HDFS 2200 Unit 3

Core domains allow quick grasp of related information such as

-infants' numerical knowledge (infants may be able to: discriminate quantities up to 3, do simple arithmetic- hard wired for math) -infants' physical knowledge (carrots experiment - look longer; parts of brain light up) -psychological/emotional knowledge (mirror neurons) -linguistic knowledge (babies hardwired as 'geniuses' in language development. infants respond to 'motherese' which is spoken globally)

what are examples of fine motor skills in infancy and childhood?

-prereaching -reaching (with 2 hands, then 1) -ulnar grasp (adjust grip to objects from hand to hand) -pincer grasp

Decline in hearing begins around age _____ (40 in textbook)

18

Perception of occluded objects. ____ months - occluded objects are whole. Learning, experience, and self-directed exploration via eye movements play key roles in the development of perceptional completion in young infants. ________ months - ability to track briefly occluded moving objects e.g., infant's predictive tracking of a briefly occluded moving ball - gradual occlusion better than abrupt occlusion or implosion

2, 3-5

Some infants see colors by ___ months, and have preferences by ____ months

2, 4

-Age 65-70, vision starts to decline -Age 70-75, vision in glare and glare recovery time is ____ times worse than young adults. -Age 80-85, vision in glare and glare recovery time is ____ times worse than young adults -Age 85-90, vision in glare and glare recovery time is ____ times worse than young adults

2, 4, 6

Visual acuity is _________ at birth (20/240 in textbook). and near ________ by 1 year.

20/600, 20/20

Taste and smell can start declining in _______. Declines with age/health and affects satisfaction with life and food.

20s

A stimulus must be louder to be heard by a newborn than by an adult. At ________ of age, infants' perception of sound improves.

3 months

Peak physical performance happens before age ______. (Often between ages __________.) Biological function begins to decline after 30 (not uniform, organ decline varies. individual differences)

30, 19-26

The fetus can hear at _________ weeks into the prenatal period

33-34

Visual expectations begins by _____ months; all know visual cliff by _______ months

4, 6-12

Infant hearing milestones: ________ months - sense of musical phrasing By _______ months - "screen out" sounds from non-native languages (e.g., cant figure out the differences of the 4 tones in Chinese Mandarin) ___________ - recognize familiar words, natural phrasing in native language

4-7, 10, 7-9

Newborns can localize sounds, ________ more proficient at localizing sounds, improves during 2nd year

6 months

Deferred imitation: ____ weeks: facial imitation ____ months: copy actions with objects _____ months: imitate rationally ______ months: imitate intended, but not completed actions

6, 6-9, 12-14, 18

Depth perception is developed by ____ months

7-8

Who? motor skills developed in early childhood are correlated with cognitive skills. e.g., motor music skills and Suzuki study explanations

Piaget

-organized ways of making sense of experiences -change with age (action-based sensorimotor patters. later mote to "thinking before acting" pattern - creative & deliberate) -building schemes

Piaget's Theory: Schemes

T/F. Historically, anesthesia was not used on newborns because they were once thought to not be sensitive to pain or touch. Recently this has found to be incorrect and newborns ARE sensitive to pain and touch

T

adjusting old schemes and creating new ones to better fit environment

accommodation

building schemes through direct interaction with environment

adaptation

infants modulate their movement patterns to fit a new task by exploring and selecting possible configurations. (universal milestones are learned through this)

adaptation

opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities e.g., pot--offer something to cook with

affordances

using current schemes to interpret external world

assimilation

-Use ___________ during equilibrium and disequilibrium prompts______________. -Organization (internal rearranging and linking schemes)

assimilation, accommodation

Infant-toddler information- processing improvements -efficiency, ability to shift focus improves -less attraction to novelty, better sustained attention after 1st year

attention

-better physical/motor development -better cognitive development -provide opportunities to learn HOW to compete -higher self-esteem -peer relations/friendships -lower risk of obesity

benefits of organized sports

Middle childhood motor skills development: -improved smoothness/master of movements (_________ usually outperform the other sex) -more confidence -longer period of paying attention/sitting still (need physical activity for ______________) -organized sports participation (growing and more intense, recommended 3+hours/week)

boys, development/attention

What are some research techniques on infants for information processing/thinking?

brain scans, habituation experiments (infant perception - present a stimulus a number of times)

-providing safe environment during efforts -cultural variations in guiding infants motor development ---physical guidance by *physically handling* them in special ways or by giving them opportunities for *exercise*, the infants often reach motor milestones *earlier* than infants whose caregivers have not provided these activities ---many forms of *restricted movement* have been found to produce substantial *delays in motor development* these are all reasons why

caregivers are important

Infant-toddler information- processing improvements -impressive perceptual categorization in 1st year; continues in 2nd year

categorization

What is each new motor skill a joint product of?

child's motivation/goals, CNS, body's movement capacity, environmental supports

What is the THEME? -Epistemic Cognition (Perry - justifiability of conclusions. dualistic v. relativistic thinking (more tolerance and flexibility)) -Pragmatic Thought (LaBouvie-Vief) -Cognitive-affective complexity

cognitive flexibility

hearing loss is associated with a reduction in ________________ in older adults.

cognitive functioning

-conservation and classification. 7-11 years -the child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets -conservation - "juice experiment" (decentration - egocentric world to a world shared with others. reversibility) -classification -seriation (transitive inference -- A> B, B>C --> A>C) -spatial reasoning (directions, maps)

concrete operational

-distraction from academic work -risk of physical injuries -pressure to win or achieve -unrealistic expectations for success -'hurried child' - less free play, time with family

consequences of organized sports

The Information-Processing Approach views cognitive changes as _______, focuses on the thinking processes (computer analogy), and processing gains in adolescence.

continuous

8-12 months. -intentional, goal-directed behavior -object permanence (understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight. according to Piaget, develops at 8-12 months. not yet complete: A-not-B search error) sensorimotor substage

coordination of secondary circular reactions

humans are born with innate, special purpose knowledge systems

core knowledge theory

ability to remember and use information acquired over a lifetime e.g., inductive reasoning, vocabulary, verbal memory

crystallized intelligence

Touch sensitivity ________ in old age.

decreases

Hearing loss in older adults is also linked to increased ___________

depression

recovery of habituated response after new stimulus (longer gaze and nipple sucking rate (sucking stops when the young infant attends to a novel object) indicates preference/discriminatory abilities)

dishabituation

theory proposed by Esther Thelen that seeks to explain how infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting

dynamic systems theory

What is the critical/prime time of development?

early childhood

Gibsons- directly perceive information in the world around us. *perception* brings people in contact with environment in order to *interact* with it and *adapt* to it

ecological view

involve more finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity e.g., progression of reaching and grasping e.g., writing/drawing

fine motor skills

what are the two types of motor skills?

fine, gross

-abstract, idealistic, logic. 11-15 years -the adolescent reasons in more abstract and logical ways. thought is more idealistic. -propositional thought (evaluating the logic of verbal propositions) -hypothetico-deductive reasoning - "feather can break a glass bottle" (deducing hypotheses from a general theory. pendulum problem. adolescent egocentrism -- imaginary audience e.g., everyone is watching me. personal fable e.g., no one can understand my world)

formal operational

Which sex usually outperforms the other in fine motor skills?

girls

What are specific visual impairments that come with aging?

glaucoma, cataracts, macular degeneration

a reflex that occurs when something touches an infant's palms. the infant responds by grasping tightly. Babinkski (foot), tonic neck (example that reflexes eventually become incorporated into more complex voluntary actions)

grasping

motor skill that involves large muscle activity

gross

decreased response to stimuli (when no longer new/unfamiliar/unexpected)

habituation

Men are ______ impaired worse than women since 45 years old. Women are _____ impaired worse than men since 45 years old.

hearing, visually

Gender differences for hearing - male have more hearing loss ______ frequencies; women ______ frequencies

high, low

attention to sound; nipple is connected to a sound-generating system

high-amplitude sucking

what are some research methods to hearing?

high-amplitude sucking, orienting response

-natural aging --> gradual decline (obesity is linked with mobility limitation. physical exercise, weight loss, social activities help) -physical activity -linked to biological/psychological/cognitive health -falls are he leading cause of injury deaths among adults who are 65 years and older -- exercise helps not to fall (reasons: 1/3 due to environmental hazards in the home)

important factors in functioning in late adulthood

hearing screening in hospital

infancy

integration of information from 2+ sensory modalities (newborns capable. significant improvement over 1st year with experience) e.g., vision and hearing

intermodal perception

There is an importance of _________ in campus life such as living on campus, class/campus participation, and interdisciplinary connections to increase levels of relativistic thinking, worldview and opportunities for exploration and cognitive growth.

involvement

Perceptual difficulties associated with hearing loss affect ____________ and ___________ in older adults.

language comprehension, memory

Early childhood motor skills development: -involve _______________ -_______ improves -infant's gait disjointed but smooth rhythmic by age ______ -upper and lower body skills combine into more refined actions as children age -greater speed and endurance

large muscle groups, balance, 2

Pitch is the perception of the frequency of sound. Infants are ______ sensitive to the pitch of sound that adults are. Infants are less sensitive to __________ sounds and are more likely to hear ______________ sounds. 7 months can. 2 years of age, improve ability to distinguish sounds with different pitches.

less, low-pitched, high-pitched

Infant-toddler information- processing improvements -retention intervals longer -recall appears by 1 year; excellent by age 2

memory

18 months-2 years -internal, mental depictions of objects, people, events, information (can manipulate with mind to come up with ideas/solutions. allowed deferred imitations and make-believe play) sensorimotor substages

mental representations

a startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden, intense noise or movement. when startled, the newborn arches its back, throws its head back, and flings out its arms and legs. then the newborn rapidly closes its arms and legs to the center of the body

moro (startle)

What is a research method for vision?

orienting response

What are the explanations of why dexterity decreases in adulthood?

pathological conditions, neural noise (interference with incoming stimuli- compensation by engaging in other strategies)

what is perceived (interpreted) from stimuli

perception

by 8 or 9 months, as your baby learns to grasp with her thumb and forefinger, she can pick up surprisingly small objects- crumbs of food, for example, and, unfortunately, bits of dust and dirt from the floor

pincer grasp

What are the key factors for hearing loss?

poor nutrition, lifetime of smoking, aging

What are the important milestones of gross motor skill development in infancy?

posture, locomotion and crawling, walking

-"words and images" 2-7 years -the child begins to represent the world with words and images; these words and images reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory information and physical action -gains in mental representation (symbolic representation of real world. make-believe play) -limitations (deficiencies) in thinking --- conservation - "juice experiment" cant think of height and weight at the same time. ---egocentrism (perspective taking) ---hierarchical classification (e.g., leprechaun trap) ---animistic thinking (e.g., talking to toys) Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development

preoperational

waving or batting at objects by *3 months* of age, an impulse that quickly becomes more refined

prereaching

'old hearing' -Hearing aids and cochlear implants (stem cells as an alternative) can help

presbycusis

'old eyes' -changes in eyes -difficulty in accommodation -the eyes's ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina -- especially in seeing nearby (become farsighted) ---slower dark adaptation: difficulties in dimness ---reduced color discrimination ---declining depth perception ---difficulty with glare

presbyopia

1-4 months. simple motor habits centered around own body Sensorimotor substages

primary circular reactions

How does the adolescent brain change to allow for these improvements? -processing speed, capacity, and automaticity -knowledge -attention -inhibition -memory strategies -metacognition

pruning

by 5 or 6 months, your child should master visually directed reaching, which means she's able to see an object and reach for it and grasp it with her hand

reaching

built in reaction to stimuli

reflex

birth - 1 month. Newborn reflexes Sensorimotor substages

reflexive schemes

What are the sensorimotor substages in order?

reflexive schemes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary circular reactions, tertiary circular reactions, mental representations

when the infant's check is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched. in response, the infant turns its head toward the side that was touched in an apparent effort to find something to suck

rooting

What are the newborn reflexes that disappear several months following birth?

rooting, sucking, moro (startle), grasping,

changing level of child guidance to reach zone of proximal development

scaffolding

4-8 months. repeat interesting effects in surroundings. Sensorimotor substages

secondary circular reactions

information (stimuli) processed by sensory receptors e.g., eyes (retina, optic nerve), ears (cochlea, auditory nerve), tongue, nostrils, skin

sensation

-"making sense" Birth-2 years. -an infant progresses from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought. the infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions. -building schemes through sensory and motor exploration -circular reactions -- repetitive actions Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development

sensorimotor

object remains the same even though its orientation to the viewer changes (3 months but without for irregularly shaped objects)

shape constancy

object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as the viewer moves toward or away from the object. (3 months --> 10 or 11 years)

size constancy

other people (especially older caregivers) contribute to cognitive development

social contexts

when newborns suck an object placed in their mouth. the sucking reflex enable the infant to get nourishment before it has begun to associate a nipple with food; it also serves as a self-soothing or self-regulating mechanism (example of individual differences in reflexive behavior appear soon after birth)

sucking

Infants prefer ______ and _______ tastes

sweet, salty

12-18 months. explore properties of objects through novel actions Sensorimotor substage

tertiary circular reactions

Control emerges from __________ and ___________. Development usually progresses from head to foot, with skills involving the head and arms developing before those that involve the legs and feet. Motor control also progresses from the center of the body outward, which means that your baby will be able to control her torso before she can manipulate her fingers and toes (gross motor before fine motor)

top to bottom, center outward

Older adults with only ______ loss showed even more impairments in health and functioning than those with only hearing loss. Those with both vision and hearing loss had the greatest declines in health and functioning.

vision

developed by Fantz to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli.

visual preference method

tasks child cannot do alone but can learn to do with help of more skilled partner

zone of proximal development (ZPD)