Group 6- CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND OPERATIONS PART 1

review of highway construction

A _________ during the construction process will ensure that progress is made as it should, and that the highway is built exactly where it should be.

cofferdam

A __________ is a structure that holds water and allows employees to pour concrete, dig, repair, and weld in a dewatered work area.

DEEP FOUNDATION

Another major type of foundation is called the _________, usually it is constructed way below ground level since it is commonly utilized to support high-rise buildings.

foundation

In Construction, _________ is the member or structure that provides support or stability for the whole building by transferring their load to the soil.

1. Clearing the Site 2. Locating Structures 3. Earthmoving 4. Stabilizing Earth and Structure 5. Setting foundation 6. Building Superstructures 7. Installing utilities 8. Enclosing Frame Superstructures 9. Finishing the Projects

SPECIALIZED FIELDS OF CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS

salvaging

Saving things from being demolished (destroyed) is called __________

GRILLAGE FOUNDATIONS

is a type of foundation that consists of one or two levels of wooden or rolled steel sections placed at a right angle with concrete filling in the gaps between them.

Piling

is described as foundations that are driven or bored into the ground across a certain length of land to bear and transmit loads to soil that is structurally weak due to soil conditions.

TUNNEL EXCAVATING

is not usually considered under the heading of general excavation.

Sloping

is simply the process of shaping the soil into an inclined surface.

Demolition

is the dismantling, razing, destroying or wrecking of any building or structure or any part thereof.

SURVEYOR

is the individual with training and equipment needed to do this job.

building survey

is the inspection and investigation of the construction and services of a property in sufficient depth to enable a surveyor to advise what impact the condition of that property will have upon a client/owner.

FILLING

is the leveling of low spots.

TOP DRESSING

is the spreading of a thin coat over an area and improve the soil

Grading

is the work or act of assuring a level base or precise slope in construction or excavation.

INVERTED ARCH FOUNDATION

is used to be provided for multi-storeyed buildings in olden times. However, with the advent of reinforced cement concrete construction practice, inverted arch foooting is rarely done these days.

Sheathing

is when a wall is formed at the trench to prevent foreign materials such as soil, water, and more out of the excavated area.

SITE CLEARING

it affects everything from planning to building permits to project safety - but it's equally important to do it in a way that minimizes the impact on the land.

Disposing

may be done by burying, burning, or hauling away

Disposing

means removing from the site materials that are not wanted.

CONCRETE COLUMN FOOTING

one which is provided under a column or either similar member for distributing concentrated load in the form of uniformly loads on the soil below.

Transferring and Disposing

are often some of the same equipment used for both operations. Transferring liquid waste such as water from construction sites takes different kinds of equipment and operation.

CONSTRUCTION

is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure.

Earthmoving (or earthworks)

is the process of moving, removing, or adding soil or unformed rock from one location to another and processing it so that it meets construction requirements as part of engineering works.

Trimming

is the process of preparing the construction site ready for the excavation of foundation.

SITE CLEARING

is the process of removing all features from a site that interfere with construction.

Cleaning and washing

is the process of removing mud from the base rock which is commonly done by spraying the rocks using high pressure water hosting.

1. DEMOLISHING 2. SALVAGING 3. CUTTING 4. BURNING 5. EARTHMOVING 6. DISPOSING

EXAMPLES OF CLEARING THE SITE

1. To reach a good base for a foundation, 2. To build basements 3. To make cuts through hilly land for travel routes 4. To level uneven ground

Excavating is done:

1. Compacting 2. Sheathing 3. Bracing and Shoring 4. Piling 5. Coffer damming

FIVE WAYS TO STABILIZE EARTWORKS

1. Cleaning and washing 2. Grading 3. Sloping 4. Treating

FOUR WAYS TO PERFORM TRIMMING

operation blasting

If we demolish by using high explosive, we call this ________

TRENCHING

In ______, the excavation is long and narrow.

SURVEYING

It includes the determination of the measurement data, the reduction and interpretation of the data to usable form, and, conversely, the establishment of relative position and size according to given measurement requirements.

RAFT FOUNDATION

It's also the type of foundation utilized in huge basements, such as parking garages, public buildings, office buildings, school buildings, residential quarters etc.

MODERN CONSTRUCTION

Most ______ are off-site techniques. These methods involve building elements being constructed away from the building site itself

EARTHMOVING

Moving earth, both soil and rock, has always been important to man. Early man was limited in what earthmoving he could do because he relied highly on his own strength. Now, man has huge pieces of machinery for earthmoving. It is now possible to do more work than before.

1. Size of the site 2. The amount of natural growth 3. Man-made and natural obstacles 4. Location of the site 5. What is around the site

Some examples of important site factors:

BREAKING

The application of strong blows to tear up hard materials.

DEEP FOUNDATION

The depth of its footing is greater than its width and is used because of a low bearing capacity of a soil.

MASONRY PILLAR FOOTING

The foundation is designed to support a single column, which sits on its own square pad or footing and columns constructed in masonry.

Demolition by controlled blasting technique

___________ is based on rupture of critical elements of the structure that produce the same imbalance and as a result his downfall in a predetermined direction.

Cutting

also can be done with a torch to cut through pieces of metal.

burning

When wood cannot be used or vegetation has to be cleared, one of the best ways of destroying it is by _______.

footings

With a depth that is generally smaller than its width (shallow foundation) they are also known as _________

wall footing or strip footing

A ______ is a continuous strip of concrete that serves to spread the weight of a loadbearing wall across an area of soil.

1. SPREAD FOOTING 2. GRILLAGE FOUNDATIONS 3. RAFT FOUNDATION 4. STEPPED FOUNDATION 5. INVERTED ARCH FOUNDATION

CLASSIFICATIONS OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION

1. Develop Building plans 2. Utilize markings to set control points 3. Use of batter boards to be fastened at the top of skates 4. Nails are driven into the edge of the batter boards 5. Sketch a wire or cord between the nails to find the wall line 6. A plumb bob then is hung from the wire which is stretched between the batter boards 7. A surveyor looks through his transit to make sure that correct locations are maintained.

Procedure on Surveying for Buildings: Systematic Steps in Surveying

STEPPED FOUNDATION

To construct a ________________ some things must be considered such as, each step in the foundation should be no more than the foundation's thickness.

trenches

To construct a foundation, _______ are dug into the soil until proper depth is reached. These trenches are filled with reinforcement cage for the footing and will be connected to the reinforcement bar for the substructure above. Lastly, it will be filled with concrete.

surveyor

To measure vertical distance, ______ uses an engineer's level and a level rod.

RIPPING

Used instead of blasting wherever ripping equipment can get the area

surveyor

A _______ uses a measuring tape and transit to measure horizontal distances and angles.

wrecking ball

A _______ is a heavy steel ball, usually hung from a crane, that is used for demolishing large buildings. This type of demolition uses a wrecking ball, which can weigh up to 13,500 pounds.

slope

An inclined ground surface whose inclination may be represented as the ratio of horizontal distance to vertical distance is referred to as a ________

Soil compaction

is a technique used to increase the density of a soil by lowering the quantity of void space, or air between soil particles.

1. Brick and Block 2. Timber Frame 3. Steel Frame

According to Springfield Mobile Ltd. (2019), there are three common examples of traditional construction methods.

1. Architect 2. Construction Manager, Design Engineer, Construction Engineer or Project Manager

An _________ normally manages the job and a __________ supervises it.

excavating (digging)

Earthmoving is usually done by ______ material in one area and transferring (moving) it to another place.

GRILLAGE FOUNDATIONS

In order to keep the intensity of pressure within the soil's safe bearing capacity, this style of construction avoids extensive excavation limited between 1 to 1.5m in depth.

cutting

In wooded areas, ________ means bringing down timber by using axes, explosives, or saws.

BLASTING

Is done mostly to rock.

Site Clearance

It also involves clearing the surface layer of topsoil - which is necessary to remove as it cannot be built on.

CLEARING THE SITE

It can also contain chemicals within the topsoil leading to plant growth, which could affect new structures over time. The process involves the use of specialist heavy machinery, a skilled team with the expertise and knowledge of operating the required equipment and the means to legally dispose of the waste

1. PRECAST FLAT PANEL SYSTEM 2. 3D VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION 3. TUNNEL FORM 4. HYBRID CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION 5. THIN JOINT MASONRY 6. INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK 7. PRECAST FOUNDATION

MODERN CONSTRUCTION EXAMPLES

1. Find the correct direction 2. Set the stakes or markers surveyors use in surveying projects 3. Use level and rod to find the height of the ground at each of the center line stakes. 4. Proceed with cut or fill on the earth soil 5. When the cut, fill, and other earthwork is done, the surveyor must put up new stakes 6. Other workers will then lay the pavement by following the surveyor's stakes.

Procedure on Surveying for Highways: Systematic Steps in Surveying

1. BLASTING 2. BREAKING 3. SCARIFYING 4. RIPPING

TECHNIQUES FOR LOOSENING SOIL MATERIALS

1. Traditional Construction Methods 2. Modern Construction Methods

TWO TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION METHODS

1. EXCAVATING 2. TRANSPOSING AND DISPOSING

TYPES OF EARTHMOVING

1. BULK PIT 2. BULK WIDE-AREA 3. LOOSE BULK 4. LIMITED-AREA VERTICAL 5. TRENCHING 6. DREDGING 7. TUNNEL EXCAVATING

TYPES OF EXCAVATING

1. SHALLOW FOUNDATION 2. DEEP FOUNDATION

TYPES OF SETTING FOUNDATION

1. WALL FOOTINGS 2. MASONRY PILLAR FOOTING 3. CONCRETE COLUMN FOOTING

TYPES OF SPREAD FOOTING

1. TRIMMING 2. STABILIZING

TYPES OF STABILIZING EARTH AND STRUCTURE

1. FILLING 2. TOP DRESSING

TYPES OF TRANSPOSING AND DISPOSING

surveyor

The ______ shows construction workers the exact location and size of the structure they build.

grade

The ground level, or elevation at any particular position, is referred to as ______

LOOSE BULK

The material is not hauled away, as in the above two, but it is piled into a new position.

Site Clearance

The sole purpose of ________ is to clear the land of any existing buildings, debris or waste.

BULK WIDE-AREA

These areas are wide but fairly shallow, and there is easy access to them.

RAFT FOUNDATION

They're ideal for low-bearingcapacity soils and enable for more even load distribution for huge constructions.

salvaging

This can be done by tearing down, taking apart, or removing the wanted material from the site.

3D VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION

This involves the production of three dimensional units in controlled factory conditions prior to transportation to the site

BULK PIT

This is the digging up of a wide and deep area. The loose material must be hauled away from the site.

SITE CLEARING

This is the first step in any construction project.

DREDGING

This kind of excavation deals with the removal of soil or other materials from under water.

LIMITED-AREA VERTICAL

This kind of excavation is done mainly by digging vertically. It may be used to dig a basement.

STEPPED FOUNDATION

This kind of foundation prevents excessive changes in level or slope which could lead to weakening and movement of the structure.

THIN JOINT MASONRY

This method allows the depth of the mortar to be reduced from 10mm to just 3mm or less, resulting in faster laying and improved productivity.

PRECAST FOUNDATION

This method can be used to rapidly construct a foundation. This method significantly improves productivity especially in adverse weather conditions and also reduces the amount of excavation required.

HYBRID CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

This method combines all the benefits of pre-casting with the advantages of cast-in-situ construction.

INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK

This method consists of thin-walled expanded polystyrene panels or blocks that are quickly built up to create formwork for the walls of a building.

TUNNEL FORM

This method is a formwork system that allows the contractor to build monolithic walls and slabs in one operation on a daily cycle.

MODERN CONSTRUCTION

This method is also called modular construction.

PRECAST FLAT PANEL SYSTEM

This method is ideal for all repetitive cellular projects.

INVERTED ARCH FOUNDATION

This method is less used in the foundations of buildings. But more suitable for bridges, tanks, drainage line supports etc.

STABILIZING EARTH AND STRUCTURE

This part of the construction method and operation is done to prepare the site for the next operation which involves setting foundations. This is also done for protection of workers

SCARIFYING

Usually done in the upper 18" of the soil

wrecking

When bulldozers or wrecking balls are used, it is called _________.

Highway surveys

are a professional form of land survey usually undertaken by public authorities during the planning phases of a road project.

CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS

are generally classified according to specialized fields

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

are the means used to create, modify, or alter resources into constructed products, specifically in buildings and infrastructures.

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

are the procedures and techniques utilized during construction.

Bracing and Shoring

are used to support a building, structure, or trench in order to reduce the risk of collapse during demolition or other structural changes.

STEEL FRAME

has the same approach as the other two, only here it utilizes steel frames as the internal structure.

Soil freezing

helps to stabilize the soil and control the water underground since the concept is to convert water into ice wherein the soil will be more firm

Earth moving

involves digging, grading, and moving earth

SPREAD FOOTING

is a classification of Shallow foundation, which is constructed by increasing the area of the base of the foundation through offsets

Earthmoving

is a major application of heavy equipment.

SURVEYING

is a means of making relatively largescale, accurate measurements of the Earth's surfaces.

RAFT FOUNDATION

is a sort of shallow foundation in which a massive concrete slab supports the walls and columns above it.

Soil stabilization

is a technique to improve the engineering properties of a soil.

CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS

refer to any activities to be executed that will help aid the realization of a construction project.

Traditional Construction Methods

refer to the techniques which have been used for ages to build structures

shallow foundations

refers to foundations that are less than a foot below the ground level and are frequently utilized in low to mid-rise buildings.

Large-Scale construction

requires collaboration across multiple disciplines.

1. Salvaged lengths of wood to be used in future construction (construction materials) 2. appliances and ornamental items that may be fitted into an existing home.

two main classifications of materials that are salvaged from deconstructed buildings:

TIMBER FRAME

used as the internal structure of the building, with some bricks or stones used in finishes.

BRICK AND BLOCK

used in houses that involves the construction of blockwork walls surrounded by bricks or stones as external walls.