
STEPPED FOUNDATION
This kind of foundation prevents excessive changes in level or slope which could lead to weakening and movement of the structure.
THIN JOINT MASONRY
This method allows the depth of the mortar to be reduced from 10mm to just 3mm or less, resulting in faster laying and improved productivity.
PRECAST FOUNDATION
This method can be used to rapidly construct a foundation. This method significantly improves productivity especially in adverse weather conditions and also reduces the amount of excavation required.
HYBRID CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
This method combines all the benefits of pre-casting with the advantages of cast-in-situ construction.
INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK
This method consists of thin-walled expanded polystyrene panels or blocks that are quickly built up to create formwork for the walls of a building.
TUNNEL FORM
This method is a formwork system that allows the contractor to build monolithic walls and slabs in one operation on a daily cycle.
MODERN CONSTRUCTION
This method is also called modular construction.
PRECAST FLAT PANEL SYSTEM
This method is ideal for all repetitive cellular projects.
INVERTED ARCH FOUNDATION
This method is less used in the foundations of buildings. But more suitable for bridges, tanks, drainage line supports etc.
STABILIZING EARTH AND STRUCTURE
This part of the construction method and operation is done to prepare the site for the next operation which involves setting foundations. This is also done for protection of workers
SCARIFYING
Usually done in the upper 18" of the soil
wrecking
When bulldozers or wrecking balls are used, it is called _________.
Highway surveys
are a professional form of land survey usually undertaken by public authorities during the planning phases of a road project.
CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS
are generally classified according to specialized fields
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
are the means used to create, modify, or alter resources into constructed products, specifically in buildings and infrastructures.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
are the procedures and techniques utilized during construction.
Bracing and Shoring
are used to support a building, structure, or trench in order to reduce the risk of collapse during demolition or other structural changes.
STEEL FRAME
has the same approach as the other two, only here it utilizes steel frames as the internal structure.
Soil freezing
helps to stabilize the soil and control the water underground since the concept is to convert water into ice wherein the soil will be more firm
Earth moving
involves digging, grading, and moving earth
SPREAD FOOTING
is a classification of Shallow foundation, which is constructed by increasing the area of the base of the foundation through offsets
Earthmoving
is a major application of heavy equipment.
SURVEYING
is a means of making relatively largescale, accurate measurements of the Earth's surfaces.
RAFT FOUNDATION
is a sort of shallow foundation in which a massive concrete slab supports the walls and columns above it.
Soil stabilization
is a technique to improve the engineering properties of a soil.
CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS
refer to any activities to be executed that will help aid the realization of a construction project.
Traditional Construction Methods
refer to the techniques which have been used for ages to build structures
shallow foundations
refers to foundations that are less than a foot below the ground level and are frequently utilized in low to mid-rise buildings.
Large-Scale construction
requires collaboration across multiple disciplines.
1. Salvaged lengths of wood to be used in future construction (construction materials) 2. appliances and ornamental items that may be fitted into an existing home.
two main classifications of materials that are salvaged from deconstructed buildings:
TIMBER FRAME
used as the internal structure of the building, with some bricks or stones used in finishes.
BRICK AND BLOCK
used in houses that involves the construction of blockwork walls surrounded by bricks or stones as external walls.