HDFS 311 - exam 2
background of PLAY
1996 Arizona department of health services Aimed at children in 4-6 grade 12 week intervention program taught by school teachers 15 minutes of physical activity each day implemented in 3 phases students wore pedometers to track their steps (way of assessment) students BMI were measured students logged activity
socioeconomic status
Data collected at ages 19-27 indicate that the program group has been more successful socioeconomically than the control group • Employment o More program group members were employed than the control group o 50% program participants o 32% control group participants • Earnings o Program participants had higher salaries o Control group participants had a higher percentage of receiving welfare • Status o How many people own homes and how many own cars? o 36% program participants own homes o 13% control group participants own homes o 30% program participants own cars o 13% control group participants own cars
special education program
o 17 weeks long o curriculum geared to their needs
binge drinking
o 5 or more drinks for males over a short period of time o 4 or more drinks for females over a short period of time o drinking a consistent amount of alcohol over a long period of time
social drinking
o Casual drinking with no intent to get drunk
parent involvement
o Designed for parents who care about • Safety • Health • Development of life skills of children • 6 sessions that took place at night, 2 hours each
multi-component alcohol skills training
o Education, awareness, consequences o Changing thoughts and behaviors o Dealing with peer pressure
curriculum: senior high schools
o Focuses on everyday scenarios that adolescents encounter o Anger management o Conflict resolution o Violence/drugs/alcohol o 80 hours of training + additional 40 hours
differences in gender
o Girls • Verbal • More passive → gossiping o Boys • Physical • Direct
what do cyber bullies do?
o Harass o Stalk o Defame o Impersonate o Threaten
updates
o Head start REDI → researched based, developmentally informed
posting/sending nasty comments or embarrassing pictures through
o Internet o Facebook o Myspace o Emails o Cell phones o Text messages o Picture messages
curriculum: k-4th
o Introduce basic DARE concepts • Why it is important to obey laws • Child/personal safety • Negative uses of medicine and drugs o Each lesson is only 15-20 minutes long o Officers take 80 hours of training to prepare to work with young children
head start program
o National program that promotes school readiness by enhancing the social and cognitive development of children through the provision of educational, health, nutritional, social and other services to enrolled children and families o Provides grants to local public and private non-profit and for-profit agencies provide comprehensive child development services to economically disadvantaged children and families o The program engages parents in their children's learning and helps them in making progress toward their child's educational, literacy and employment goals o Results • Better cognitive skills and social-emotional skills • No effects of social skills, aggression, and oral comprehension skills • Some effects fade by the time children reach kindergarten or first grade
indian child welfare
o Native Americans o Create and run their own foster care system (especially those on a reservation) • Want their culture and morals to remain with child o Casey family will come in and provide training, services, and funding
disproportionality
o Number of children in foster care was not evenly distributed among races o children receive fewer services in care o less prepared for "real world"
some interesting facts...
o Over 40% of all teenagers with internet access have reported being bullied online during the past year o Girls are more likely than boys to be targeted o Only 15% of parents are "in the know" about their kids' social networking habits
differences between perry preschool program and head start program
o Perry preschool • 100% of teachers had bachelors degrees • Certified in education and earned as much as public school teachers • Visited families once a week o Head Start • 28% of teachers had bachelors degrees • Earned half as much as public school teachers • Visited home twice per week • Curriculum developed over 30 years ago
risk factors that can harm a family
o Poor parenting o Marital separation o Insecure attachment o Substance abuse o Violence o Lack of trust
binge drinking facts
• "College presidents agree that binge drinking is the most serious problem on campus" (Center for Science in the Public interest) • 1,700 college students die annually from alcohol related unintentional injuries • 599,000 students are unintentionally injured under the influence of alcohol • 48% of college students who drink, drink to "get drunk" • 91% of all alcohol consumed on college campuses is consumed by binge drinkers • 25% of college students report academic consequences • Annually students spend $5.5 billion on alcohol
social responsibility
Delinquency → juvenile delinquency was significantly lower for the program group compared to the control group • Fewer arrests • Fewer incidents of fighting and violence • Fewer reports of property damage • Fewer calls to the police Marital status → marital status among males was the same in both groups; the females differences were much greater • 40% of women in program group got married • 8% of women in control group got married Pregnancy rates • 57% of moms in program group gave birth out of wedlock • 83% of moms in control group gave birth out of wedlock
scholastic success
Higher graduation rates → those in program had higher rates (more females than males) • 71% in program graduated from high school • 54% in control group graduated from high school Higher standardized test scores Better grades • Program group → average GPA 2.09 • Control group → average GPA 1.68 Fewer placements in special education classes • 15% of program participants • 34% of control group participants
logic model: theory of the problem
Many children, especially those from low SES, enter kindergarten unprepared to learn Lack basic social and early literacy skills that they need to succeed Quickly fall behind, and become less motivated to learn Lack self control, break rules, act out, get themselves and their friends in trouble BECOMES A NEGATIVE CYCLE → disengaged from school, less interested in learning, need to be placed in special education classes, drop out
promoting lifestyle activity for youth (PLAY)
Promote youth physical activity (30-60 minutes of physical activity every day) Teach skills that promote self-directed lifetime activity
logic model: theory of the intervention
Strong early literacy skills = important Being socially and emotionally confident = important • Expose children to books • Enriching vocabulary Intervention techniques and activities • PATHS curriculum → heavy focus on reading, and social skills o Cannot be overlooked or ignored o Need to look at teachers (should be making positive, warm and supportive classroom environment) Proximal outcomes: → better oral language and literacy skills, also social and emotional skills Distal outcomes → kids staying interested in school and are motivated to learn, also academically and socially prepared to enter school Ultimate outcomes → fewer behavioral problems and better academic success
cyber bullying
-1 in 10 teens have been hurt through online bullying -can result in suicide or violence towards others -cyber victims are 8 times more likely to bring a gun to school when bullied compared to the non bullied students
2. cognitive/behavioral skills-based programs
-alcohol-specific skills -multi-component alcohol skills training -general life skills training/lifestyle balance
prevention
-behavior prevented -potential outcomes -behavior encouraged -potential outcomes
who bullies?
-differences in gender -differences in ages
skills training
-focus on positive behavior and less on negative -set clear limits and consequences
verbal bullying
-happens twice as often as physical bullying • Teasing • Insulting • Name calling
alcohol-specific skills
-hopes to modify behavior o Expectancy challenge interventions o Self-monitoring/self-assessment
1. educational/awareness programs
-information/knowledge programs -values clarification program -normative re-education programs
behavioral parent training
-parents only approach o 6-15 parenting training sessions o works best for parents who have young children ages 3-10 o significantly help 2/3 children o leads to improved child behavior at home, but not necessarily at school
goals of casey family programs
-permanence -transition -prevention -disproportionality
childhood obesity prevention
-roles of schools -roles of government
outcomes
-social responsibility -scholastic success -socioeconomic status
relational bullying
-targets victims relationship with someone • Ignoring • Gossiping • Exclusion
high scope perry preschool
-well established early childhood intervention -used for almost 40 years -longitudinal study -preschool setting (enriched school setting)
behavior prevented
1. Academic failure 2. Bullying 3. Sexual activity
behavior encouraged
1. Academic success 2. Higher GPA 3. Better eating habits
potential outcomes
1. Better grades which would lead to a better future 2. Better outlook on life, raised self-esteem, less violence in schools 3. Fewer young pregnancies, STDs
potential outcomes
1. Feelings of confidence and self-worth 2. Success 3. Healthier children and adolescents → less obesity
casey family programs
aims to safely reduce the number of children in foster care in our country by 50% by the year 2020
consequences of childhood obesity
o Psychosocial risk • May be socially discriminated, no one wants to be friends with the fat kid • Low self esteem • Lower academic performance because of lack of confidence o Cardiovascular disease • High blood pressure • High cholesterol o Type 2 diabetes • High sugar/glucose levels o Asthma o Sleep apnea
information/knowledge programs
o Students engage in binge drinking due to lack of knowledge and lack of awareness of health risks associated with binge drinking o Believe by increasing students knowledge, the abuse of binge drinking will decline
PLAY results
o Students in program recorded more steps o Lower BMI values o Boys vs. Girls (difference) o Boys took more steps and had lower BMI values o Girls were in puberty phase (which is why there was a difference)
prevention
o What can we do to prevent families from being ripped apart and destroyed? o Poverty and low SES is the primary cause of family instability • Need to prevent this - build community, get people employed, get them health care, get them safe housing
general life skills training/lifestyle balance
o What's going on in their life? Do they need stress management? Do they need a referral to financial aid? o Changing the thought process will hopefully change the behavior
differences in ages
o Young children • Physical o Older children • Passive • Indirect • Verbal
phase three
o encourage self directed activity o 8 weeks o students encouraged to independently do 30 minutes of activity outside of school without the teacher o use skills and activities taught at school to use outside of school o log activity on PLAY log sheet to track daily activity
transition
o every year 20,000 youth age out of the foster care system and move into the "real world" o how do they learn to support themselves? Get a job? Get transportation? Learn to cook? Manage money?
values clarification program
o help students evaluate goals and incorporate responsible decision making about alcohol to fit with those goals • Example: if you're caught drinking before 21, you will get a record, and if you're going to school to be a teacher, this could ruin your chances of graduating
normative re-education programs
o informs students about how much their peers are drinking
phase two
o introduce teacher directed activities o 3 weeks o each day, different activity with minimal equipment is taught in those 15 minutes
phase one
o promote play behavior o 1 week o teachers talk to students about importance of activity and PLAY o teacher prompts students to be active- don't push kids over the limit- go at own pace
ultimate goal of parent training
parents encouraged to interact more positively with children
objective of casey family programs
to provide and improve (and ultimately prevent) the need for foster care
building positive communication techniques
• 12 program elements for success • Joint planning - commitment from law enforcement and school systems • Written agreement - agreement of time commitment • Officer selection - selecting officers that are appropriate for the task • Officer Training - officers need to understand child development • Curriculum (K-12) - must be appropriate for the right age level • Classroom Instruction - needs to be educational • Officer appraisal- must evaluate officers performance • Officer/Student Interaction - evaluate interaction, do the kids see him out and about in the community to gain trust and respect? • Teacher orientation- teachers need to be trained and prepared/educated in the curriculum • In-service Training - update teachers to understand material • Parent Education - parents need to be involved and aware of program to support • Community presentations- community must support and encourage program
population
• 123 high risk African American children • ages 3 and 4 • low socio-economic status • low IQ (between 70 and 85) • high risk for failing school
GLBT bullying findings
• 2005 Massachusetts Youth risk behavior survey → o Teens who identify themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, or who report having any same-sex sexual contact, are 4 times more likely to have attempted suicide in the past year than their straight classmates • 2009 National school climate survey conducted by the gay o Nine out of 10 lesbian, bisexual, and transgender middle and high school students report having been harassed • Example → o Tyler Clementi - age 18 • Jumped to death at George Washington bridge • Roommate secretly videotaped him having relations with another man o Seth Walsh - age 13 • Hung himself o Asher Brown - age 13 • Shot himself after constant years of harassment for being gay o Billy Lucas - age 15 • Hung himself in family barn because he was teased about his possible sexual orientation
places binge drinking might occur
• 21st birthday • Tailgating • Fraternities and sororities • Holidays
prevention and intervention techniques
• 3 types of approaches 1. educational/awareness programs 2. cognitive/behavioral skills-based programs 3. motivational/feedback-based approaches
program logistics
• 58 children → program group • 65 children → control group • matched by age, IQ, SES and gender • no differences with regard to father absence, parental level of education, family size or birth order • collected data annually when kids were between ages 4-11 and ages 14, 15, 19, 27
what is obesity?
• An abnormal accumulation of body fat, usually 20% or more over an individual's ideal body weight. Obesity is associated with increased risk of illness, disability and death
famous bullying
• April 20th, 1999 → Columbine, Colorado o 2 male students → had been bullied by their classmates for years → "87% of school shootings come from a desire to get back at those who hurt them" • Killed 12 students and 1 teacher • Injured many other students until finally killing themselves • 2001 → El Cajon, California o male student killed 2 peers and hurt many others • 2005 → Red Lake, Minnesota o male student killed 10 students, injured 7, killed himself • 2007 → Virginia Tech, Virginia o male student killed 32 others, took his own life • victims of bullies are more likely than non-victims to have thoughts of suicide o January 2010 → Northampton, Massachusetts • Phoebe Prince → 15 years old Took her life after months of bullying and harassment Her peers mother created fake facebook boyfriend, who eventually dumped her
bullying prevention
• Awareness • Time • Teachers
childhood obesity
• Becoming an epidemic • Long term health implications • More difficult for children to break the cycle • Definition: a serious medical condition that occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his/her age and height. o "The vicious cycle of obesity"
eat well and keep moving
• Began as research project (Harvard & Baltimore public schools) • Evidence based • Now used in all 50 states and 20 countries • "A complete curriculum that helps academic, physical education, and health education teachers guide upper elementary school students" • ties schools to communities to families • addresses nutrition and physical activity together • teaches students how to make healthy choices • Quasi- experimental 479 children in 4th and 5th grade 6 intervention schools 8 match controlled schools • 21 lessons taught by teachers in a classroom over a 2-year period program was a result of the success of a different program (Planet Health)
intervention strategies for family based interventions
• Behavioral parent training • Family therapy • Family skills training
protective factors
• Breastfeeding - link between being breast fed as a baby and having a healthy adult weight • Active lifestyle - family that encourages health, exercise and fitness • Non obese parents- genetics matter! • High SES - more money for healthy fresh food, more opportunity to engage in sports programs, etc.; more education and awareness of health and fitness
what is bullying?
• Bullying occurs when an individual or group of individuals intentionally and repeatedly use their power to hurt others • A person is bullied when he or she is exposed repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more others persons, and he or she has difficulty defender himself or herself 1. Unwanted, negative actions 2. Pattern of behavior repeated over time 3. Imbalance of power
high risk groups within college
• Children of alcoholics (COAs) • Fraternity and sorority members • Athletes • Freshman • Mandated students (those who have previously run into trouble)
should I stay or should I go?
• College retention rates from first to second year remain at 65.7% (ACT, 2008) • Interventions to increase retention often focus on first-year students (Davidson and Muse, 1994) • Research shows the first 2-6 weeks of the first semester is the most critical time period • Second most critical spot is the break between fall and spring semester
why are schools a good setting?
• Convenience and accessibility o For parents • Ongoing structure • Collaborative o You can rely on other adults/teachers for help o The more people that are aware and know about the program → the better chance the program will succeed
where did it originate?
• Created in 1983 by the LA Police Department • Implemented in 75% of school districts in US and 43 countries around the world • In 1983- it was originally targeted for 5th and 6th graders over a 17 hour long weekly lesson (1 hour, 17 lessons) • Gang prevention, works with parents, conflict and resolution (expansion)
3. motivational/feedback-based approach
• Designed to stimulate students desire and motivation to change behavior intrinsically • Can either be done in person, or over the computer • Brief motivational interventions • Mailed or computerized motivational feedback o will discuss personal behavior, BAC, and compare them to other students at their college or university o Will most likely highlight negative consequences of binge drinking o Tips
planet health
• Developed at Harvard with MA department of education • Middle school version • "a complete curriculum that helps academic, physical education, and health education teachers guide middle school students" • RCT • 1,295 children grades 6th and 7th • 32 lessons taught by classroom teachers over a 2 year period • content of reducing TV time, total fat, saturated fat and increasing activity level and fruit and vegetable intake • In Boston 5 intervention schools 8 control schools • cost effectiveness highly cost effective more cost effective than the screening or treatment for hypertension estimated program cost of $14 per student per year • results TV viewing in the intervention group was reduced An obesity reduction of 1.9% into adulthood among girls Girls ate more servings of fruits and vegetables each day
causes of obesity?
• Diet • Physical activity • Environmental exposures • Genetic background
D.A.R.E.
• Drug Abuse Resistance Education • Validated, copyrighted, comprehensive drug and violence prevention education program • Most widely implemented prevention program in the world • Taught by specially trained enforcement officers
what works?
• Educational/awareness programs? (telling someone to stop drinking doesn't work, but comparing them to other students at their own university helped a little bit more) o Information/knowledge programs → 1/10 o Values clarification → 0/3 o Normative re-education → 6/8 • Cognitive/behavioral skills-based programs? (mixed support) o Alcohol-specific skills • Expectancy challenge intervention → 2/7 • Self-monitoring/self-assessment → 1/1 o Multi-component alcohol skills training → 4/8 o General life skills training/lifestyle balance → 0/1 • Motivational/feedback-based approaches? (BEST) o Brief motivational interventions → 10/14 o Mailed or computerized motivational feedback → 7/8
making the grade
• First year college GPA has found to be a statistically significant predictor of retention • The probability of returning for a second year of college increased dramatically with higher GPAs
school based interventions
• Formalized practices put into place to encourage some behaviors and discourage other behaviors while in a school setting • Examples: o Academic success o Bullying o Physical fitness o Nutrition (obesity) o Drug and alcohol abuse o Sexual activity and awareness • Not just prevention → it's about encouraging positive behaviors and helping others
goals of family based interventions
• Help family members (short term) o Improve communication o Solve family problems o Understand and handle special family situations o Create a better functioning home environment
first year seminars
• History and background o Not new phenomenon o 1882 → Lee College (KY) • Goals o Improve retention o Improve grade point average o Help students cope with their new environments o If done correctly → will have higher GPAs, higher retention,
roles of government
• House bill 1572: "healthy schools act" Take unhealthy options off the menu (ex- south building cookies, pizza, soft pretzels- junk line) • 2004 poll by food trust 9/10 parents wanted only
objectives
• Increase cognitive skills • Increase social and communication skills Between parents and teachers Between teachers and kids • Parents provide a richer, more positive home environment
effects
• Increased knowledge about alcohol, substance abuse and the student's • Short term goals from 5th and 6th graders on substance abuse • Tobacco use proved to be the only substantial decrease
orientation programs
• Integrate new students into the academic, cultural, and social context of their new college or university (if done correctly) • Will take place prior to the start of classes - given an overview of college life, both academically and socially
history of casey family programs
• James E. "Jim" • At age 19, Jim Casey borrows $100 to start the American Messenger Service • Jim Casey renames his delivery business United Parcel Service (UPS) • 1948 - The Annie E. Casey Foundation (founded by Jim and his siblings - named after their mother) o supports vulnerable children and their families
physical bullying
• Kicking • Punching • Violence through weapons
risk factors for college student success
• Lack of academic preparation • Lack of knowledge about college admissions process and financial aid • First generation students • Learning disabilities • Lack of understanding about college resources • Part time status** especially critical at community college level • Commuter status** • Age
prevention and interventions
• Late Night o Friday and Saturday night activities in the HUB • Alcohol EDU
family therapy
• Least recognized (with right family, it gets good results) • Indicated preventative interventions o Will target youth who are showing early signs of having a problem within their family • Less common than behavioral parent training and family skills training programs • Implemented to individual families, not done in groups o 2 hour sessions o 12-16 sessions • implemented by trained/licensed mental health clinicians • targets specific behavior and problems
direct bullying
• Victim knows his/her tormenter • Most likely in the form of physical or verbal bullying • Teachers role
let's move
• Michelle Obama's campaign • Dedicated to reducing childhood obesity • 5 pillars of the initiative 1.Create a healthier start for children 2.Empowering parents and caregivers 3.Providing healthy foods in schools 4.Improving access to healthy, affordable foods 5.Increasing physical activity • accomplishments healthy, hunger free kids act Chefs in schools- recruit professional chefs to help create more appealing schools meals Presidential active lifestyle award - incentive for students to be active (an hour a day, 5 days a week, 6/8 weeks) 500 communities signed up for "let's move"
why implement programs in schools?
• Organized setting • Students are required to attend • Have large bodies of time
objectives of family based interventions
• Partner to prevent child abuse and neglect • Act early to preserve and strengthen families • Broaden efforts to restore family capacity • Strengthen alternatives to rebuild permanent families for children • Systematically prepare youth for success in adulthood • Work to decrease risk factors and increase protective factors
bullies' power can come from...
• Physical strength • Age • Financial status • Popularity • Social status • Technology skills
risk factors
• Poor diet • Family history/genetics o If one of your parents are obese, 50% chance you will be obese o If both parents are obese, child has an 80% chance to be obese • Lack of physical activity • Environment o Home → if being active is not a priority or a family value, it is a risk factor → if a balanced meal (home cooked meal) is not being made, it's a risk factor o Work → if sitting at desk all day, you have to find ways to be active o Community → streets too dangerous to take walks • Low SES • Race
protective factors within a family
• Positive communication • Supportive parent-child relationships • Warm parental influence • Positive discipline methods • Healthy marriage • Strong family bond • Monitoring and supervision • Parents who seek information and support • Families who advocate for their children
primary goals?
• Prevent substance abuse among school aged children • Develop gang and violence resistance techniques
prevention: the first year experience
• Programs that provide new students with short term and long term skills needed for academic success and transition into college life • National resource center for the first-year experience and students in transition
evaluating REDI
• RCT 22 pairs of classrooms 356 four-year children assessed 4 times WORKED!!! → continuing to evaluate it!
prevalence of the problem
• Rates of childhood obesity continuously increasing since 1999 • More than tripled in the past 30 years • The prevalence of obesity among children ages 6 - 11 years increased from 6.5% in 1980 to 19.6% in 2008 • The prevalence of obesity among adolescents ages 12 - 19 years increased from 5.0% to 18.1% • 1 in 3 Americans considered obese • if current trends continue, 103 million Americans will be considered obese in 2018
children's objectives
• Recognizing & resisting peer pressure from experimenting with illegal substances • Boosting self esteem • Learning conflict resolution • Developing appropriate decision making skills
curriculum: junior/middle school
• Resisting peer pressure • Negative influences when making personal choices • 10 lessons
was D.A.R.E. successful?
• SUCESSFUL: Placing substance abuse education in the nations schools (popularity) o 52% of school districts across the country • NOT: Reducing drug use • No more effective than any other drug education prevention program • Just because it is popular does not mean it works!! • DARE has opposite effect!! It exposes children to drugs that they were unaware of.
roles of schools
• Schools are a critical part of a child's environment Use this to alter their activity and eating habits • Most prevention trials have taken place in school Structured environment, mandatory attendance, reach a lot of populations • Core features of school-based preventions: Caloric content of school meals Encourage more physical activity
family skills training
• Selective prevention program o Targeted to a high risk group of children and their families • Multicomponent approach • Involves entire family • Work best for families with elementary and middle school-aged children • Better retention rates (than the other two options) because of the kids o They are encouraging and reminding their parents to go back every week (example in notes)
family based intervention
• Short term treatment with a focus on resolving specific problems in regards to the family, as a whole, as the unit of treatment, and emphasizes such factors as relationships and communication patterns rather than traits or symptoms in individual members
prevention strategies
• Staff talking with bully after incident (97%) • Disciplinary repercussion → detention, etc. (96%) • Higher level of supervision in less structured areas → lunch, recess (95%) • Staff talking with victims after incident (94%) • Individual counseling with bullies and victims separately (92% and 89%)
federal anti-bullying information
• The Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act is part of the no child left behind act of 2011
why target families?
• There are many family risk factors • Families shape children's development • Interventions that target the family work better than programs that only the child
why binge drink?
• To fit in • Social thing to do • Makes you to not feel uptight or nervous • Makes you forget about your problems • The media influence (fun and refreshing)
cost benefits
• Very expensive (over 12,000 per child) • The program saw: Savings in welfare assistance Savings in special education Savings to the criminal justice system Savings to crime victims Increased tax revenue from higher earnings • The age 27 analysis found that every public dollar spent on the program saved $7.16 in tax dollars = WORTH IT!!!
indirect bullying
• Victim is unable to pinpoint bully • Gossiping or rejection • Teachers role
how program worked
• kids attended preschool 2.5 hours a day, 5 days a week, for 2 years • staff-to-child ratio = 1 adult for every 5-6 kids • teachers visited each child's family for 1.5 hours each week • parents participated in monthly small group meetings with other parents facilitated by program staff