growth and development evolve
The nurse is giving nutritional counseling to the parents of an 8-month-old infant. Which statement would the nurse include in the counseling? "Avoid peanuts and eggs in your baby's diet." "Restrict puréed vegetables to your baby." "You can give low-fat cow's milk to your baby." "Include pasteurized whole cow's milk in their diet."
"Avoid peanuts and eggs in your baby's diet." BOX 11.1 Foods such as peanuts, eggs, fish, and seafood can result in food allergy in infants. These foods should not be given until 12 months of age. An 8-month-old infant can digest puréed vegetables; puréed vegetables can be given to the infant. Low-fat cow's milk can result in brain impairment in infants because of inadequate fat supplementation. Pasteurized whole cow's milk is low in iron, zinc, and vitamin C and may result in iron-deficiency anemia in the infant. Test-Taking Tip: Read the question carefully before looking at the answers: (1) Determine what the question is really asking; look for key words. (2) Read each answer thoroughly and see if it completely covers the material asked by the question. (3) Narrow the choices by immediately eliminating answers you know are incorrect.
Which characteristics would the nurse observe in a client who has secondary amenorrhea? 1 No uterine bleeding for 4 years after breast development 2 Absence of menstrual bleeding for 3 cycles after menarche 3 Absence of uterine bleeding and secondary sex characteristics at age 16 years 4 No uterine bleeding for 1 year after attaining a sexual maturity rating of 5 on the Tanner scale
Absence of menstrual bleeding for 3 cycles after menarche The client's menstrual cycle is absent 3 successive times after menarche. This is an indication of secondary amenorrhea. The absence of uterine bleeding 4 years after breast development, the absence of uterine bleeding and secondary sex characteristics at age 16 years, or no uterine bleeding for 1 year after attaining a sexual maturity rating of 5 on the Tanner scale are indicative of primary amenorrhea.
The nurse is teaching a group of young adults about the calendar method of contraception. Which statement made by an adolescent indicates effective learning? 1 "This type of contraception requires a regular menstrual cycle." 2 "This contraceptive method is 100% effective to prevent pregnancy." 3 "This contraception may decrease sensation and reduce spontaneity." 4 "This type of contraception is simple, must fit correctly, and is reusable."
"This type of contraception requires a regular menstrual cycle." he calendar method of contraception is refraining from sexual intercourse during the fertile period. A client who has an irregular menstrual cycle will not be able to calculate her fertile period, which results in failure of contraception. Lea's shield, not the calendar method, is a simple-fitting and reusable method of contraception. Abstinence is refraining from sexual intercourse, which makes it a 100% effective method to prevent pregnancy. Condoms are the most widely used method of contraception. However, the use of a condom may reduce sensation and spontaneity. STUDY TIP: Answer every question. A question without an answer is the same as a wrong answer. Go ahead and guess. You have studied for the test and you know the material well. You are not making a random guess based on no information. You are guessing based on what you have learned and your best assessment of the question.
The nurse is teaching safe transportation techniques to new parents who have a low economic background. Which advice given by the nurse is appropriate? 1 "You should borrow or buy a second-hand car seat." 2 "You should place padding in the car seat behind the baby." 3 "You should buy an infant-only model and an infant-toddler convertible car seat." 4 "You should place the baby's car seat in the rear-facing position in the backseat."
"You should place the baby's car seat in the rear-facing position in the backseat." The nurse instructs the parents to place the baby's car seat in the rear-facing position in the backseat, because it prevents injury to the infant from the air bag in case of a crash. It is dangerous to borrow or buy second-hand car seats. Placing padding behind the baby will create slack in the harness, which may result in the baby being ejected from the seat in the event of a crash. It is not a safe intervention. The parents of the baby are from a low economic background. Convertible-type car seats are preferable. Though convertible-type seats cost more initially, they work out to be less expensive than buying both an infant-only model and an infant-toddler convertible model. Test-Taking Tip: After you have eliminated one or more choices, you may discover that two of the options are very similar. This can be very helpful, because it may mean that one of these lookalike answers is the best choice and the other is a very good distractor. Test both of these options against the stem. Ask yourself which one completes the incomplete statement grammatically and which one answers the question more fully and completely. The option that best completes or answers the stem is the one you should choose. Here, too, pause for a few seconds, give your brain time to reflect, and recall may occur
Which teratogens affecting fetal growth and development would the nurse include in a teaching session for pregnant clients? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 1 Rubella 2 Varicella 3 Swordfish 4 Phenytoin 5 Acetaminophen
1 Rubella 2 Varicella 3 Swordfish 4 Phenytoin Teratogens are noxious materials such as viruses, chemicals, and drugs that pass from mother to child during pregnancy that can affect fetal growth and development. Rubella, varicella, swordfish (due to high mercury content), and phenytoin are all teratogens that the nurse would educate pregnant clients to avoid. Acetaminophen is not a teratogen.
The nurse performs a gross motor skills assessment on an infant. Which age should the infant obtain the ability to crawl? 3 months 5 months 7 months 9 months
9 months At the age of 9 months, a child starts to crawl along the floor and can pull himself or herself to a standing or sitting position. At the age of 3 months, a child can lift his or her head and chest and is able to sit erect with support. At the age of 5 months, a child can support much of his or her own weight when pulled to stand. At the age of 7 months, a child can sit alone without support, can bear his or her full weight on his or her feet, and can hold on to furniture. Test-Taking Tip: Sometimes the reading of a question in the middle or toward the end of an exam can trigger the answer or provide an important clue to an earlier question.
For which pediatric client would the nurse use the Age and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) as a developmental screening tool during a health maintenance assessment?A 2-week-old newborn client A 2-week-old newborn client A 15-month-old toddler client A 6-year-old school-age client A 14-year-old adolescent client
A 15-month-old toddler client The ASQ developmental screening tool is appropriate to use for pediatric clients from 1 month to 4.5 years of age. The nurse would use this screening tool for the 15-month-old toddler. The other clients are not within the age range for the use of the ASQ screening tool.
Which activities would the nurse recommend to a middle-age adult client to find a sense of fulfillment, according to Erikson? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. Attending church functions Visiting adult children in their homes Becoming involved at a local hospital Volunteering to coach for a grandchild's soccer team Allowing independent decision-making when hospitalized
Attending church functions Becoming involved at a local hospital Volunteering to coach for a grandchild's soccer team According to Erikson, middle-aged persons often find a sense of fulfillment by volunteering in a local school, hospital, or church; therefore, the nurse would recommend that the client attend church functions, become involved at a local hospital, and volunteer to coach a grandchild's soccer team. All of these suggestions would allow the client to find a sense of fulfillment. Visiting adult children in their homes and allowing independent decision-making when hospitalized are not recommendations that will allow the client to find a sense of fulfillment.
Which information related to school-age stage of development as it pertains to play would the nurse include in a teaching session for parents? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 1 Team play 2 Card games 3 Parallel play 4 Board games 5 Club membership
Team play Card games Board games Club membership School-age children participate in many forms of play, including team play, card games, board games, and club membership; therefore, it is appropriate for the nurse to include information related to each of these topics in the teaching session. Parallel play is the form of play exhibited by toddler- and preschool-age clients. ch.24
The nurse is counseling the parents of an adolescent child on the benefits of social development in the child's maturation process. Which statement by the nurse needs correction to convey an appropriate message to the parents? 1 Feelings of immortality in the child are undesirable and should be condemned. 2 The family should encourage the child to make relationships outside the family. 3 Feelings of intense sociability and equally intense loneliness are normal in the child. 4 The family should encourage the child to develop an identity independent of parental authority.
Feelings of immortality in the child are undesirable and should be condemned. The family should encourage the child to develop an identity independent of parental authority. Social development is a critical aspect of a child's maturation process. The feelings of immortality and release from the results of risky behavior are common in adolescent children. Although such feelings can be dangerous, they function as important developmental tools. These feelings help the child gain courage to build a separate self-identity by freeing himself or herself from family domination. The nurse would explain the significance of these feelings even though they seem negative. The nurse would instruct the parents to encourage the child to form social relationships outside the family. This helps in emancipating the child. The nurse would explain to the parents that adolescence is a transition period during which a child experiences various emotions ranging from intense sociability to intense loneliness. The parents should support and encourage the child to develop an independent identity apart from the family authority to achieve full maturity.
Which theory states that a child's growth pattern is related to gene activity? 1 Gesell's theory 2 Piaget's theory 3 Erikson's theory 4 Havighurst's theory
Gesell's theory Gesell's theory of development states that each child's pattern of growth is unique and that this pattern is directed by gene activity. Piaget's theory of cognitive development comprises four periods related to age: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development states that an individual needs to accomplish a particular task before mastering the stage and progressing to the next one. Havighurst's theory of stage crisis is based on developmental tasks. This theory incorporates three primary sources for developmental tasks: tasks that surface because of physical maturation, tasks that evolve from personal values, and tasks that are a result of pressures from society.
The nurse places a child in the prone position and presses a thumb along the child's spine from sacrum to neck. The nurse finds that the child starts crying and urinates while flexing the extremities. Which reflex did the nurse elicit? 1 Perez reflex 2 Babinski reflex 3 Trunk incurvation 4 Ankle clonus reflex
Perez reflex To assess the Perez reflex, the nurse places the child in a prone position and presses a thumb along the child's spine from sacrum to neck, and the child starts crying. This indicates that the child has the Perez reflex. To assess the Babinski reflex, the nurse strokes the child's foot upward from the heel; in response, the child hyperextends the toes. To assess trunk incurvation, the nurse strokes the infant's spine; in response, the child's hips move to the stimulated side. To assess the ankle clonus reflex, the nurse performs dorsiflexion of the child's foot while ensuring that the knee is flexed. The child's foot will make an oscillating movement in response. Test-Taking Tip: Be certain to answer every question. You must arrive at one correct or one "best" answer. If you must, "guess" between two alternatives or eliminate the two or three answers you know are wrong first.
Which type of development is described under Freud's theory? Cognition development Psychosocial development Psychosexual development Moral reasoning development
Psychosexual development Freud's psychoanalytic model of personality development sets forth 5 stages of psychosexual development. Each stage is characterized by sexual pleasure in a part of the body: the mouth, the anus, and the genitals. Piaget's theory of cognitive development includes four periods that are related to age and demonstrate specific categories of knowing and understanding. According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, an individual needs to accomplish a particular task before mastering the stage and progressing to the next one. Kohlberg's theory of moral development expands on Piaget's cognitive theory.
According to Erikson, which would the nurse anticipate when assessing an adolescent? 1 Being engaged in tasks 2 Questioning sexual identity 3 Having highly imaginative thoughts 4 Wanting to participate in organized activities
Questioning sexual identity The nurse would anticipate the adolescent to question sexual identity, according to Erikson. Being engaged in tasks and wanting to participate in organized activities is expected for the school-age child. The nurse would anticipate that a preschool-age child would have highly imaginative thoughts.
Which developmental skills should a preschooler exhibit? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Specific reasoning Increased curiosity Magical thinking Preschoolers begin to engage in specific and become curious. Preschoolers' thinking is often described as magical thinking. Between the ages of 12 and 36 months, toddlers start thinking of the self as separate from the mother. School-age children around the age of 12 years start concentrating on more than 1 aspect of a situation. They also start understanding different points of view.
The nurse is assessing a newborn and anticipates that the newborn has renal impairment. Which finding supports the nurse's conclusion? 1 The newborn has odorless urine. 2 The newborn has colorless urine. 3 The newborn first voids after 76 hours. 4 The newborn's urine has a specific gravity of 1.020.
The newborn first voids after 76 hours. A newborn should void within 24 hours. However, in this case, the newborn first voids after 76 hours, indicating renal impairment. The urine should be colorless and odorless. This indicates that the urine is normal and the child has normal renal function. The normal specific gravity of urine is 1.020.
Why would the nurse recommend that parents give their child food rich in vitamin A? 1 To help the child improve visual acuity 2 To help the child improve language skills 3 To help the child develop gross motor skills 4 To help the child improve concentration levels
To help the child improve visual acuity Eating vitamin A-rich food improves the child's vision. Engaging the child in conversation will help improve language skills. Activities like jumping, running, and climbing will promote physical growth and improve gross motor skills. Vitamin A is not associated with concentration levels.
Which of these age groups has the highest incidence of lead poisoning? 1 Adult 2 Toddler 3 Adolescent 4 School-age child
Toddler The incidence of lead poisoning is highest in late infancy and toddlerhood. Children at this stage explore the environment and because of their increased level of oral activity, put objects into their mouths. Adults have a greater risk of cardiovascular or pulmonary disease. Drowning and motor vehicle accidents are more common among adolescents. Bicycle accidents are more common among school-aged children.
Which nursing actions are accurate when measuring a head circumference for an infant? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 1 Using cloth tape for accuracy 2 Obtaining 1 measurement per visit 3 Documenting the information in the progress notes 4 Using paper tape marked with tenths of a centimeter 5 Placing the tape slightly above the eyebrows and pinna of the ears
Using paper tape marked with tenths of a centimeter Placing the tape slightly above the eyebrows and pinna of the ears Nursing actions that are accurate when measuring a head circumference for an infant include using paper tape marked in tenths of a centimeter (to facilitate plotting information on growth chart) and placing the tape slightly above the eyebrows and the pinna of the ears (the largest circumference of the head is the target measurement). The use of cloth tape is not recommended because it may stretch, causing an inaccurate measurement; paper or metal tape should be used. The nurse would take several measurements at each visit for accuracy. The head circumference is plotted on the growth chart; the information is not documented in the progress notes.