Health 1-Chapter 7: Contraception and Abortion

Which of the following statements about spontaneous abortions are true?

They occur most frequently during the first trimester. They are generally caused by chromosomal abnormalities.

One of the benefits of the vaginal contraceptive ring over other intra-vaginal birth control methods is the fact that it

does not require a fitting by a professional.

The sponge's failure rate ______ for women who have given birth.

doubles

Factors that reduce the efficacy of oral contraceptives include

drug interactions. poor absorption. forgetting to take them.

Contraceptive failure rate is defined as the percentage of women using a particular contraceptive method who experience an unintended pregnancy

during the first year of use.

Which of the following are important considerations for a couple when selecting a form of contraception?

ease of obtaining the product any potential noncontraceptive benefits from the method potential health risks from the contraceptive method

Female sterilization has a very high rate of success, but if a pregnancy does occur, it is more likely to be a(n) ______ pregnancy.

ectopic

What are the substances in birth control pills that function to prevent ovulation?

estrogen progestins

Problems associated with IUDs can manifest as which of the following?

fever and chills abdominal pain foul-smelling vaginal discharge

Which of the following are typical advantages of oral contraceptives?

highly reversible decrease in cramps predictable regularity of periods

Although the process of male sterilization involves severing the vas deferentia, ______ production from the testes continues.

hormone

Abortion became criminalized

in the 19th century.

Which of the following describe how oral contraceptives work to prevent pregnancy?

inhibit sperm mobility thicken cervical mucus prevent ovulation

Depo-Provera, the first injectable contraceptive approved for use in the United States, prevents pregnancy by

inhibiting ovulation.

Male condoms are usually made of ______, which helps to protect against sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancy.

latex

Which of the following is a consequence of contraceptive skin patch use?

less painful menstruation

What are some advantages of the contraceptive skin patch?

lighter menstruation decreased anemia decreased risk of ovarian cancer

Which of the following are the two primary types of first-trimester abortion? (Select all that apply.)

medication aspiration

Which of the following are associated with medication abortion?

misoprostol mifepristone

Birth control methods used after unprotected sexual intercourse has occurred are known as emergency contraceptives or

morning-after pills.

An approach to contraception that does not use drugs, devices, or medical intervention is called a

natural method.

While current emergency contraceptives are considered quite safe, some possible side effects associated with taking the medication are

nausea. headache. dizziness.

One of the challenges of using calendar methods of birth control is the fact that few women have a very regular

ovulation cycle.

Women can reduce the risks from oral contraceptive usage by

quitting smoking.

After initial insertion, contraceptive implants often negatively affect a woman's menstruation, resulting in longer periods, spotting, or lack of bleeding. However, after one year her menstrual cycle usually evens out and becomes more

regular.

Methods to decrease health risks associated with oral contraceptives include

requesting a low dosage. not smoking.

In order to verify that a vasectomy has been successful, most doctors recommend the patient have a _____ three months after surgery.

semen analysis

Which of the following are potential danger signals commonly associated with oral contraceptive use?

severe chest pain blurred vision severe abdominal pain

Women with which of the following medical conditions sometimes need to end their pregnancy due to health risks to the mother?

severe kidney disease advanced diabetes pulmonary hypertension

The high failure rate of the withdrawal method is due in part to the fact that a man's preejaculatory fluid may contain viable ______ that can result in pregnancy.

sperm

The contraceptive sponge comes presaturated with

spermicide.

To be effective, a diaphragm must be used with a(n)

spermicide.

Surgically altering the male or female reproductive system to prevent pregnancy is called

sterilization.

Which of the following occurrences have been linked to decreased effectiveness of male condoms?

the use of a condom after an expiration date the careless removal of a condom after ejaculation the use of insufficient lubrication, resulting in breakage of a condom

An IUD is a plastic device inserted into the ______ as a contraceptive.

uterus

Which of the following can be used as needed as a lubricant with latex condoms?

water-based lubricant

Oral contraceptives are not recommended for women

who have had any type of cancer. who have a history of blood clots. with impaired liver function. who have a history of heart disease and stroke.

What are characteristics of vaginal spermicides?

They alter the balance of bacteria in the vagina. They cause an increase in vaginal fluid. They must be inserted shortly before intercourse.

Which of the following statements about IUDs are true?

They are placed in the uterus. Depending on the type, they last from 3 to 12 years.

What are biological consequences from the use of vaginal spermicides?

They can alter the balance of bacteria in the vagina.

Which of the following are advantages of male condoms?

They can be bought without medical supervision. They help protect against STIs. They are easy to purchase.

Which of the following are characteristics of prelubricated condoms containing the spermicide nonoxynol-9?

They have been associated with urinary tract infections in women.

The procedure of aspiration abortion usually takes

10 to 15 minutes.

In what year did abortion become legal in the United States?

1973

Which of the following are relative disadvantages of injectable contraceptives?

A woman must visit a health care facility periodically to receive the injections. After discontinuing use, a woman may remain infertile for several more months. Injectable contraceptives do not protect against STIs.

Which of the following statements regarding injectable contraceptives are correct?

They are a form of hormonal contraception. The first injectable contraceptive approved for use in the United States was Depo-Provera. They offer protection against unwanted pregnancy for over 12 weeks.

Which of these statements regarding the use and maintenance of an IUD is correct?

An IUD must be inserted and removed by a trained professional.

Which of the following statements are true regarding the contraceptive skin patch, Ortho Evra? (Select all that apply.)

The patch works to prevent pregnancy just as other forms of hormonal contraception do. The patch releases estrogen and progestin. If the patch falls off for more than one day, starting a new cycle of patches is recommended.

Contraceptive implants are characterized by which of the following?

They are placed in the upper arm. They secrete progestin only.

Which of the following statements regarding male condoms are correct?

Condoms are the most commonly used barrier method contraceptive in the United States. A condom holding ejaculate must be withdrawn from the vagina before being removed from the penis. Latex and polyurethane condoms protect against sexually transmitted diseases as well as unwanted pregnancy. Using oil-based products with condoms can cause condoms to break.

True or false: Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a non-fatal bacterial infection.

False

Which of the following are examples of reversible contraception?

Intrauterine devices Implants

What are distinguishing characteristics of the contraceptive sponge?

It acts as a seminal-fluid absorbent. It is water activated. It is made of polyurethane.

Which of the following statements about the contraceptive sponge are correct?

It cannot be used during menstruation.

Which of the following are likely reasons for intended pregnancies to end in abortion?

It involves taking two different medications. It successfully ends pregnancies about 95% of the time. The amount of bleeding is similar to that of a miscarriage.

Which of the following statements about the Essure system are correct?

It is a form of female sterilization. It involves placing implants in the fallopian tubes to form scar tissue.

Some of the disadvantages of the contraceptive sponge include which of the following?

It is associated with toxic shock syndrome. It has an unpleasant odor if left in for more than 18 hours. It may increase vaginal irritation, thus increasing the chance of HIV transmission.

Which of the following are advantages of an IUD as a contraceptive device?

It is very safe for all women. It can simply be removed to restore fertility. It use does not require a woman to interrupt sexual activity.

Which of the following statements about the female condom are true?

It may be inserted up to 8 hours before intercourse. One size fits all. A new condom should be used for each act of sexual intercourse.

Which of the following statements are true concerning the female condom?

It rarely breaks during use. It is designed for one-time use.

Which of the following are characteristics of the vaginal contraceptive ring?

It slowly releases hormones and maintains blood hormone levels. The ring prevents pregnancy in the same way as oral contraceptives. It is inserted within the first 5 days of the menstrual cycle.

Which of the following statements about the effects of a contraceptive implant are true?

Its removal quickly reverses the device's contraceptive effect. Once inserted, It requires no further action for several years.

What is an advantage of a hormonal IUD that other types of IUDs do not have?

Its use can greatly decrease menstrual bleeding.

Which of the following are included in the procedure of tubal ligation?

The surgeon must locate the fallopian tubes. A laparoscope is inserted through a small abdominal incision. The procedure is performed in a hospital and takes about 30 minutes.

Which of the following statements regarding the vaginal contraceptive ring are correct? (Select all that apply.)

NuvaRing is the current brand on the market. If the ring has been removed for more than 3 hours during use, a back-up method is needed. Proper disposal protocol should be followed with the ring.

Which of the following statements about contraception are true?

People have used contraception for thousands of years. There are many options for contraception.

What are some factors that both men and women should keep in mind when considering permanent contraception options?

Procedures to attempt restoration of fertility are not guaranteed to work. Surgery presents risks and can lead to post-operative complications. In most cases they are irreversible.

What are disadvantages of the female condom?

Proper insertion requires practice. Placement of the penis and outer ring of the device must be monitored. The outer ring may be bothersome during foreplay.

What are guidelines for maximizing the effectiveness a female condom?

Remove the condom before standing up after intercourse. Use a new condom with each act of intercourse.

What is the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that made abortion legal in the United States?

Roe v. Wade

Among the many contraceptive methods available, it is important for each person to consider which attributes he or she finds most important, including

STI protection cost of the method potential health risks

One major disadvantage to using contraceptive implants is that they provide little protection against

STIs

Which of the following statements about the contraceptive patch are correct?

Some patch users experience a rash around the patch. Higher hormonal doses of the patch may cause more side effects than oral contraceptives. The contraceptive patch has higher hormonal dosages than oral contraceptives.

Which of the following statements about the use of spermicide with a cervical cap are true?

Spermicide is placed on the brim of the device. Spermicide is placed in the cuplike shape formed by the cap.

______ methods include permanently preventing the transport of sperm or eggs to the site of fertilization.

Surgical

Which of the following statements regarding intrauterine devices are true?

The ParaGard contains copper, which causes biochemical changes in the uterus. The Mirena is an IUD that releases synthetic progestin. The Skyla works primarily by preventing fertilization.

Which of the following statements about the diaphragm are correct?

The device works to prevent sperm from entering the uterus. The fitting for the device should be checked if a person's weight changes by 10 or more pounds. Women must be fitted for the device by a health care professional.

What features are common to most vaginal spermicides?

The effectiveness of the spermicides decreases greatly after an hour. Additional doses must be administered for each act of intercourse. Spermicide should be placed deep in the vagina near the cervical entrance.

During the first-year use, how does the typical effectiveness of the sponge compare to that of the diaphragm?

The effectiveness of the sponge and diaphragm are the same for women who have not given birth.

Which of the following help explain the early criminalization of abortion in the United States?

The intention was to improve safety. Physicians promoted the movement. The effort began in the mid-19th century.

What are features of the cervical cap?

The need to be replaced annually The required use of a spermicide A built-in removal strap

Which of the following are trends in abortion rates in the United States?

The number of legal abortions peaked in the 1980s.

What happened in the years following the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Roe v. Wade?

The number of legal abortions rapidly increased.

How do contraceptive implants work to prevent pregnancy?

They affect development of the uterine lining. They thicken the cervical mucus. They inhibit ovulation.

True or false: Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) methods are among the most effective forms of birth control.

True

Which of the following are types of vaginal spermicide?

VCF foam suppositories

The surgical removal of the uterus is called

a hysterectomy.

Temperature methods of birth control require monitoring a woman's ______ body temperature in order to track peak fertility cycles.

basal

Depo-Provera can cause a reduction in ______, particularly when used over an extended period.

bone density

The contraceptive skin patch, Ortho Evra, is typically worn on which of the following areas of the body?

buttocks upper, outer arm abdomen

Which of the following are known to reduce the effectiveness of oral contraceptives?

certain types of antibiotics St. John's wort antiseizure medications

The withdrawal method of contraception is also known as

coitus interruptus.

Positive medical side effects of oral contraceptives not directly associated with the prevention of pregnancy include a decreased incidence of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

colon cancer anemia acne ovarian cancer

Which of the following are reasons people decide not to engage in sexual intercourse?

concern about side effects from contraceptive use concern about unwanted pregnancy concern about STIs

The percentage of people who are still using a particular contraceptive after a specified period of time is called the

continuation rate.

Which of the following types of contraceptives has a low risk of blood clots and is effective for more than a year with no action needed by the user?

contraceptive implant

A contraceptive device consisting of a flexible, dome-shaped cup that covers the cervix and prevents sperm from entering the uterus is a

diaphragm.

The mucus method involves detecting changes in a woman's cervical secretions. Practice of this method requires

differentiating between healthy mucus and changes caused by vaginal infections. detecting changes in the texture of the cervical mucus throughout the menstrual cycle. monitoring the quantity of cervical mucus.

Aspiration abortion is also known as which of the following?

dilation and curettage suction abortion

Which of the following are potential disadvantages of IUDs?

does not protect against STIs heavier periods for ParaGard users reliance on health care provider for insertion and removal