HDFS 2

self efficacy

"i can do it" vs guilt if fail- want to act independently, but not always successful, or conflicts with conscience

effortful control

(self-regulation) includes "attentional focusing and shifting, inhibitor control,perceptual sensitivity, and low-intensity pleasure" Infants who are high on effortful control show an ability to keep their arousal from getting too high and have strategies for soothing themselves

social referencing

- "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation. The development of social referencing helps infants to interpret ambiguous situations more accurately, as when they encounter a stranger and need to know whether to fear the person

phase 1 attachment

- : From birth to 2 months. Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures. Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant.

parts of brain active in emotional regulation

- Ability to regulate emotions is tied to the gradual maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex (which exerts control over other areas of the brain)

What strategies can adults use when attempting to improve children's memory skills?

- Advise children to elaborate on what is to be remembered, encourage children to engage in mental imagery, motivate children to remember materal by understanding it rather than by memorizing it, repeat with variation on the instructional information and link early and often, and embed memory relevant language when instructing children.

autonomous morality

- At about 10 years of age and older. They become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging an action they consider the actor's intentions as well as the consequences.

phase 2 attachment

- From 2 to 7 months. Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people.

heteronomous morality

- From about 4 to 7 years of age, the first stage of moral development in Piaget's theory. Children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people.

what is a learning disability

- Has difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language, and the difficulty can appear in listening, thinking, reading, writing, and spelling. To be classified as a learning disability, the learning problem is not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities; intellectual disability; emotional disorders; or environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage

What is the leading cause of death for this age group? What are the most common childhood cancers?

- Injuries are the leading cause of death during idle and late childhood. Most common among that being motor vehicle accidents. - Most common cancer is leukemia, followed by brain

What parental behaviors lead to the development of shame and doubt?

- It is important for parents to recognize the motivation of toddlers to do what they are capable of doing at their own pace. Then they can learn to control their muscles and their impulses themselves. But when caregivers are impatient and do for toddlers what they are capable of doing themselves, shame and doubt develop

differences in maternal and paternal caregiving

- Maternal interactions usually center on child-care activities such as feeding, changing diapers, or bathing. Paternal interactions are more likely to include play Fathers engage in more rough-and-tumble play than mothers do. They bounce infants, throw them up in the air, tickle them, and so on Mothers do play with infants, but their play is less physical and arousing than that of fathers.

what are the characteristics of autism spectrum disorders

- Problems in social interaction, problems in verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors. - Also may show atypical responses to sensory experiences - Intellectual disability is present in some and other show average or above average

characteristics of high quality child care

- Related to higher quality mother child interaction. Involves providing children with a safe environment, access to age appropriate toys and participation in age appropriate activities, and a low caregiver to child ratio that allows caregivers to spend considerable time with children on an individual basis

goodness of fit

- The match between a childs temperament and the environment demands the child must cope with. - Ex) Jason is an active toddler who is made sit still for long periods of time. Not a good fit

what reasons avoiding for spanking

- When adults punish a child by yelling, screaming, or spanking, they are presenting children with out-of-control models for handling stressful situations. Children may imitate this aggressive, out-of-control behavior. - Punishment can instill fear, rage, or avoidance. For example, spanking the child may cause the child to avoid being around the parent and to fear the parent. - Punishment tells children what not to do rather than what to do. Children should be given feedback, such as "Why don't you try this?" - Punishment can be abusive. Parents might unintentionally become so angry when they are punishing the child that they become abusive

insecure disorganized babies

- appear disoriented. In the Strange Situation, these babies might seem dazed, confused, and fearful. To be classified as disorganized, babies must show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.

theory of mind

- awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others. Studies of theory of mind view the child as "a thinker who is trying to explain, predict, and understand people's thoughts, feelings, and utterances"

How do most child psychologists recommend parents handle misbehavior?

- by reasoning with the child, especially explaining the consequences of the child's actions for others. Time out, in which the child is removed from a setting that offers positive reinforcement, can also be effective. For example, when the child has misbehaved, a parent might take away TV viewing for a specified time.

scaffolding

- changing the level of support. Over the course of a teaching session, a more-skilled person (a teacher or advanced peer) adjusts the amount of guidance to fit the child's current performance When the student is learning a new task, the skilled person may use direct instruction. As the student's competence increases, less guidance is given. As the student's competence increases, the person gives less guidance

What response do infants have when their caregivers are still and unresponsive?

- infants show more withdrawal, negative emotions, and self-directed behavior when their caregivers are still and unresponsive and not participating in face to face plaly

autobiographical memory

- memory of significant events and experiences in ones life. You are engaging in this memory when you answer questions such as: who was your fist grade teacher and what was she like? What is the most traumatic event that happened to you as a child?

What are the types of marital conflict that are negative for children? Positive?

- negative for children (such as hostile emotional displays and destructive conflict tactics) and marital conflict that can be positive for children (such as marital disagreement that involves calmly discussing each person's perspective and then working together to reach a solution).

insecure resistant babies

- often cling to the caregiver and then resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away. In the Strange Situation, these babies often cling anxiously to the caregiver and don't explore the playroom. When the caregiver leaves, they often cry loudly and then push away if she tries to comfort them on her return.

insecure avoidant babies

- show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver. In the Strange Situation, these babies engage in little interaction with the caregiver, are not distressed when she leaves the room, usually do not reestablish contact when she returns, and may even turn their back on her. If contact is established, the infant usually leans away or looks away.

What are the components of Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

- states that intelligence comes in three forms: (1) analytical intelligence, which refers to the ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast; (2) creative intelligence, which consists of the ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine; and (3) practical intelligence, which involves the ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice.

whole language and phonics approaches

- stresses that reading instruction should parallel children's natural language learning. In some whole-language classes, beginning readers are taught to recognize whole words or even entire sentences, and to use the context of what they are reading to guess at the meaning of words. Reading materials that support the whole-language approach are whole and meaningful—that is, children are given material in its complete form, such as stories and poems, so that they learn to understand language's communicative function. - emphasizes that reading instruction should teach basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds

What are concerns with young children having so much screen time? (NOTE: recent research suggests that rates of myopia are increasing because kids spend so much time indoors (and often looking at screens)

- too much screen time can have a negative influence on children by making them passive learners, distracting them from doing homework, teaching them stereotypes, providing them with violent models of aggression, and presenting them with unrealistic views of the world. Among other concerns about young children having so much screen time are decreasing time spent in play, less time interacting with peers, decreased physical activity, an increased tendency to become overweight or obese, poor sleep habits, and higher rates of aggression

securely attached babies

- use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment. When they are in the presence of their caregiver, securely attached infants explore the room and examine toys that have been placed in it. When the caregiver departs, securely attached infants might protest mildly, and when the caregiver returns these infants reestablish positive interaction with her, perhaps by smiling or climbing onto her lap. Subsequently, they often resume playing with the toys in the room.

What are the 4 types of child abuse and what are the outcomes associated with it?

1. Physical abuse: infliction of physical injury as a result of punching, beating, kicking, etc 2. Child neglect: failure to provide for the childs basic needs. Physical, educational, emotional. 3. Sexual abuse 4. Emotional abuse: includes acts or omissions by parents or other caregivers that have caused, or could cause, serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems

authoritative parenting

1. encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child. An authoritative parent might put his arm around the child in a comforting way and say, "You know you should not have done that. Let's talk about how you can handle the situation better next time." Children whose parents are authoritative are often cheerful, self-controlled and self-reliant, and achievement-oriented; they tend to maintain friendly relations with peers, cooperate with adults, and cope well with stress.

indulgent parenting

1. is a style in which parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them. Such parents let their children do what they want. As a result, the children never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to get their way. Some parents deliberately rear their children in this way because they believe the combination of warm involvement and few restraints will produce a creative, confident child. However, children whose parents are indulgent rarely learn respect for others and have difficulty controlling their behavior. They might be domineering, egocentric, noncompliant, and have difficulties in peer relation

neglectful parenting

1. is a style in which the parent is uninvolved in the child's life. Children whose parents are neglectful develop the sense that other aspects of the parents' lives are more important than they are. These children tend to be socially incompetent. Many have poor self-control and don't handle independence well. They frequently have low self-esteem, are immature, and may be alienated from the family. In adolescence, they may show patterns of truancy and delinquency.

2 substages of pre operational stage

1. symbolic function substage 2. intuitive thought substage

erik sons 2 stages of psychosocial development

1. trust vs mistrust: 1-18 months. depends on how well needs are met by caregivers 2. autonomy vs shame and doubt: develop independence, autonomy if parents encourage exploration, freedom

at what age do kids begin to show manipulation skills similar to the abilities of adults

10 to 12

how many hours of sleep do kids need

11-13 hours

pre operational stage

2-7. Children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings. Being to reason.

social smile

A smile that occurs in response to an external stimulus, typically a face in the case of the young infant. Social smiling occurs as early as 2 months old.

sensorimotor play

Behavior engaged in by infants that lets them derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas.

What parts of the brain are active in distress, excitement and rage?

Brain stem, hippocampus, and amygdala

concrete operational stage

Children can perform concrete operations, and they can reason logically as long as reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples.

What are the links between violent tv and child outcomes?

Exposure to TV violence caused the increased aggression in the children in this investigation

phase 4 development

From 24 months on. Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.

phase 3 attachment

From 7 to 24 months. Specific attachments develop. With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father.

IEP

Individualized education plan. a written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for the student with a disability

What is one of the most common nutritional problem and what does it cause?

Iron deficiency anemia, result in chronic fatigue. Results from failure to eat adequate amounts of quality meats and dark green vegetables

LRE

Least restrictive environment. setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated

pretense/symbolic play

Play in which the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol.ex) a preschool child treats a table as if it were a car and says "im fixing the car" as he grabs a leg of the table

practice play

Play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.

How many hours of physical activity should kids in this age group get - and what kinds?

Preschool children should engage in 2 hours of physical play. One of structured and one of unstructured free play.

What behaviors by adults help an infant modulate their emotion?

Soothe them. Caregiver rocks an infant to sleep, sings lullabyes to the infant, gently strokes the infant, etc

ways caregivers can positively impact their children eating behaviors

Young children's eating behavior improves when caregivers eat with children on a predictable schedule, model choosing nutritious food, make mealtimes pleasant occasions, and engage in certain feeding styles. Distractions from television, family arguments, and competing activities should be minimized so that children can focus on eating

emotional self

a. developing increased emotional regulation- as control shifts from parents to child (internalizes) b. parents can help this through emotion coaching c. kids who have better emotional control are more popular with peers

gendered self

a. gender identity: by age 2 correctly label as boys/girls b. gender stability: by age 4 realize will stay same sex for life c. gender constancy takes till about 6 or so to establish gender constancy- notion that someone stays the same gender despite hair length, clothes, etc

social self

a. increased development of social scripts- in life play ("I'm a good helper" "ill be the mommy you be the daddy )

crystallized intelligence

accumulation of information, skills, strategies

to soothe or not to soothe?

argument that parents spend too much time responding to crying infant. as a consequence parents reward crying and increase its incidence. can't respond too much to infant crying in the first year of life. a quick, comforting response to the infant's cries is an important ingredient in developing a strong bond between the infant and caregiver.

conservation

awareness that altering on objects or a substance appearance does not change its basic properties (tall glass, wide glass example)

longer sleep was indicative of

better peer acceptance, social skills, and receptive vocabulary

2 most popular intelligence tests

binet and weschler

self concept

categorical self; preschooler can describe self in terms of visible characteristics; what likes; what looks like, whom play with

centration

centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others

who classified child as easy, difficult, or slow to warm up

chess and thomas

behavior inhibition

children react to many aspects of unfamiliarity with initial avoidance, distress, or subdued affect

attachment

close emotional bond between 2 people

constructive play

combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation. Occurs when children engage in the self regulated creation of a product or a solution.

- umbrella-like concept that consists of a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's prefrontal cortex. involves managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self-control. Involves developmental advances in cognitive inhibition, goal setting, and delay of gratification

executive function

separation protest

fear of being separated from their caregivers. Crying when the caregiver leaves. Initially displayed at 7 to 8 months, peaks about 15 months.

Where in the brain does the most rapid brain growth take place between the ages of 3 and 6?

frontal lobes. involved in planning and organizing new actions, and in maintaining attention to tasks

easy child

generally positive mood: quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences

cooperative play

genuinely interact, take turns

basic function of crying

hunger. communicating

show high levels of physical activity, seeming to be almost constantly in motion

hyperactivity

have difficulty curbing their reaction; they do not do a good job thinking before they act

impulsive

o such difficulty focusing on any one thing that they may get bored with a task after only a few minutes of seconds

inattention

ADHD types

inattention hyperactivity impulsive

sensorimotor stage

infant progresses in the ability to organize and coordinate sensations and perceptions with physical movements and actions

What parental behaviors lead a child to develop trust

infants learn trust when they are cared for in a consistent, warm manner

fluid intelligence

information processing, reasoning, memory

associative play

interact by borrowing, sharing but don't do the same thing

Want to know answers to all sorts of questions and begin using reasoning. Most asked question is "what?"

intuitive though substage

social play

involves interaction with peers. increases dramatically during the preschool years

authoritarian parenting

is a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort. The authoritarian parent places firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange. For example, an authoritarian parent might say, "You do it my way or else." Children of authoritarian parents are often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves with others, fail to initiate activity, and have weak communication skills.

slow to warm child

low activity level, somewhat negative, displays a low intensity of mood

left hemisphere

more verbal, speaking, reading, thinking

stranger anxiety

most frequent expression of an infants fear. Where an infant shows a fear and wariness of strangers. Usually emerges gradually. First appears at about 6 months of age. By 9 months the fear of strangers is more intense, reaching a peak toward the end of the first year of life then decreasing thereafter

may be related to increased attention span

myelination growth

reasons for increased motor skills

myelination, kids are really active

right hemisphere

nonverbal, spatial relationships, recognition of patterns, music, emotional expression

crucial element in the attachment process

not feeding. contact comfort

sleep problems can lead to

overweight problems and attention difficulty.

emotion coaching

parents monitor their children's emotions, view their children's negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in labeling emotions, and coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions - interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and a more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents. - better at soothing themselves when they are upset

in terms of reading: phonics or whole language?

phonics

parallel play

play with similar toys, similar manner without much interaction

primary emotions definition when do they appear

present in humans and other animals. These emotions appear in the first 6 months of the human infants development. Include surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust

difficult child

reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change

infants behaviors invite responses from parents, which then elicit infants reaction

reciprocal socialization

what to use instead of spanking

redirection explanation time out routines

self conscious emotions

require self awareness that involves consciousness and a sense of "me" include jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt. Most of these occurring for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year through the second year.

develop shame, self doubt, unhappiness if parents are overly

restrictive/protective

US rank in terms of childhood obesity and what health problems are associated with obesity

second highest rate. type 2 diabetes and hypertension

- Emphasizes the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction

social constructivist approach

Vygotsky's term for the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children. captures the childs cognitive skills that are in the process of maturing and can be accomplished only with the assistance of a more skilled person

sone of proximal development

metamemory

strategies for improving cognitive processing ( rehearsal, organizing into coherent patterns)

a. 2-4. Gains ability to metally represent an object that is not present.limitations of this phase include: Egocentrism ( inability to distinguish between ones own perspective and someones else's perspective) and animism ( belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action)

symbolic function substage

metacognition

thinking about thinking- in particular strategies to improve problem solving

emotion dismissing

view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions.

fast mapping

which involves children's ability to make an initial connection between a word and its referent after only limited exposure to the word