HCI Test 2
[Smart Elevator] Stake Holders
All Elevator Riders
Similarity
Audio and visual: objects look similar to one another. People perceive them as a group pattern
Describe high fidelity prototying
Close to the final product. With lots of details and functionality
Don Norman
Co founder of Nielsen Norman Group Design of Everyday things
Stefana Broadbent
Cognitive Scientist-- Social habits in the digital age
Knowledge Navigator
Concept by apple computer. Describes a device that can access a large networked database of hypertext information and uses software agents to assist searching for information- is like personal assistant- SIRI
Stanley Milgram
Conducted the Obedience to Authority experiment. (Shock treatment)
IDEO Process
Diverge- create choices Converge - make choices Designed as a team Group works well and president encourages innovative ideas Don't disregard ridiculous or silly ideas
NOVA Shabbat Elevator
Special elevator for Jewish people (avoid touching electricity)
Attribution Theory
Study why people believe that they succeeded or failed -- themselves or outside factors (gender, age, different things) You want your subjects to attribute problems to the interface not themselves
Describe one way how a field study is different from a usability study and one way it is similar.
Usability studies take place in controlled environments. Field studies take place in the user's natural environment, in the field. Both involve observing users.
What are the three types of evaluation approaches: _____ testing _____ Studies _____ Evaluation
User Testing Field Study Analytical Evaluation
Dark Patterns
Exploiting human inattention for profit
Don Norman's 3 levels of design
Visceral - attractiveness Behavioral - function and usable Reflective - prestige, attachment
Name 5 of the 10 heuristics used in Nielsons heuristically evaluation.
Visibility of system status User control and freedom Consistency and standards Error Prevention Recognition rather than recall Help and documentation
Give two reasons why Anthropomorphism is important in interaction design
Makes the device more human like, making the interaction between the user and the device alot smoother. Almost makes the user have a personal connection with the item
explain the difference between usability testing and other general experiments for research
Measures performance of typical tasks. Users are observed and timed Users test the device (compare products)
You've been asked to design an interface for an architecture firm to analyze and modify possible designs of buildings. What are the advantages and disadvantages in developing a DM interface.
Objects (Walls, Windows, Doors, etc.) can be physically moved or adjusted; ex. drag the end of a wall to make in longer. Provides direct visual feedback of changes made. Can be less exact vs. entering measurements manually.
Information needs to be recorded during field studies. List three techniques you can use to record this information. For each technique, think of a scenario when it would be good and when it would be bad.
Observing users Record on video Record key presses User satisfaction using questionnaire
In what sort of situations would you use a predictive evaluation scheme as opposed to direct observation or keystroke logging? Does it depend on the device? the customer demographic?
Observing users can be time consuming and expensive Try to predict usage rather than observing it directly Conserve resources (quick & low cost)
Closure
Occurs when an object is incomplete or a space is not completely enclosed (IBM logo)
Hawthorne Effect
People will work harder if they are being monitored. The workers become more aware of their performance whether it is positive or negative
Social Loafing
People work less hard when they are working together than working alone or side by side
Symmetry
Principles can be grouped: proximity and similarity-->grouping, proximity and closure --> grouping [] [], proximity opposing closure ][ ] [ ] Example: aligned check boxes Stronger hierarchical typology. Heading, paragraph, normal, etc
One of the first examples of a direct manipulation interface was _______
Recycle/Trash Bin Drag and Drop
If you were in charge of doing a predictive evaluation of two voice-based information systems, what would you measure and how might you come up with a numerical comparison between the two systems?
Set a scale of 1 to 5, or something similar. then write out a few tasks that both devices can do. Accomplish individual tasks, and after every task, rate that task based on the scale you set earlier.
what constraints make it difficult to design WIMP interfaces for cell phones? Name two?
Size of the phone.
Usability Testing Labs
Where the usability testing is done. Usually consists of a one way mirror. The user sits in a room interacting with a device, while group of observers are watching the interaction through the glass from another room.
W.I.M.P
Windows Icons Menus Pointer
WIMP stands for _____, ______, ____, _______
Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointer
The primary method of producing a predictive model is to evaluate based on a set of ________.
data
Usability testing involves recording ____ of typical users doing typical tasks
performance
Contingent Awards
-"do this and you will get that" — actually demotivate workers in modern organizations -Contingent awards still motivate people but to so simple and repetitive jobs. -Money or other extrinsic reward is NOT the best way to reward people. Look for intrinsic rewards rather than extrinsic. With Extrinsic reward- it will motivate more if it is unexpected. -If the product you are designing allows people to connect with other people, people the will be more motivated to use it -Why Wikipedia or open source work, mastery s a powerful motivator, Daniel Pink say mastery can be approached but never fully reached.
Direct Manipulator
-Ben Shneiderman- 1983 -Interface behaves as though the interaction was with a real world object than with an abstract system -The feeling of working directly on the task -Spotfire (1993)
CSCW
-Computer Supported Cooperative work(subfield of HCO) has investigated, designed, and built systems to help users --Email, anything group ware, help groups interact
Stability Control
-Computers in car: safety, engine diagnostics, guidance, information -Computerized technology that improves the safety of a vehicle by detecting and reducing the loss of skidding --Anti lock breaking --Pedestrian safety --Crash avoidance
Motivation and Dopamine
-Dopamine: studied since 1958 -Causes you to want, desire, seek and search -Most powerfully stimulated when information comes in small amounts -Keeps people motivated -Easier to inform, and more info found- they will engage in -Email, twitter, FB all on reward schedule -Dopamine system sensitive to cues
Wireframes
-Interaction design(style and navigation) -Information Design -Interface Design -Skeletal visual representation of an interface --Useful for communicating ---Kinds of information displayed, range, information. Function priorities, rules for displaying info, effect for scenarios Mockingbird, cacoo, gliffy
Exploring
-Involves users moving through virtual or physical environment -Browsing or navigating
Challenges in in-car interfaces
-Parking view -Mistaking another object for a pedestrian -Syncing phone with car --Slow, inefficient, speaking and voice detection error
Situational Awareness
-Perception of environmental items(time or space) and the projection of their status -Studied in context of mission- critical environmental, air traffic control, control rooms -Air traffic control --Use of static paper flight progress strips representing flights( flight number, ID, beacon ID, source and destination)
Dopamine Loop
-Rewarded for seeking -Makes you seek more -Pairing sound cues - make people motivated to seek information like texting -Give small bits of information -> make people find out more -More unpredictable arrival of information-> the more people will be addicted to it
Satisfice - Herbert Simon
-Satisfy +Suffice (Herbert Simon) -Decision-making to pick adequacy over optimal -Might not be worth doing a complete analysis -Krug don't make me think -visitor glance at each new page, scan some of the text and click on the first link that catches their interest or vaguely resembles what they are looking for. --Nike + --Fun theory - the elevator --Superbetter --Playful lunch tray --Messy house clean up --Anti healthy- elevator
Xerox Star
-Xerox alto- first computer to use what we've seen as the desktop metaphor and the GUO -Cool invention like laser printing and Ethernet -XEROX STAR: --Commercial failure --15,00 price tag --Closed architecture --Lacked key functionality (no spreadsheet) -Interface similar to a physical entity- can be activity and object or both, helps understand the conceptual model, innovative
Considering all that we've discussed about mobile interfaces, how would you go about designing (quick sketch and a description) a version of Microsoft word for the iPhone. Be sure to justify your design.
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Imagine that you are given a language dictionary website to evaluate. This site allows you to put in a word or phrase from one language and translate to another. It also has example sentences, pronunciation guides, and writing guides. Which evaluation approach would you use? why? what are some sample tasks that might yield interesting finding?
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Order the following menu items and provide a justification for the type of order: Calculator, Word, Notepad, Firefox, Internet Explorer, PowerPoint, Media Player, VLC, Aim, Halo, Solitaire, Bittorrent, Freecell, SSH, Photoshop, Illustrator, Command Prompt
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Several banks have developed a new ATM system where you can not only check your balance, deposit money, or withdraw money, but also send money to any entity. The system is deployed for early testing in the Atlanta/Athens area and you're hired as a user experience engineer. What kind of data would you want to collect? How would you go about collecting data? Describe the environment, people, and data collection methods.
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Within Vs. Between Subjects Experimental design
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Write a script that would be used for a participant in a study that is evaluating an interface that allows students to look up classes and generate a schedule prior to registering for classes. The interface allows users to search for classes and gives them information about professors, GPAs, class time information, etc.
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You are asked to evaluate a new course registration system at a University. What variables would you consider to be important to test for? What types of data would you collect?
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You are evaluating the next generation of Iphone user interface. In the space below, compare and contrast the results you'd get by employing two different evaluation approaches. Thinks you'll be evaluating include: Users, Locations, time of day the evaluation would take place, and the type of data you would receive.
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You are hired to design a new online social networking site for people who play MMORPGs. Right now you can't decide how to: 1) Create and manage user accounts 2) Message other users publicly and privately 3) Search user data for players near the same level as you What kind of prototype would you build to explore these issues? Why would you choose this?
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You are hired to design a prototype for an information kiosk at a theme park. You are given a few resources and have a little time to develop a prototype. How would you go about prototyping? What would you develop? What would you measure
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You are working for a company that is designing a remote control to be used by aging individuals that controls various functions within the house. Pick one task and list how you'd go through doing a cognitive walkthrough for it
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according to your textbook, how many participants should you recruit for usability testing?
5-10 participants
You're hired with Apple to design the next generation IPhone. Design a field study to see how people currently use their iPhones in different ways. The goal is to gather requirements to see deficiencies and benefits during real world use. Explain how you'd record data throughout this field study. What are some of the challenges you'd face?
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List four possible menu orders
1) Alphabetic 2) Functional 3) Frequency 4) Dynamic
What kind of information can a field study provide for an evaluation of the One Laptop per Child Machine? How would this differ from usability test findings?
1) Identifies opportunities for new technology 2) Establish requirements for design 3) Facilitate the introduction of technology or how to deploy existing technology in new contexts
Two ways that data is primarily collected during a field study are ______ and _______.
1) Observations 2) Interviews
The _______ model improves upon the _____ model by providing numerical predictions of user performance based on the average time it takes to carry out common physical actions.
1) Predictive 2) Observational
Briefly describe two of the four core threads that make up our holistic experiences
1) Sensual Thread - how absorbed we get while using the device 2) Emotional Thread - whether it invokes emotions or not 3) Compositional Thread - does it have a narrative path 4) Spatio-Temporal Thread - how it affects our space and time
List three of the six methods used in various evaluation techniques and explain how they are used
1) Simple Observation Method 2) Think Aloud Method 3) Constructive Interaction
In Don Normans Emotional Design, he discusses ____, ____, ____ levels of design
1) Visceral 2) Behavioral 3) Reflective
List the "Big Three" questions you ask during a cognitive walkthrough
1) Will the correct action be sufficiently evident to the user? 2) Will the user Notice that the correct action is available? 3) Will the user associate and interpret the response from the action correctly?
In a WIMP interface, the window helps to facilitate a user ____, but doing so makes focusing on _____ more difficult.
1) interface or interaction 2) context?
A cognitive walkthrough is a process that you step through. For each step, it is necessary to ask ____ and try to construct a ____ story.
1) questions 2) Success
Dunbar's Number
150 is the group size for communities that have a high incentive to stay together (Intense survival pressure) If social is not intense, then Dunbar number would be lower
Uberlingen Mid Air Collision
DHL and Baskirian Airline Perpendicual crash
DECIDE Framework
Determine the goals the evaluation addresses Explore the specific questions to be addressed Choose the evaluation paradigm and techniques to answer the questions Identify the practical issues Decide how to deal with the ethical issues Evaluate, interpret, and present the data
Ben Shneiderman
Developed Direct Manipulation Interface
Bruce Tognazzini
Developed first Apples Human Interface (Trash can)
What is an advantage of using WIMP
Easy way to explore and find your way around the system. Easy to use for beginners.
Otis Elevator
Elevator like rockets. More fun and creative
Proximity
Enforces logical structure reinforcing alphabetization: occurs when elements are placed close together.
Usability Testing
Evaluating a product by testing it on users. Measures how well the product meets its intended goal
Give two reasons FOR and AGAINST using direct manipulation in a new mobile phone application.
For: 1) Easier to understand and more intuitive 2) Would take better advantage of touch screens 3) Limits types of errors that can be made Against: 1) Limited Screen Real estate 2) need to learn the meaning of components of visual representation 3) visual representation may be misleading
Heuristic Evaluation
Gathering data about usability by a specified group of users for particular activity with specified environment. 1) Asses extent of the systems functionality 2) Assess effect of interface on the user 3) Identify specific problem with the system
Duchenne Smile
Genuine smile. You can tell when a smile is real or fake. A genuine smile is when you have wringle in the eyes, dimples, and your smile is big. Fake smile is when only your mouth moves
Pikachu is an electronic pet with a built in pedometer. The owner must take care of the pet by walking, running, jumping, etc. Each day or else the pet becomes sick and dies. Explain two principles relating to user experience that this product encompasses
Gives the device anthropomorphic attributes.
Jakob Nielson
Heuristic Evaluation
What is the difference between Horizontal and vertical Compromises
Horizontal: display a wide range of features but without fully implementing all of those features Vertical: Do not attempt to show all that will be in a system, but focuses on implementing a small set of feature sin a nearly complete fashion
Steve Krug
In house consulting
Sense-making
In situational awareness
Persuasive Technology
Interactive computing systems that deliberately are designs to influence people's behavior or attributes Current techniques- personalized messages, pop-up ads, warning, one click reminders
Informed Consent
Process for getting permission before conducting a healthcare intervention on a person. Why is it important: John Hopkins Alkis Togias, Professor of Medicine, conducted a study "Mechanisms of deep inspiration induced airway relaxation". 1st participant had dry cough for a week 2nd had no side effects 3rd healthy 24 year old developed a cough and died after a month US office of Human Research suspended federal funding for all of John Hopkin research involving human participants Had to fix inadequacies in the protection of human research subjects
Gestalt Principles to visual design
Proximity Similarity Common Fate Closure Symmetry Continuation Figure and Ground
The Smartest Elevators
The ones where you put the floor number
What is the primary purpose of a DM interface. What is one primary outcome?
To make the interface easier to learn and interact with. Makes the user feel more in control.
______ is a prototyping approach when the user thinks they are interacting with a computer, but a human is actually responding to input from the user
Wizard of Oz
Motivation
an influence that accounts for the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior
When an individual has the propensity to attribute human qualities to inanimate objects, this is refereed to as
anthropomorphism
Explain what "Persuasive technology" is and explain how you can use it to design a recycling receptacle that encourages recylcing
any technology aimed at changing behavior or attitudes through persuasive or social influence
Gol Transportes Aereos Flight 1907
collided in midair with Embraer Legacy Plane broke, left wing sliced Plane accident rate is .37
Figure and Ground
figure=object and ground=background. Creates possible variables such as color, size, etc.
Common Fate
grouping/indentation, grids
Jacob Jensen
industrial designer
How do you reduce Social Loafing?
make Task attractive and simple make group attractive make output visible own contribution is unique socialized to be altrusitic
Explain the concept of "Roombarization"
making a home more compatible for a roomba cleaning robot
What is a pluralistic walkthrough?
method used to identify usability issues in a piece of software or website in an effort to create a maximally usable HCI
Continuation
when the eye is compelled to move through one object and continue to another objects.
In prototyping, ______ are used early in design and are a series of sketches. You can use these to bring in more detail and role play.
wireframes