Health Behaviors Final
Which of the following is consistent with a model? -A specific theoretical concept that is used in a specific setting for a given population. -Several related constructs from one theory. -A composite of concepts from any number of different theories. -An example of how a theory can be applied to address a particular health issue.
A composite of concepts from any number of different theories.
Which of the following is the best definition of the term self-efficacy? -A person's ability to weigh the pros and cons of taking action. -A person's feelings of self-worth. -A person's confidence in his/her ability to take an action or engage in a behavior. -A person's self-confidence.
A person's confidence in his/her ability to take an action or engage in a behavior.
The Theory of Reasoned Action proposes that behavior is influenced by which of the following 1.Behavioral Intention 2.Attitude toward behavior 3.Perceived Behavioral Control 4.Subjective Norms
1, 2, 4
Who is (are)the originator(s) of the Socio-Ecological Model? -Prochaska and DiClemente -Green and Kreuter -Among others, Moos, Bronfenner and Stokols -The CDC (Marshall Kreuter) -Rothman and Tropman -Hochbaum, Kegels, and Rosenstock
Among others, Moos, Bronfenner and Stokols
The key elements in the Social Cognitive Theory are that the environment affects behavior and behavior affects the environment. This is known as: A. perceived behavioral control B. reciprocal determinism C. reciprocal interception D. self-efficacy E. reciprocal control
B. reciprocal determinism
Most smokers get lung cancer" is an example of which component of a particular construct? -Expected outcomes -Behavioral beliefs -Perceived control -Normative beliefs
Behavioral beliefs
Which is the correct definition for Perceived Benefits? -Beliefs about the seriousness of a condition and its consequences. -Beliefs about the material and psychological costs of taking action. -Beliefs about the effectiveness of taking action to reduce risk or seriousness. -Beliefs about the chances of getting a condition.
Beliefs about the effectiveness of taking action to reduce risk or seriousness.
Media Advocacy is an essential tactic in community organizing. Which of the following is a true statement about media advocacy? -Media advocacy assumes that many communities have the power to change social and economic conditions, and this inaction is the root of most health problems. -It usually presents health information in medical terms, and focuses on the individual's influence on poor health. -It seeks to balance news coverage by framing issues to emphasize social, economic, and political, rather than personal and behavioral influences on health. -Media advocacy assumes the root of most health problems is that people lack information.
It seeks to balance news coverage by framing issues to emphasize social, economic, and political, rather than personal and behavioral influences on health.
A client who previously smoked cigarettes for ten years and now has been smoke free for six months with the help of medications may be considered to be in which stage? -Maintenance -Action -Termination -Contemplation
Maintenance
Jane thinks it will be easy to get a ride to the mammogram screening facility (even thought her car is not working). This is an example of which component of a construct in the TRA/TPB? -Control belief -Perceived power -Attitude -Expected outcome
Control belief
A good strategy for a patient trying to quit smoking, is using a toothpick instead of smoking a cigarette. This is an example of which process of change? -Counter conditioning -Reinforcement management -Stimulus control -Environmental reevaluation
Counter conditioning
Public policy influences health by: -Creating disincentives for unhealthy behavior -Changing cultural values -Making individuals feel stupid -Providing direct services to individuals
Creating disincentives for unhealthy behavior
Getting community members together to discuss the root causes of downtown weekend violence is a method of increasing which of the following? - Critical Consciousness -Relevance -Empowerment -Community Capacity.
Critical Consciousness
The term used to describe when someone believes that his or her efforts can make a difference in changing a behavior A. Autonomy B. Self-motivation C. Self-liberation D. Self-efficacy
D. Self-efficacy
How do the theory of planned behavior and the theory of reasoned action differ? Selected Answer: A. The theory of reasoned action adds the perception of control to the theory of planned behavior. B. The theory of planned behavior considers health behaviors, whereas the theory of reasoned action does not. C. The theory of reasoned action considers self-efficacy, whereas the theory of planned behavior does not. D. The theory of planned behavior adds the perception of control to the theory of reasoned action
D. The theory of planned behavior adds the perception of control to the theory of reasoned action
Which of the following would be most consistent with the use of mastery experiences in Self-Efficacy Theory as the basis for an HIV risk reduction program? -Showing a video about the biology of human immunodeficiency virus. -Providing educational material on the pathophysiology of HIV infection. -Having guest speakers with HIV discuss how the infection has changed their lives. -Demonstrating proper application of a condom using anatomical models and providing opportunities for practice.
Demonstrating proper application of a condom using anatomical models and providing opportunities for practice.
If you have a patient who is experiencing negative health consequences due to being overweight, helping them talk about their weight problem and their plans for change can move them from preparation to action. This is an example of which process of change? -Self-reevaluation -Consciousness raising -Dramatic relief -Self-liberation
Dramatic relief
In the social ecological model, how are the societal levels related? -Each one interacts with only the levels above it. -Each one influences and is influenced by all the other levels. -Each one interacts with only the levels below it. -None of the above
Each one influences and is influenced by all the other levels.
This group of people represents the largest population. When they begin to adopt an innovation, it becomes mainstream. -Laggards -Early Adopters -Early Majority -Late Majority
Early Majority
Tionna avoids tanning because she fears skin cancer. This is an example of which construct? -Expectancies -Emotional arousal -Behavioral capability -Reinforcement
Emotional arousal
Of the following, which best demonstrates the use of the Self-Efficacy construct of verbal persuasion? -Instructing teachers warn children they are not permitted to bring cookies to school for dessert. -Having pediatricians inform parents about health snack foods for their children. -Encouraging parents to commend their children for choosing fruit over chips as an after school snack. -Using role models to tell students about the benefits of eating healthier foods.
Encouraging parents to commend their children for choosing fruit over chips as an after school snack.
A grandfather realizing that smoking around his grandson is problematic for his grandson's asthma, is an example of which process of change? -Consciousness raising -Social liberation -Self-reevaluation -Environmental reevaluation
Environmental reevaluation
Rosa views an early diagnosis of breast cancer as positive, because she believes it would increase her chance of a cure, explaining why she chooses to have an annual mammogram. This is an example of which construct? -Expectations -Self-efficacy -Expectancies -Reinforcement
Expectancies
The values we place on the expected outcomes of a particular behavior is which construct? -Expectations -Expectancies -Emotional arousal -Locus of control
Expectancies
Shelia avoids having mammograms because she worries that the mammogram will show cancer. This is an example of which construct? -Reinforcement -Expectancy -Expectation -Self-efficacy
Expectation
Jamal uses a condom because he expects to be protected from sexually transmitted infections and fatherhood. This is an example of which construct? -Reinforcement -Expectations -Self-Efficacy -Reciprocal determinism
Expectations
"If I smoked, I would not develop a habit" is an example of which component of a particular construct? -Expected outcomes -Behavioral beliefs -Normative beliefs -Motivation to comply
Expected outcomes
Joe believes he has no control over what happens to him. He believes that everything that happens to him are the result of fate, destiny, or luck. This is an example of which construct? -Extermal locus of control -Internal locus of control -Expectations -Self-efficacy
Extermal locus of control
Attitudes are favorable judgments about a given behavior only. T/F
F
Attitudes refer only to favorable judgments about a given behavior. T/F
F
Central constructs of the Social Cognitive Theory include perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. T/F
F
Health behavior is determined solely by personal choice. T/F
F
The Health Belief Model was developed in the 1980s by a group of U.S. Public Health Service social psychologists who wanted to explain why so few people were participating in programs to prevent and detect disease. T/F
F
The Socio-Ecological Model focuses primarily on the interpersonal factors that help or hinder individuals to engage in healthy behaviors. T/F
F
The construct of perceived seriousness in the Health Belief Model explains that behavior cannot be changed unless the health issue is fatal. T/F
F
The most effective way to increase self-efficacy is through vicarious learning. T/F
F
The most important role of communities in health promotion is to serve as a setting for intervention. T/F
F
The physical environment influences behavior but not individual health. T/F
F
According to Self-Efficacy Theory, efficacious people see difficult tasks as threats and avoid them.
False
The fact the model is called "Stages of Change" implies that the there are steps that must be completed in a sequence of pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance (and occasionally termination) for it to work effectively.
False
Who were the originators of the TRA/TPB Model? -Prochaska and DiClemente -Hochbaum, Rosenstock and Kegels -Albert Bandura -Moos and Trotman -Fishbein & Ajzen -Becker and Fishbein
Fishbein & Ajzen
Which of the following reflects the use of the Self-Efficacy Theory construct of vicarious experiences to improve the diets of freshman on a college campus? -Have a supermarket tour during freshman orientation. -Have cooking classes by celebrity chefs in the school kitchens. -Have a recipe exchange between faculty and students. -Have senior students demonstrate healthy food choices in the cafeteria.
Have senior students demonstrate healthy food choices in the cafeteria.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a historical experience that used a community organization model approach? -The Labor Movement -The Civil Rights Movement -MADD (Mother Against Drunk Driving) -Healthy People 2020 -Anti-Abortion Movement
Healthy People 2020
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an example which process of change? -Helping relationships -Self-liberation -Dramatic Relief -Environmental reevaluation
Helping relationships
Who were the originators of the Health Belief Model? -Hochbaum, Rosenstock and Kegels -Albert Bandura -Prochaska and DiClemente -Moos and Trotman
Hochbaum, Rosenstock and Kegels
Which of the following best illustrates the use of Self-Efficacy Theory to increase fruit and vegetable intake in XYZ community. -Replace junk food in the school vending machines with fruits and vegetables so students only have healthy snacks to choose from. -Hold vegetarian cooking classes at a local restaurant so residents can practice preparing new foods. -Send a brochure to community residents with information about how many daily servings of fruit and vegetables they need each so they can make the changes. -Implement a community garden so the residents can grow their own fruit and vegetables.
Hold vegetarian cooking classes at a local restaurant so residents can practice preparing new foods.
Mary believes she has total control over what happens to her. She believes that her experiences are a result of her choices and behaviors. This is an example of which construct? -External locus of control -Expectations -Expectancies -Internal locus of control
Internal locus of control
Theories at the ________________ level focus on the assumption that other people in our lives affect our health decisions and thus, our health behavior. -Intrapersonal -Interpersonal -Community -Societal
Interpersonal
Which level of the Socio-Ecological Model emphasizes family, friends, peers, and social support as important sources of influence in health-related behaviors? -Social Support Level -Policy Level -Institutional Level -Organizational Level -Interpersonal Level -Intrapersonal Level
Interpersonal Level
Which of the following is not associated with community mobilization efforts? -It involves collective action by groups and community members to exert strong pressure in their respective community in favor or against preventive behaviors, such as HIV testing. -It involves collective action by groups and community members to advocate for policy change. -It involves collective action by groups and community members to engage in other activities that are designed to change the environmental condition(s). -It involves collective action by groups and community members to increase awareness about a problem.
It involves collective action by groups and community members to exert strong pressure in their respective community in favor or against preventive behaviors, such as HIV testing.
Which of the following is true of the Health Belief Model? -It is the most commonly used theory in health education and promotion. -It was initially developed to explain why people did not exercise. -It is based on rational emotive therapy. -It examines behavior from a religious perspective.
It is the most commonly used theory in health education and promotion.
Which of the following is true of the construct of mastery experiences in the Self-Efficacy Theory? -It is the most effective means by which to increase self-efficacy. -It enables people to keep trying to learn something new even after repeated failures. -It is based on people learning from others who are masters at the new behavior. -It requires an evaluation by others as to the extent of mastery.
It is the most effective means by which to increase self-efficacy.
A wife has consulted a health educator for advice on how to get her husband to exercise more. She says that her husband does not see any problem with being a "couch potato" and that he does not see any relationship between exercise and heart health. According to the transtheoretical model, the health educator might conclude that the woman's husband is in which stage of the TTM? -Maintenance -Action -Termination -Contemplation -Precontemplation
Precontemplation
Meredith is in her 40s, and has avoided aerobic exercise for most of her adult life. Although her family has expressed concern and her doctor has told her that lack of aerobic exercise is bad for her heart, she does not see her lack of activity as a problem and ignores her family and doctor. According to the TTM, Meredith is at which stage of the model? -Maintenance -Termination -Contemplation -Precontemplation
Precontemplation
In the Transtheoretical Model, an individual who is intending to take action in the immediate future is in what stage? -Precontemplation -Contemplation -Preparation -Maintenance
Preparation
Who is (are) the originator(s) of the Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change? -Lawrence Green and Marshall Kreuter -Prochaska and DiClemente -Rothman and Tropman -Moos and Stokols -The CDC (Marshall Kreuter)
Prochaska and DiClemente
Which of the following is an application of the concept "cues to action"? -Identify and reduce barriers through reassurance, incentives, assistance. -Specify consequences of the risk and the condition. -Provide training, guidance in performing action. -Provide how-to-information, promote awareness, reminders.
Provide how-to-information, promote awareness, reminders.
Which of the following are potential change strategies for Self-Efficacy? -Help the individual develop an accurate perception of his or her own risk. -Provide training and guidance in performing action. -Specify the consequences of a condition and recommended action. -Explain how, where, and when to take action and what the potential positive results will be.
Provide training and guidance in performing action.
All are constructs of Diffusion of Innovation except? -Relative advantage -Time -Innovation -Social system -Communication channels
Relative advantage
A person closely associated with the development of the Community Organization Theory is: -Bandar -Rothman -Hochbaum -Fischbein
Rothman
Which of the following concepts/descriptors are associated with the Socio-Ecological Model? (select ALL correct answers - it is possible that more than one of the answers is correct) Answers: Correct Community Level Process Evaluation Correct Individual Level Correct Interpersonal Level Localilty Development Maintenance
Selected Answers: Correct: Community Level Correct: Individual Level Correct: Interpersonal Level Correct Community Level Correct Individual Level Correct Interpersonal Level Locality Development Maintenance Process Evaluation
Jane has dieted throughout her entire life, yet has not been successful. Helping Jane learn how to set small, attainable goals, and plan a course of action, can help her to form beliefs about her ability to successfully lose weight. This is an example of which construct? -Self-regulation -Observational learning -Emotional arousal -Reinforcement
Self-regulation
Social Cognitive Theory evolved from which theory/model? -Self-Efficacy Theory -Social Network Theory -Diffusion of Innovations -Social Learning Theory
Social Learning Theory
The American Cancer Society supports, and promotes, advocacy efforts to initiate smoke-free communities across the country by banning smoking in public places, and raising taxes on cigarettes, as methods of reducing harm caused by tobacco. This approach of regulating behaviors, to positively influence health, is an example of which level in the Socio-Ecological Model? -Interpersonal Level -Intrapersonal Level -Societal Level/Public Policy -Community Level/Community Factors
Societal Level/Public Policy
Which construct of the Self-Efficacy Theory would you use to explain behavior based on how we feel when we think about engaging in a particular behavior? -Verbal Persuasion -Somatic and Emotional States -Mastery Experiences -Vicarious Experiences
Somatic and Emotional States
A social system can be individuals, an informal or formal group of people, or organizations that are interrelated and engaged in solving a joint problem to accomplish a goal. T/F
T
A unique feature of TRA/TPB is that it states that behavioral intention is the most important determinant of behavior. T/F
T
Communicating through mass-media and one-on-one conversations are both examples of communication channels. T/F
T
Community Organization Models emphasize community-driven approaches to assessing and solving health and social problems. T/F
T
Intention is the strongest predictor of behavior when the behavior is to be engaged in within a relatively short period of time. T/F
T
It is not uncommon for people to cycle back and forth between the stages of change T/F
T
Perceived susceptibility in the Health Belief Model explains that behavior is the result of individual belief in risk to a specific health issue.
T
Positive reinforcement supports continuation of new, healthy behaviors, more so than negative reinforcements. T/F
T
Relationships can influence health behavior. T/F
T
SCT is useful for very specific health behaviors (e.g., exercise behavior) versus broadly defined behaviors (e.g., avoiding heart disease). T/F
T
The Healthy Eating for 2 program aims to teach expecting mothers about specific nutritional needs during pregnancy, how to read food labels, use a food tracker system to plan and track meals, and prepare healthy meals to eat a healthy, balanced diet. This is an example of behavioral capability. T/F
T
The Self-Efficacy Theory construct of mastery experiences explains that people will try to do something new if it is similar to something they already do well. T/F
T
The Self-Efficacy Theory construct of verbal persuasion explains that when people are told they will be successful at something new, they are likely to try. T/F
T
The Socio-Ecological Model focuses attention on the individual, interpersonal, and community levels of influence, and the institutional, community, and public policy factors as targets of intervention. T/F
T
The TRA/TPB states that in order for people to make a change in their health behavior, they must have an intention to do so, a positive attitude about the behavior, and a view that their social network will be supportive? T/F
T
The Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change) describes individuals' motivation and readiness to change a behavior. T/F
T
The extent of personal belief of susceptibility to a disease and the seriousness of it, reflects the construct of perceived threat. T/F
T
The idea that someone can learn by watching what someone else does is a part of the Social Cognitive Theory. T/F
T
The somatic and emotional state resulting from thinking about engaging in a behavior affects self-efficacy and the likelihood of engaging in the behavior. T/F
T
There are no better expertise about a specific community than the expertise from within the community itself and the diverse groups within the community. T/F
T
Two key concepts of the Socio-Ecological Model help to identify intervention points for improving and promoting health; first, behavior affects and is affected by multiple levels of influence, and second, individual behavior both shapes and is shaped by the social environment. T/F
T
Value expectancy theories assume that individuals value their health. T/F
T
The perception of threat in the Health Belief Model refers to: -the degree to which a person is afraid of a disease. -the individual belief of the outcome of contracting a particular illness. -the perception of disease seriousness in combination with susceptibility. -the likelihood of contracting a fatal illness.
The perception of disease seriousness in combination with susceptibility.
How do the theory of planned behavior and the theory of reasoned action differ? -The theory of planned behavior adds the perception of control to the theory of reasoned action -The theory of reasoned action adds the perception of control to the theory of planned behavior -The theory of reasoned action considers self-efficacy, whereas the theory of planned behavior does not -The theory of planned behavior considers health behaviors, whereas the theory of reasoned action does not
The theory of planned behavior adds the perception of control to the theory of reasoned action
An example of the process of "Countering Conditioning" is which of the following? -Discussing nutrition with your registered dietician -Taking a bag lunch to school -Use low fat substitutes instead of regular condiments -Self talk -Removing all ashtrays from your apartment
Use low fat substitutes instead of regular condiments
Which construct of the Self-Efficacy Theory would you use to explain behavior based on the support we get from others? -Verbal Persuasion -Somatic and Emotional States -Mastery Experiences -Vicarious Experiences
Verbal Persuasion
Which construct of the Self-Efficacy Theory would you use to explain behavior based on observing the success or failure of others who are similar to us? -Verbal Persuasion -Somatic and Emotional States -Mastery Experiences -Vicarious Experiences
Vicarious Experiences
Which is a good example of a "helping relationship" for an individual trying to loose weight? -Weight Watchers -Joining a local gym -Purchasing P90X -Attending a cycling class at their local gym
Weight Watchers
Which of the following best describes the "Community Level" of the Socio-Ecological Model? -Work one-to-one or through the media to directly influence the knowledge, skills, behaviors, and attitudes of individuals -Work with community citizens, leaders, groups, agencies, and organizations to form partnerships Work with employers and administrators to create/change rules, policies, structures, and ways of doing things in organizations -Work with elected officials, community leaders, and citizens to create/change local, state, and national laws and policies -work with family members, friends, and peers to create/provide encouragement, resources, and support to an individual in the process of behavior change
Work with community citizens, leaders, groups, agencies, and organizations to form partnerships
Theories are used as the basis for public health programs or interventions because they provide: -the reason why the health problems exist. -a possible explanation for health behavior. -the basis for funding decisions. -answers as to disease causality.
a possible explanation for health behavior.
In TRA/TPB, the overall feeling of liking or disliking toward any given behavior is: -behavioral intention -attitude toward the behavior -behavioral belief -outcome evaluation
attitude toward the behavior
The Theory of Planned Behavior assumes the best predictor of a behavior is -behavioral intention -perceived control -attitudes -subjective norms
behavioral intention
In what stage of the stages of change model do individuals make a commitment to change? -pre-contemplation -contemplation -preparation -action -maintenance
action
Which of the following is considered a cue to action to stop smoking? -reading a pamphlet about the most effective ways to quit smoking. -encouragement from a family member to stop smoking. -watching a commercial of someone who has successfully quit. -all are examples of cues to action.
all are examples of cues to action.
Choose the key issues associated with community mobilization. -Working with the community to select the right issue to address. -Assessing and working with the community's capacity for mobilizing. -Understanding the community agenda. -Defining the community.
all correct (involving experts from outside = incorrect )
The ecological approach to understanding factors influencing a particular health problem can be described as: -an emphasis on personal responsibility for health, with an understanding that individuals can be influenced by others. -a framework in which health behavior is adaptive or maladaptive with respect to an ecological system. -an understanding that the health behavior of a given individual is the product of a complex set of influences, such as personal attitudes, socio-cultural beliefs, the physical environment, and others. -a focus on the interrelationship between genetic and social factors in producing health outcomes.
an understanding that the health behavior of a given individual is the product of a complex set of influences, such as personal attitudes, socio-cultural beliefs, the physical environment, and others.
The ecological approach to understanding factors influencing a particular health problem can be described as: -an emphasis on personal responsibility for health, with an understanding that individuals can be influenced by others. -a framework in which health behavior is adaptive or maladaptive with respect to an ecological system. -an understanding that the health behavior of a given individual is the product of a complex set of influences, such as personal attitudes, socio-cultural beliefs, the physical environment, and others. -a focus on the interrelationship between genetic and social factors in producing health outcomes.
an understanding that the health behavior of a given individual is the product of a complex set of influences, such as personal attitudes, socio-cultural beliefs, the physical environment, and others.
A person who attends a smoking cessation program because he/she is very interested in learning how to quit is considered to be in which stage of the Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change Theory)? -precontemplation -contemplation -maintenance -termination
contemplation
Whether a person thinks the expected outcome is good or likely to be rewarded is referred to as: -expectations -expectancies -reinforcement -self-efficacy
expectancies
For a client at the Precontemplation stage of change, the health educator would most likely attempt to: -increase the clients perception of problems with current behavior -help the client to determine the best course of action -help the client to identify and use strategies to prevent relapse -suggest that the client become part of a support group
increase the clients perception of problems with current behavior
According to the Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change), an individual is not ready for behavior change if he/she is in the ______________ stage. -precontemplation -contemplation -maintenance -action
precontemplation
The usual order for the Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change) of behavioral change is: -termination, contemplation, action, preparation, maintenance, pre contemplation -precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination -preparaton, action, maintenance, contemplation, termination, pre contemplation -action, maintenance, contemplation, termination, precontemplation, preparation
precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination
Someone who is researching different types of smoking cessation aids (i.e., nicotine gum, nicotine patches, etc.) is in which stage of the stages of change model? -pre-contemplation -contemplation -preparation -action -maintenance
preparation
The Health Belief Model was originally developed to explain behavior related to which health topic? -smoking cessation. -physical activity. -HIV testing. -preventive services, such as screenings and immunizations.
preventive services, such as screenings and immunizations.
An increase in the use of reusable water bottle after installation of easy to use filtered water bottle refilling stations around campus is an example of... -reciprocal determinism -environmental change -observational learning -reinforcement
reciprocal determinism
An individual believing that he or she can successfully engage in a behavior that promotes health is an example of: -determination. -action. -motivation. -self-efficacy .
self-efficacy.
In TRA/TPB, the belief that most of the significant others in a person's life think that he/she should or should not perform the behavior is known as: -normative belief -behavioral belief -subjective norms -outcome evaluation
subjective norms
My wife's opinions are important to me" is an example of which construct? -attitudes -intention -perceived behavioral control -subjective norms
subjective norms
According to the Self-Efficacy Theory construct of somatic and emotional states, self-efficacy is affected when: -important others are supportive of the behavior change. -there is a belief that one will succeed. -intention to perform the behavior changes due to illness. -thought of the behavior causes anxiety or fear.
thought of the behavior causes anxiety or fear.
Which of the following is a strategy to increase perceived susceptibility of prostate cancer? -develop reminder cards for prostate checks that can be given out to men at a local health clinic. -using testimonials with men of various ethnic/racial backgrounds and ages who have had prostate cancer. -providing information about the seriousness of not getting recommended prostate checkups. -providing free or low cost prostate exams and blood tests.
using testimonials with men of various ethnic/racial backgrounds and ages who have had prostate cancer.
A behavior under ________________ is one in which the person is able to decide, at will, to engage in or not. -volitional control -behavioral control -self-efficacy -motivation to comply
volitional control
Theories are used as the basis for health education interventions because they identify: -the intervention group. -factors for evaluation. -why people behave the way they do. -the cause of the health problem.
why people behave the way they do.
The originator/s of the Social Cognitive Theory is/are A. Prochaska and DiClemente B. Bandura C. Azjen D. Hochbaum, Kegels, and Rosenstock
B. Bandura
I can quit smoking if I try" is an example of which construct? -attitudes -intention -perceived behavioral control -subjective norms
perceived behavioral control
In TRA/TPB, perception about how easy or difficult it is for performing the behavior in each condition identified in control beliefs is known as: -perceived severity -perceived behavioral control -perceived power -perceived susceptibility
perceived behavioral control
The major concepts of the Health Belief Model include all, EXCEPT: -perceived barriers. -perceived susceptibility. -perceived severity. -perceived benefits. -perceived interaction.
perceived interaction.
All are reasons for rejection of an innovation except -cost -lack of motivation -conflict with values and beliefs -lack of skill
lack of motivation
During which stage of the stages of change model is relapse suppose to be carefully monitored? -pre-contemplation -contemplation -preparation -action -maintenance
maintenance
What is NOT under one's volitional control? -whether you eat breakfast -what type of exercise you do (if any) -making a team -checking your blood pressure
making a team
Someone believing that he/she can get an STI is an example of which HBM key concept: -perceived severity. -self-efficacy. -perceived susceptibility. -perceived interaction.
perceived susceptibility.
Making someone aware of an issue is most important during which stage of the stages of change model? -pre-contemplation -contemplation -preparation -action -maintenance
pre-contemplation
In the Social Cognitive Theory, anticipation of the probable outcomes that would ensue because of engaging in the behavior under discussion is known as: -Outcome expectations -Outcome expectancies -Self-efficacy -Self-control
Outcome expectations
According to the Health Belief Model, benefits have to outweigh barriers in order for behavior to change. T/F
According to the Health Belief Model, benefits have to outweigh barriers in order for behavior to change.
Which of the following is a potential change strategy for Perceived Susceptibility? -Help the individual develop an accurate perception of his or her own risk. -Tailor risk information based on an individual's characteristics or behaviors. -Define what populations(s) are at risk and their levels of risk. -All are potential change strategies.
All are potential change strategies.
A community is... -A county -A university -NC Health educators -A neighborhood -All of the above
All of the above
The physical environment affects health through which of the following mechanisms? -Posing physical threats to individuals -Exposing individuals to toxic substances -Serving as a medium for transmitting water and airborne ---infectious diseases -All of the above
All of the above
When we refer to public policy in relation to the social ecological model, we are referring to: -Federal policy -State regulations -Policy enforcement -All of the above
All of the above
The Health Belief Model asks: -"Do I perceive I am susceptible?" -"Is this susceptibility serious?" -All of the above. -"Do the benefits in taking action overcome the costs in money and effort?"
All of the above.
Which of the following is a community? -A county -A university -NC Health educators -A neighborhood -All of the answers provided
All of the answers provided
Which of the following exercise programs for older adults at a local gym best demonstrates the use of the construct of vicarious learning in the Self-Efficacy Theory? -The exercise sessions are taught by a personal trainer from the gym. -A cartoon video is used to demonstrate the exercises. -The granddaughter of one of the program participants runs the sessions. -An older adult member of the gym guides the others through the exercises.
An older adult member of the gym guides the others through the exercises.
A person's judgment of whether the expected outcome is good or bad is an part of which construct of the TRA/TPB? -Attitude -Subjective norms -Behavioral intention -Perceived behavioral control
Attitude
"Cigarettes are cool" is an example of which construct? Selected Answer: -Attitudes -intention -perceived behavioral control -subjective norms
Attitudes
The intrapersonal level consists of which of the following? -Attitudes, beliefs, and values -Opinions, beliefs, and facts -Cognitions, opinions, facts, and criticisms -Experiences and rules
Attitudes, beliefs, and values
When using community level theories, behavior change is predicated on: -Changing factors within social systems. -Formal education of large groups of people. -Assessing the knowledge level of the population. -Understanding the community's unique cultural composition.
Changing factors within social systems.
The innovation-decision process includes all of the following except? -Persuasion -Knowledge -Confirmation -Communication
Communication
Changing the legal limit for a DUI arrest would be consistent with which theoretical level of intervention? -Intrapersonal -Interpersonal -Community -Regional
Community
Which level of the Socio-Ecological Model emphasizes the importance of establishing social networks within the community to coordinate efforts for sustained behavior change? -Institutional Level -Organizational Level -Community Level -Public Policy Level
Community Level
Raising awareness of an issue may help people move from pre-contemplation to contemplation. This is an example of which process of change? -Dramatic relief -Social liberation -Consciousness raising -Self-reevaluation
Consciousness raising
Which of the following is something you would do if you were using the Theory of Planned Behavior to reduce tobacco smoking among college students at ECU? -determine the social norms associated with smoking among the target population. -determine the target populations' views about the threat of smoking on their health. -both A. and B. above -none of the above
Determine the social norms associated with smoking among the target population.
Choose a good change strategy for a smoker who is experiencing relapse. -Increase awareness about the risks of smoking and benefits of quitting. -Use a decision balance. -Develop cues and reminders to assist the smoker in their quitting efforts. -All of the answers provided
Develop cues and reminders to assist the smoker in their quitting efforts.
Which construct of the Self-Efficacy Theory would you use to explain behavior based on past success engaging in a similar behavior? -Verbal Persuasion -Somatic and Emotional States -Mastery Experiences -Vicarious Experiences
Mastery Experiences
A helpful strategy for Type 2 Diabetics is to have someone demonstrate how to check blood glucose. This is an example of which construct? -Reinforcement -Expectancies -Expectation -Observational learning
Observational learning
Which of the following is a key and unique construct of Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)? -Perceived behavioral control -Risk-benefit calculation -Behaviorism -Observational learning (modeling)
Observational learning (modeling)
Which is an example of an effective strategy for increasing someone's behavioral capability. -use a contract that includes incremental goals for increasing exercise behavior. -provide information about the positive benefits of eating and exercising. -provide incentives for adopting or maintaining a healthy behavior. -offer healthy cooking classes and provide nutrition education.
Offer healthy cooking classes and provide nutrition education.
Which of the following best summarizes the concept of the Self-Efficacy Theory? -People will try anything they have not done before. -People will only try things they think they can do. -People will not do anything they cannot do perfectly. -People will repeat something new until they get it right.
People will only try things they think they can do.
According to the HBM, if a person believes the condition has serious consequences, this is considered which of the following construct? -Perceived Severity -Cue to Action -Perceived Barriers -Perceived Susceptibility
Perceived Severity
Reciprocal determinism in the Social Cognitive theory alludes to triadic reciprocity between: -Expectations, expectancies, and self-efficacy -Personal factors, behavioral factors, and environmental factors -Expectations, self-efficacy, and self-control -Expectations, expectancies, and environment
Personal factors, behavioral factors, and environmental factors
According to the Health Belief Model, which of the following demonstrates a cue to action? -Asking students to choose the type of game they want to play in a physical education class. -Serving low sodium food at a senior center. -Having people in a smoking cessation program identify a quit date. -Placing an article in the local paper about influenza vaccination.
Placing an article in the local paper about influenza vaccination.
Which of the following demonstrates content on a flyer geared toward increasing the flu immunization rates of older adults, using the Health Belief Model construct of perceived susceptibility? -The dates and time vaccinations are available at the health department. -A list of possible symptoms. -The age groups most at risk for contracting the flu. -A detailed explanation of flu complications in the different age groups.
The age groups most at risk for contracting the flu.
Which best describes the purpose of the Socio-Ecological Model? -To involve community members in problem solving and in decision making -(A process) To plan, implement, and evaluate health education/promotion programs -To consider that individuals are at varying levels of motivation, or readiness, to change -To explain and predict preventive health behavior -To increase the capacity of communities to plan, implement, and evaluate comprehensive, community-based health promotion programs targeted towards priority health problems -To take into account the physical environment and its relationship to people at individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and policy levels
To take into account the physical environment and its relationship to people at individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and policy levels
Which of the following is NOT a level identified in the social ecological model? -Transpersonal level -Community level -Intrapersonal level -Interpersonal level
Transpersonal level
Public policies can be used to facilitate or discourage specific behaviors. T/F
True
The underlying concept of the Health Belief Model explains that behavior results from: -intention to engage in the behavior as a result of beliefs. -a series of stages and processes. -individual beliefs and perceptions. -the relationship between the environment, societal beliefs, and the person
individual beliefs and perceptions.
"How likely are you to stop smoking in the next 30 days" is an example of which construct? -attitudes -intention -subjective norms -perceived behavioral control
intention
The diagnosis of cancer is the anticipated _____________ of having the mammogram (behavior).
outcome
The Health Belief Model was first developed in response to: -the need to understand why people were not accessing free screenings. -the lack of comprehensive model to explain behavior. -an increase in cultural diversity in urban areas. -the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
the need to understand why people were not accessing free screenings.
According to the construct of mastery experiences in the Self-Efficacy Theory, attempting a new behavior is more likely if: -observational opportunities of the new behavior are available. -an expert on the behavior provides guidance. -the new behavior is similar to something already done well. -rewards are given
the new behavior is similar to something already done well.
Self-efficacy is increased through vicarious learning if: -the person being observed is like the observer. -the behavior is easier to demonstrate than to explain in words. -there is opportunity for practice what is observed. -there is a relationship between the observer and the observed.
the person being observed is like the observer.