Growth & development Exam 2- Chapter 6
If Celinez gets an "A" on her science test, which is the MOST helpful response? A. "I'm thrilled because you are brilliant in science!" B. "You have been trying so hard, so I'm thrilled!" C. "I'm thrilled because you will probably do well in anything you do!" D. "You probably have a high intelligence test score!"
B.
hostile attributional bias
seeing threat in benign social cues
younger children clog their memory bin space with irrelevant information bc they cannot ____ ?
selectively attend as well
when does pruning of the frontal lobe begin to occur?
about age 9
How do we begin to think at age 7?
abstractly
working memory & theory of mind are both facets of ___?
basic self-control skill
why do we have such high expectations for children during late elementary school?
bc of frontal lobe pruning
physically active parents have daughter and sons with _____ ?
better motor skills
theory-of-mind capacities
blossom during elementary school (bc of expanding working mind) --able to relate to people; can lie effectively
correlation between physical coordination and fitness ________ as children travel into their teens.
decreases
externalizing tendencies
denying reality --act on immediate emotions --often behave disruptively & aggressively
working memory bin during early elementary school
dramatically enlarges
self esteem seems to decline during ____ ?
early elementary school
Erikson believed that during middle childhood, we realize that succeeding involves what?
industry
Erikson's Psychosocial stages: middle childhood?
industry vs inferiority
what does inferiority ("i'm jealous because he is better than me!") help propel ?
industry("I need to work hard so I can be better than him!")
proactive aggression
initiated to achieve a goal(to get a toy back) planned
working memory
limited capacity system that contains all the material that we can keep in awareness at a single time --material is either processed permanently or lost
synaptogenesis
making billions of connections between neurons
bullying
moral disengagement in action
preschoolers with superior motor talents tend to be more ______ during middle childhood.
physically active
The neurons in the visual & motor cortices are in what phase during early childhood?
pruning phase
moral disengagement
rationalizing immoral behavior as legitimate, as a way of justifying one's own bad acts
why do children bully?
revenge recreation social rewards peer reinforcements
what occurs during concrete operations?
we first think logically about life
BMI
weight to height ratio
how many decades does it take for our cerebral cortex to mature?
2
Children's mental health problems after divorce: A. depend on the quality of the custodial parenting. B. depend on the parents' getting joint custody. C. are universal. D. are rare.
A.
Reaching concrete operations tends to produce "self-esteem" issues because children: A. can realistically compare their abilities with those of their peers. B. can fully express their feelings. C. are now getting disciplined for the first time. D. are expected to do homework.
A.
inhibition
"impulses" not doing what we feel like doing --extremely hard for young children
bullying interventions
--appreciative audience required --class norms should reject bullying --bullying prevention programs
excessive aggression Interventions
--avoid punitive, shaming discipline --encourage socialization of prosocial behavior
Piaget's Stages: concrete operations ?
--children have a realistic understanding of the world --their thinking = on the same wavelength as adults --can reason conceptually, but cannot think abstractly(scientifically)
encouraging accurate perceptions
--continually provide accurate feedback ("the class doesn't hate you. Notice how Matt and Jose wanted you in the game.")
what can fine motor talents(drawing) predict?
--later performance on school-related memory --speed-oriented cognitive tests
reherasal
--major way we learn -- we repeat material to embed in memory
ADHD
--most common disorder in the US --usually diagnosed in elementary school --mostly among boys
ADHD known treatment
--psycho-stimulant medications --parent/teacher training --white noise background --exercise
5 areas children draw on to determine their self-esteem
--scholastic competence --behavioral conduct --athletic skills --peer likeability --physical appearance
frontal lobes
--the area of the uppermost part of the brain --responsible for reasoning & planning our actions
executive function deficits of ADHD
--working memory(critical to performing academic tasks) --inhibition --selective attention --impulsivity --tasks under pressure(have trouble estimating time)
producing problematic aggression
1. toddlers temperament evokes harsh discipline (power assertion) 2. rejection by teachers and peers have a hostile world view
According to Susan Harter, how would a 4-year-old describe himself? A. "I am sometimes nervous around new people." B. "Although I am a good reader, I have trouble with numbers." C. "My hair is curly." D. "I try to be nice to everyone, but sometimes it is hard."
C.
The term for boys playing with boys and girls playing with girls is: A. gender-splitting play. B. heterophilic intimacy. C. gender-segregated play. D. gender-aversion play.
C.
Which person is showing prosocial behavior? A. Oscar, who is an outgoing, people person B. Patty, who would rather go to a party than be alone C. Quentin, who goes out of his way to be nice to the new boy in class D. Rosa, who believes that money makes people greedy
C.
bully victims
Children who are victimized and also victimize others. (highly aggressive) --externalizing disorders
relational aggression
acts designed to hurt relationships(spreading rumors) --seen equally in both boys and girls
aggression
any hostile or destructive act
childhood obesity
child having a BMI above the 95th percentile
what is the logical reason for today's drop in motor skills?
children no longer regularly play outside
externalizing issues & self-esteem
children with externalizing issues may deny reality and impulsively blame others to preserve their self-worth
prosocial behavior
empathy, sympathy, moral disengagement, induction(pointing out what child does wrong & why)
how to promote realistic self-esteem in children?
enchance self-efficacy("i can succeed if I work") and promote realistic perceptions about self
when children reach concrete operations, they realistically ___ ?
evaluate their abilities & decide whether they like or dislike the person they see
self esteem
evaluating oneself as either "good" or "bad" as a result of comparing the self to other people
primary cause of ADHD
genetics --delayed maturation of frontal lobes or lower brain center impairment --lower dopamine output
reactive aggression
in response to being frustrated or hurt
internalizing issues & self-esteem
intense anxiety may cause children with internalizing tendencies to read failure into benign events
internalizing tendencies
learned helplessness --hang back in social situations --timid, self-conscious, frightened & depressed
ADHD: punishments & rewards
less affected by punishments & rewards, so yelling or threatening simply may not work
are gross motor skills related to academic success?
no
should you expect a 6-year old to remember to feed the dog?
no bc they don't have great control over their selective attention
Do children dwell on feeling inferior?
no, they can see areas where they are not doing so well, but they take comfort in the places where they shine
self-awareness
our perceptions about ourselves
executive functions
refers to every frontal lobe ft. of self-control
emotional regulation
skills involved in controlling feelings
average scores on what are lower today than in previous cohorts, particularly as children advance to older grades?
standard motor-skill tests
cyber bullying
systemic harassment through media
selective attention
the ability to manage our awareness to focus on just what we need to know
what allows children to master basic physical milestones(walking at a young age) and to have rapid visual development?
the pruning phase that occurs during early childhood
to produce physically skilled children, caregiver should encourage ____ , but not _____ ?
to produce physically skilled children, caregiver should encourage outdoor activities, but not micromanage
myelin sheath grows into our ... ?
twenties
industry
understanding we need to control our impulses and work for what we want