Hawaiian Studies 107 Midterm 1

1900

Puerto Ricans

1822

Pīʻāpā Alphabet Primer put out

1820

Missionaries arrive

Kānaka maoli

Native Hawaiians

Roger Green

Pioneered settlement pattern approach in the Pacific. Examined archeological landscape holistically rather than focus on sites with rich deposits.

Pele

a volcano goddess living in the crater of Kilauea on the island of Hawaii.

malama 'āina

caring for the land

makahiki

ceremony for first harvests

ali'i

chief, royalty

po'olua

child of two fathers

geothermal

comes from volcanic heat stored beneath the earth's surface. Underground reservoirs of water heated by volcanic activity can be tapped for steam to generate electricity.

waihau ipu-o-Lono

common temple

maka'āinana

commoner

Kula Kaiāpuni

Hawaiian immersion school

'ōlelo Hawai'i

Hawaiian language

Hawaiʻinuiākea

Hawaiʻinuiākea has historical roots that go back to 1922 when Hawaiian language was first offered and taught by Frederick W. Beckley. As early as 1926 Hawaiian became a second language elective

Kanaloa

He is the local form of a Polynesian deity generally connected with the sea. symbolized by the squid, and is typically associated with Kane in legends and chants where they are portrayed as complementary powers.

ho'omana

worship (to give mana)

palapala

written documents

Nainoa Thompson

• Hawaiian navigator who learned from Mau Piailug traditional non- instrumental navigation. • Leads Hōkūleʻa on its subsequent journeys from from 1978- present in over 60 legs including distant places such as the U.S. West Coast, Micronesia, & Japan. • Canoe is currently on the World Wide voyage this for next few years.

The Kumulipo

• It is a oli hoʻokumu honua - cosmogonic creation chant that tells of the formation of the universe • It is pule hoʻolaʻa aliʻi (prayer to sanctify the chief) written for the birth of high chief Kalaninuiʻīamamao in abt. A.D. 1700. • It is 2106 lines long and done three times in history. • It divides the formation of the universe into two halves pō and ao (night and day) • It is divided into 16 wā or eras of time moving progressively genealogically from the earliest life forms to the chiefs.

Mau Piailug

• Micronesian navigator from the island of Satawal in Carolinian islands • Introduced traditional non- instrumental wayfinding techniques to Polynesia. With PVS (Polynesian voyaging society) helped to navigate Hōkūleʻa to Tahiti in 1976

moku

district

kupuna

elder

kūpuna

elders

kahakō

elongated vowel (diacritical)

wā

era (know the 16 time periods)

Laʻilaʻi

female, progenitor of hawaiian race

mo'olelo

story, legend, history, narrative

ka lāhui Hawai'i

the Hawaiian race

Ranginui and Papatuanuku

the primordial parents, the sky father and the earth mother who lie locked together in a tight embrace. They have many children all of which are male, who are forced to live in the cramped darkness between them. These children grow and discuss among themselves what it would be like to live in the light.

Pūnana Leo

"nest of voices" are private, non-profit preschools run by families, in which the Hawaiian language is the language of instruction and administration. (1984- Kaua'i)

Ku

"standing up" God of war

ABCFM

(1820) American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions • Although missionaries envisioned a new order for Hawaii many of them did not see their children as truly part of the community. • American missionaries and their families created the nucleus of the first permanent non-Hawaiian speaking community in Hawaiʻi. • ABCFM (which financed the effort of Hawaiian mission) later officially declared the Christianization of Hawaii at success and pulled their support and contributions. In order to sustain their accustomed lifestyle the missionaries in Hawaii began to wrestle control of land over from the Hawaiians, coming into conflict the very principles that originally inspired the ministry.

Hauātea Alliance

Alliance that lasted until 1300.

Story of Papa and Wākea

Almost like Adam and Eve. Wakea or his equivalent is god of light and of the heavens who "opens the door of the sun"; Papa is a goddess of earth and the underworld and mother of gods.Stories and genealogies connect the Wakea-Papa line with the myth already noticed of a marriage between a high chief from a distant land and a native-born chiefess. A struggle is implied between an older line and a new order which imposes the separation of chiefs from commoners and of both from a degraded slave class, and establishes religious tapus

Mokumanamana

The island of Mokumanamana is the second smallest of the Northwest Hawaiian Islands. Its tiny size (46 acres) however, belies its rich cultural and political history. Initially the island was thought by many to have been perpetually uninhabited because of its sheer cliffs and lack of soil and fresh water.

'ainoa

free eating

noa

free, unrestricted

ko'a

shrines

cognates

similar or identical terms

Kumulipō

source of deep darkness

mana

spiritual or divine power

HPE

Hawaiʻi Pidgin English

Hawaiian Pidgin English

Hawaiʻi Pidgin English (HPE) evolves the most in 1890-1910 and consists of Hawaiian and English vocabulary embedded in the grammatical structure of a speakers' native language.

1778

Captain Cook (First Europeans to Hawai'i)

pī'āpā

Hawaiian language primer

Kohanga Reo

"language nest" an environment where kids aged 0 - 6 years old spend time together talking, playing, praying and learning. Daily activities may take place anywhere that is safe and warm including marae (traditional Māori buildings), converted homes or purpose-built centres.

Kane

"man" Tiki god of life and light. He created the sky, earth and upper heaven and gave Kumu-Honua the garden. He owned a tiny seashell that, when placed on the ocean's waves, turned into a huge sailboat. The user of the boat had merely to state his destination and the boat took him there. In agricultural and planting traditions, Kane was identified with the sun.

1819

End of 'Aikapu (enters the period of 'Ainoa)

1868

Japanese (Kepani)

1878

Portuguese (Pukikī)

kinolau

body forms

ʻaha

ceremony for est. leaders

mo'okū'auhau

geneology

akua

gods

Pō & ao

light & darkness

kaona

metaphor

'ōlelo makuahine

mother tongue

kanaka maoli

native Hawaiian

mānaleo

native speaker

ka wā ma mua

past

ʻimihaku

paths to power (lit seek a chief)

Kon Tiki

April 28, 1947 (30x15 raft) Departed from Callao, Peru with six men. Voyage lasted 101 days and 4,300 miles.

1820

Calvinist missionaries arrive in Hawai'i Missionaries & descendants- Caucasians in general (Haole)

1852

Chinese (Pake)

Hawaiʻiloa

Double-hulled canoe funded by the National Parks Service. Named for the voyager Hawai'iloa, first discoverer of Hawai'i who found islands on a long fishing expedition from the south or west.

1907

Filipino (Pilipino)

1851

First English sponsored school set up in Hawaiʻi

1987

First Kula Kaiāpuni K-12 began

1984

First Pūnana Leo preschools began

Hokule'a

First voyage to Tahiti in 1976 was as success. Tahitians have great traditions and genealogies of ancestral canoes and ways of navigation.

Shark Callers of Kontu

In a world where most humans view sharks with a mix of fear and loathing, Papua New Guinea is one of the few places where people embrace them. For the villagers in Tembin, Mesi, and Kontu -- the three towns that still practice shark calling -- sharks are an integral part of their creation story, a religious faith that has endured for centuries.

missionaries (Calvinism)

In the 1820s two new forces entered Hawaii: the Congregationalist missionaries of the Calvinist ideology and New England whalers. The missionaries arrived just as the Hawaiians were abandoning their religious system.

Lapita Pottery

Key to Polynesian colonization of the Eastern Pacific. It is coil built, low fired pottery commonly found in archeological sites in the western Pacific. It comes from the misinterpretation "Xaapeta" or "He dug a pit"

1903

Koreans (Kōlea)

Taputapuātea

Large marae complex at Opoa in Taputapuatea, on the Souht eastern coast of Raiatea. It is the central temple and religious center of Eastern Polynesia.

1893

Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy

16 time periods of Kumulipo

PŌ 1 REEF CREATURES 2 FISH OF SEA & LAND 3 BIRDS OF SEA & LAND 4 CRAWLERS: TURTLES 5 PIGS & TARO 6 NIBBLERS: RATS & LICE 7 DOGS & BATS 8 HUMAN-LIKE GODS AO 9 LA'ILA'I & KI'I 10 LA'ILA'I & KĀNE 11 800 GENERATIONS 12 ANCESTORS OF WĀKEA 13 ANCESTORS OF PAPA 14 WĀKEA & STARS 15 HAUMEA, HINA, MAUI 16 MAUI TO KĀNAKA

1896

Republic of Hawai'i established (Hawaiian language banned in schools) Republic changes law to make English standard in education

1978

State Constitutional Convention (provisions set to recognize Hawaiian language again)

1959

Statehood

Ho'ohōkūkalani

The daughter of Papa and Wakea. Wakea falls in love with her and leaves Papa for her. They have children.

Hāloa and Hāloa naka

The second born to these gods, named Hāloa in honor of his elder brother, is ancestor to all Hawaiian people. In Hawaiian knowledge, it is the duty of this younger sibling to honor and serve the elder and in turn the elder sibling will provide for them. This inter-dependant relationship between man and the land serves to connect the fate of both.

Hawaiian Alphabet

a e i o u h k l m n p w '

Lono

a fertility and music god who descended to Earth on a rainbow to marry Laka. In agricultural and planting traditions, Lono was identified with rain and food plants. Existed before the world was created

'aumākua

ancestral guardians

pono

balance, righteousness

'okina

glottal stop (diacritical)

immersion schools

goals to revitalize indigenous language

Creole

gradual meddling of various culture and ways of communicating

Kalaninui`īamamao

high chief in AD 1700

luakini

high chief temples

I ka `ōlelo nō ke ola, i ka `ōlelo nō ka make

in the language there is life, in the language there is death.

nī'aupi'o

incestual mating

mokupuni

island

ka wā ma hope

present

kahuna

priest, specialist

creolization

process in which Creole cultures emerge in the New World. As a result of colonization there was a mixture between people of indigenous, African, and European descent, which came to be understood as Creolization.

'ōlelo no'eau

proverb, wise saying

ʻōlelo noʻeau

proverbs

Ao ʻaumākua

realm in heaven

Ao kuewa

realm of the wandering spirits

Ao o Milu

realm of underworld

Austronesian

refers to a population group present in Southeast Asia or Oceania who speak, or had ancestors who spoke, one of the Austronesian languages. Apart from the Polynesian people of Oceania, the Austronesian people include: Taiwanese Aborigines, the majority ethnic groups of East Timor, Indonesia and Malaysia.

punalua

relationship between two lover who share one mate

heiau

religious temple

kuleana

responsibility

kapu

restriction, sacred

'aikapu

sacred eating

mōhai

sacrifice

po'o kanaka

sacrificial (lit. human head)

ahupua'a

self sustaining land unit

Thor Heyerdahl

• Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer • In 1947 sailed a raft called the Kon Tiki drifting 5000 miles • From Peru South America to the Tuamotus. • Attempted to prove that Polynesian and Pacific people originated from South America due to the prevailing winds and currents going East to West. • He landed and smashed on a reef in Rarioa in the Tuamotus in 102 days time (3 months).

Po

• Origin and creation where all the plants and animals of the sea, land, sky, both male and female born. • A place we return to after death • This represents a divine time, a time of the gods • A time/place of darkness when there is no sun (ie night) • Each wā ends with the phrase "pō nō"- night indeed, all is balanced and in harmony

Andrew Sharp

• Proposed his "theory of accidental voyages" in two books: (1) 1956 Monograph Ancient Voyagers of the Pacific; and (2) 1957 Ancient Voyagers of Polynesia. • Believed that the remote areas (and islands) of the world were settled by accident. • Argued that Pacific peoples were incapable of accomplishing such a feat, and it must have been luck, random island sightings, and drifting rather than organized and purposeful colonization

Hawai`i Creole English or "Pidgin"

• The original pidgin was Hawaiʻi Pidgin English (HPE) which grew out of interaction between Hawaiian people, sea traders, missionaries, and immigration workers. • Later the children & grandchildren spoke creole or Hawaiʻi Creole English (local pidgin - HCE)a gradual melding of various cultures and ways of communicating