Growth & development Exam 2- Chapter 6

If Celinez gets an "A" on her science test, which is the MOST helpful response? A. "I'm thrilled because you are brilliant in science!" B. "You have been trying so hard, so I'm thrilled!" C. "I'm thrilled because you will probably do well in anything you do!" D. "You probably have a high intelligence test score!"

B.

hostile attributional bias

seeing threat in benign social cues

younger children clog their memory bin space with irrelevant information bc they cannot ____ ?

selectively attend as well

when does pruning of the frontal lobe begin to occur?

about age 9

How do we begin to think at age 7?

abstractly

working memory & theory of mind are both facets of ___?

basic self-control skill

why do we have such high expectations for children during late elementary school?

bc of frontal lobe pruning

physically active parents have daughter and sons with _____ ?

better motor skills

theory-of-mind capacities

blossom during elementary school (bc of expanding working mind) --able to relate to people; can lie effectively

correlation between physical coordination and fitness ________ as children travel into their teens.

decreases

externalizing tendencies

denying reality --act on immediate emotions --often behave disruptively & aggressively

working memory bin during early elementary school

dramatically enlarges

self esteem seems to decline during ____ ?

early elementary school

Erikson believed that during middle childhood, we realize that succeeding involves what?

industry

Erikson's Psychosocial stages: middle childhood?

industry vs inferiority

what does inferiority ("i'm jealous because he is better than me!") help propel ?

industry("I need to work hard so I can be better than him!")

proactive aggression

initiated to achieve a goal(to get a toy back) planned

working memory

limited capacity system that contains all the material that we can keep in awareness at a single time --material is either processed permanently or lost

synaptogenesis

making billions of connections between neurons

bullying

moral disengagement in action

preschoolers with superior motor talents tend to be more ______ during middle childhood.

physically active

The neurons in the visual & motor cortices are in what phase during early childhood?

pruning phase

moral disengagement

rationalizing immoral behavior as legitimate, as a way of justifying one's own bad acts

why do children bully?

revenge recreation social rewards peer reinforcements

what occurs during concrete operations?

we first think logically about life

BMI

weight to height ratio

how many decades does it take for our cerebral cortex to mature?

2

Children's mental health problems after divorce: A. depend on the quality of the custodial parenting. B. depend on the parents' getting joint custody. C. are universal. D. are rare.

A.

Reaching concrete operations tends to produce "self-esteem" issues because children: A. can realistically compare their abilities with those of their peers. B. can fully express their feelings. C. are now getting disciplined for the first time. D. are expected to do homework.

A.

inhibition

"impulses" not doing what we feel like doing --extremely hard for young children

bullying interventions

--appreciative audience required --class norms should reject bullying --bullying prevention programs

excessive aggression Interventions

--avoid punitive, shaming discipline --encourage socialization of prosocial behavior

Piaget's Stages: concrete operations ?

--children have a realistic understanding of the world --their thinking = on the same wavelength as adults --can reason conceptually, but cannot think abstractly(scientifically)

encouraging accurate perceptions

--continually provide accurate feedback ("the class doesn't hate you. Notice how Matt and Jose wanted you in the game.")

what can fine motor talents(drawing) predict?

--later performance on school-related memory --speed-oriented cognitive tests

reherasal

--major way we learn -- we repeat material to embed in memory

ADHD

--most common disorder in the US --usually diagnosed in elementary school --mostly among boys

ADHD known treatment

--psycho-stimulant medications --parent/teacher training --white noise background --exercise

5 areas children draw on to determine their self-esteem

--scholastic competence --behavioral conduct --athletic skills --peer likeability --physical appearance

frontal lobes

--the area of the uppermost part of the brain --responsible for reasoning & planning our actions

executive function deficits of ADHD

--working memory(critical to performing academic tasks) --inhibition --selective attention --impulsivity --tasks under pressure(have trouble estimating time)

producing problematic aggression

1. toddlers temperament evokes harsh discipline (power assertion) 2. rejection by teachers and peers have a hostile world view

According to Susan Harter, how would a 4-year-old describe himself? A. "I am sometimes nervous around new people." B. "Although I am a good reader, I have trouble with numbers." C. "My hair is curly." D. "I try to be nice to everyone, but sometimes it is hard."

C.

The term for boys playing with boys and girls playing with girls is: A. gender-splitting play. B. heterophilic intimacy. C. gender-segregated play. D. gender-aversion play.

C.

Which person is showing prosocial behavior? A. Oscar, who is an outgoing, people person B. Patty, who would rather go to a party than be alone C. Quentin, who goes out of his way to be nice to the new boy in class D. Rosa, who believes that money makes people greedy

C.

bully victims

Children who are victimized and also victimize others. (highly aggressive) --externalizing disorders

relational aggression

acts designed to hurt relationships(spreading rumors) --seen equally in both boys and girls

aggression

any hostile or destructive act

childhood obesity

child having a BMI above the 95th percentile

what is the logical reason for today's drop in motor skills?

children no longer regularly play outside

externalizing issues & self-esteem

children with externalizing issues may deny reality and impulsively blame others to preserve their self-worth

prosocial behavior

empathy, sympathy, moral disengagement, induction(pointing out what child does wrong & why)

how to promote realistic self-esteem in children?

enchance self-efficacy("i can succeed if I work") and promote realistic perceptions about self

when children reach concrete operations, they realistically ___ ?

evaluate their abilities & decide whether they like or dislike the person they see

self esteem

evaluating oneself as either "good" or "bad" as a result of comparing the self to other people

primary cause of ADHD

genetics --delayed maturation of frontal lobes or lower brain center impairment --lower dopamine output

reactive aggression

in response to being frustrated or hurt

internalizing issues & self-esteem

intense anxiety may cause children with internalizing tendencies to read failure into benign events

internalizing tendencies

learned helplessness --hang back in social situations --timid, self-conscious, frightened & depressed

ADHD: punishments & rewards

less affected by punishments & rewards, so yelling or threatening simply may not work

are gross motor skills related to academic success?

no

should you expect a 6-year old to remember to feed the dog?

no bc they don't have great control over their selective attention

Do children dwell on feeling inferior?

no, they can see areas where they are not doing so well, but they take comfort in the places where they shine

self-awareness

our perceptions about ourselves

executive functions

refers to every frontal lobe ft. of self-control

emotional regulation

skills involved in controlling feelings

average scores on what are lower today than in previous cohorts, particularly as children advance to older grades?

standard motor-skill tests

cyber bullying

systemic harassment through media

selective attention

the ability to manage our awareness to focus on just what we need to know

what allows children to master basic physical milestones(walking at a young age) and to have rapid visual development?

the pruning phase that occurs during early childhood

to produce physically skilled children, caregiver should encourage ____ , but not _____ ?

to produce physically skilled children, caregiver should encourage outdoor activities, but not micromanage

myelin sheath grows into our ... ?

twenties

industry

understanding we need to control our impulses and work for what we want