HBS unit3 Test
adolphe
"renaissance man"
process of lungs
1. air enters through nose and mouth and travel down trachea. Bronchial tubes branch from the tranchea and carry air through smaller passageways deep into lungs 2. Alveoli inflates- air reaches the end of the bronchial tubes and inflats, clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli 3. inside alveoli oxygen passes through extremly thin alveli walls and into tiny blood vesselsthat surround them. then its carried by the blood to all partsof body to be used as fuel 4. Waiting to exhlae- lungs can expel carbon dioxide now and prepare to draw fresh air in 5. diaphragm relaxes pushing upward against the lungs and the carbon dioxide rich air is forced out of the body
categories of bmi underweight
15-18.4
when and by who was BMI formulated
1840 by adolphe quetelet
how many spinchers stomach has
2 lower esophageal.. keeps stomach acid in stomach and pyloric spincher that regulates flow of food in stomach
overweight
23-27.5
obese
27.6-40
into how many parts is the stomach divided into
4 cardia fundus corpus pylorus
morbidly obese
40>
Lock and key model
Basic mechanism by which enzymes, catalyzes chemical reactions begins w/ the binding of the substrate to the active site on the enzyme.. the active site is the specific region of the enzyme,,, which convinces with the substrate.
Peristaltic movement
Constriction and relaxation of muscles in the esopagus Happneswhen food is consumed
who proposed the induced fit theory
Daniel koshland in 1958...theory asserts that when the active siste of the enzyme makes contact with the proper substrate the enzyme molds itself to the shape of teh molecule.
Who was first to suggest the lock and key analogy
Emil Fischer in 1894
. Lipase: They are found in most living organisms and perform essential roles in the digestion, transport, and processing of dietary lipids, fats, oils, etc. Some may also be found in viruses.
Enzyme
In addition to removing wastes, your kidneys release three important hormones:
Erythropoietin (eh-RITH-ro-POYeh-tin), or EPO, which stimulates the bones to make red blood cells. Renin (REE-nin), which regulates blood pressure. The active form of vitamin D, which helps maintain calcium for bones and for normal chemical balance in the body.
Where are enzymes made
From amino acids It is made by stringing together b/w 100 and 1,000 amino acids in an specific and unique way
lung capacity
Lung capacities are two or more lung volumes. For example, the total volume of a maximum inhale is the sum of tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume.
lung volume
Lung volumes are a series of measurements that are a part of pulmonary functions test. It measures the volumes of air that move in and out of the normal breathing cycle, as well as with additional effort.
how to use a peak flow meter
Move the marker to the bottom of the numbered scale. Stand up straight. Take a deep breath. Fill your lungs all the way. Hold your breath while you place the mouthpiece in your mouth, between your teeth. Close your lips around it. DO NOT put your tongue against or inside the hole. Blow out as hard and fast as you can in a single blow. Your first burst of air is the most important. So blowing for a longer time will not affect your result. Write down the number you get. But, if you coughed or did not do the steps right, do not write down the number. Instead, do the steps over again. Move the marker back to the bottom and repeat all these steps 2 more times. The highest of the 3 numbers is your peak flow number. Write it down in your log chart.
What does the induced fit theory assume
Substrate plays a role in determining the final shape of the enzyme and that enzyme is partially flexible ....This explains why certain compounds can bind to the enzyme but dont react bc the enzyme has been disorted too much.
how does oxygen we inhale get to all of our cells
The alveoli (air sacs) are surrounded by capillaries. The air goes through the walls of the alveoli and go onto the hemoglobin of the blood cells. The blood travels through the body.
BMI
The body mass index or Quetelet index is a value derived from the mass and height of an individual. The BMI is defined as the body mass divided by the square of the body height,
Classification of enzyme lYASES
Type of reaction of catalyzed aDDITION TO DOUBLE BONDS OR ITS REVERSE
Classification of enzyme ligases or synthetases
Type of reaction of catalyzed formation of bonds w ATP clearage
Classification of enzyme Isomerases
Type of reaction of catalyzed isomerzation reactions
whats reffered to as the gastic juices
acids and enzymes
Where are coenzymes usually released from
active site of the enzyme following reaction
energy can be released by converting atp into
adp which is the 'uncahrged' form
the toungue is a connectin of muscles that
basiclaly chew and swallo
Co enzyme
bind to the enzyme and assit in enzyme activiy they can bind and react w many different enzymes so they're not specific to a particular. *Considered to be a 'secondary substrate'
chemical digestion occurs when the acids are excreted from the lining of the stomach to
break down proteins
Stomach
breakdown and digest food in order to extract necessary nutrients from what you've eaten Stomach also releases food into small ntestine in a controlled and regulated manner
what happens during asthma flare up
breathing might be mysterious
inhale oxygen that our bodies need as fuel and exhale
carbon dioxide that our cells release into blood
renal sinus
cavity within the kidney which is occupied by the renal pelvis, renal calyces, blood vessels, nerves and fat.
carbon dioxide is waste created when
cells use oxygen
abolus
chewed food
by binding a third phophate group adp can be
chnaged to atp 'the charged form'
what type of muscle are spinchers
circumperential... can relax or constrict to regulate passage of material
How enzymes are named
commonly by adding suffix "-ase" to the root name of the substrate molecule Ex: lipASE: catalyzes the hydrolosis of lipi tryglicerides
pylorus
connected to the duodenum or the beggining of the small intestine
Adenosine Triphosphate.
considered by biologists to be the energy currency of life. It is the high-energy molecule that stores the energy we need to do just about everything we do.
3 different coenzymes
electron transfer coenzymes vitamin B12 derived coenzyme Coenzyme from vitamin B5 (B12B5E)
food that are sources of coenzymes
electron transfer coenzymes- oranges bc they contain vitamin C or arscobc acid that act as an electron donor changing in the process of dehydro as corbic acid Vitamin B12 derived coenzyme- Animal producs such as milk, fish, eggs, poltry Coenzyme from vitamind B5 - Chicken liver, sunflower seed, salmon, avocados, corn, brocoli, corn, mushroom
Amylase: They are enzymes that helps change starches into sugars. It is present in human saliva and in some other mammals. They help with digestion of foods that contain large amounts of starch, like potatoes and rice. The enzyme turns some of the starch into sugar, which is why when a person eats potatoes a sweet taste may be experienced.
enzyme
Maltase: Also present in saliva, as well as the pancreas, breaks down sugars to form glucose.
enzyme
Lock is the ....... while the key is the....
enzyme.........substrate
spinchers prevents acidic contents of the stomach from moving upward into
esophagus
cardia
first portion of stomach and where food content passes form the esophagus into the stomach- acids and enzymes are reffered to as the 'gastric juices'
oral cavity, phalynx
first section of mouth is known as the oral cavit...contains cheek, teeth its borders in the from and to the sides
asthma
hypersensitive airways, lungs react to things other people might not be affected with can cause significant changes in airway which narrow the 'opening' making it hard to breath
changes in airway
inflamation bronchoconstriction- tightning of muscles that surround airway increase in mucus- can block airway
digestive enzymes breakdown large molecules
into smaller
BMR
is the amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment.is the amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment.
Blood flows through renal artery to kidneys. 2. Waste is filtered out of the blood by nephrons. 3. Water is mixed with the waste collected. 4. The result is urine that is drained through the ureter into the bladder. 5. When your bladder is half full your body thinks "pee!" 6. When you pee it exits out your body through the urethra
kidney process
energy pathway
large food molecules such as fats carb and protein are pulled apart to releae the enrgy in their chemical bond this energy is then used in manyways including build up or snthesis of other large molecules
aids digestion
large intestine
bacteria fermentation of indigestible material
large intestine
categories of bmi staarvation
less than 14.9
atp stores energy
living things store energy mainly in form of chemical bonds w/in cells energy is constantly moved around frm one larger molecule to anotehr
is mucus affected by the acid or enzyme
no
from18.5-22.9
normal category of BMI
active site
part of an enzyme to which substrates bind and where a reaction id catalyzed ....Binds to the substrate Enviroment conditions can affect an enzymes active site and the rate at which a chemical raction can proceed
What are enzymes
proteins that act as a catalyst w/in living cells...proteins that speed up the role of a chemical reaction in an organism. ..these proteins control the speed of chemical reactions in body ..without these reacions would take place way to slow to keep us alive. ** Enzymes also help cells communica w/ each other keeping cell growwth life and death under control.
At the junction of the seophagus and the stomach there is a
ring like valve closing the passage bw the 2 organs ... When the food approaches the closed ring the surroundings muscle relaxes and allows food to pass
cells in the stomach function to form enzymes and acidssuch as
simple columnor, epithelial cell, which makes up mucuso
allows food to pass thorugh
small intestine
Mechanical digestion occurs in the
stomach when the muscles in the stomach act as a mixer and grinder of the food
fundus
stores undigested food and also the gasesreleased from the chemical digestion of food
total daily energy expenditure, is the amount of energy in calories you burn per day. TDEE is best calculated by factoring in your BMR, or basal metabolic rate, and your activity level. BMR is the amount of calories you would burn per day at rest
tdee
corpus remember cuerpo
the body of the stomach or the corpus is the largest of the 4 parts that makeup the stomach this is where the bulk of the partial digestion occurs
chyme
the pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food.
whats connected to the esophagus
throat above and stomach below
Main function of esophagus
to move food.. no digestion happens here
At first, the tubules receive a combination of waste materials and chemicals that your body can still use. Your kidneys measure out chemicals like sodium, phosphorus, and potassium and release them back to the blood to return to the body
true
Coenzymes transport groups bw enzymes
true
Filtration occurs in the glomerulus, while the majority of reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron. The kidneys filter approximately 200 quarts of blood per day
true
The process of tubular secretion occurs in the epithelial cells in both of the renal tubules and the collecting ducts of the kidneys. The process helps the kidneys clean and filter the blood while producing urine.
true
atp works like a recharable battery
true
enzymes in stoamch breakdown food as well as kill bacteria
true
esophagus is the organ in which swallowed food is pushed
true
small intestine finishes the process of the digestion part and abscirbs all nutrients
true
soften hard palletes are located in the roof of the mouth and they are used for articulation and speech, mechanican digestion
true
the contents of the stomach move into the small intestine via the pyloric canal
true
the stomach produces a .... which coats its inner surface
true
e wastes in your blood come from the normal breakdown of active muscle and from the food you eat. Your body uses the food for energy and self-repair. After your body has taken what it needs from the food, waste is sent to the blood. If your kidneys did not remove these wastes, the wastes would build up in the blood and damage your body.
truue
Classification of enzyme Group name: oxidases or dehydrogenases
tyPe of reaction of catalyzed OXIDATION - REDUCTIONSREACTION
Classification of enzyme tRANSFERASES
tyPe of reaction of catalyzed Transfer of functional groups
Classification of enzyme Hydrolase
tyPe of reaction of catalyzed hydrolosis reaction