Health Psychology Test 3

Inherent Risk: Gender

- The rate of CVD in men is higher but... men have earlier onset (10 years earlier) this may explain why it's higher in men so ppl are interested in why? Due to life style difference. More likely to smoke, drink, don't cope with stress well, unhealthy eating. It's also a lot dangerous for women, 50% are more likely to die after first heart attack versus 30% for men. 38% of the surviving women will die within that year and 25% of men will die within that year. Women also have a later onset because they don't develop this until after menopause. They gain weight and don't lose it. There's also changes in blood pressure and such. Men are more likely to have strokes than women.

Inherent Risk: Ethnic background

-African Americans have 2xs the risk for CVD than European Americans. It's due to economical and social between group discrimination (social) economic (lower SES) and unhealthier lifestyle (behavioral). -Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Hispanic Americans have lower risk than European Americans

Inherent risks:Age

-Age: There's a positive correlation b/w age and chances of dying from CVD.

What are the risk factors of Alzheimer's?

-Age: Those age 75 and older are at a much higher risk than those who are younger (Late onset is after 60 years old) -Genes on chromosomes 1, 14 and 21 contribute to early onset Alzheimer's -Apolipoprotein E4 gene is involved in cholesterol metabolism -People with this variation of the gene are at a higher risk than others -People who have had a stroke are at an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's -People who have a head injury Experts recommend that people wear helmets when doing dangerous activities -Also that older adults fall-proof their home -Having type II Diabetes -Having excess blood sugar and -insulin might be the cause They don't really know why -Chronic inflammation Higher risk than people who don't -Higher fat intake during middle adulthood Gender: women are at a higher risk for developing Alzheimer's than men are

Causes of stroke?

-Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis these can affect the arteries that serve the head and neck. This thereby restricted the blood supply to the brain. That is, the same disease process that causes CAD and CHD may affect the brain. -Hypertension also a cause

What are the effects of Alzherimer

-Depression It is really common for people with Alzheimer's to become depressed, even if they've never been depressed before In the early stages, when they realize that they are getting the symptoms -Sleep Difficulty They might sleep all day and stay up all night They sleep a lot Can be difficult for caretakers Help with self-care Bathing, eating, going to the bathroom, etc.

What is Asthma?

-Disease that causes constriction of the bronchial tubes? -Reduces the supply of oxygen -Reduces ability to breathe and can result in an asthma attack -Brought on by dust, dander, pollen, fungi, cigarette smoke, chemical sprays, emotional stress or exercise -Frightening -Extremely prevalent -300 million people worldwide have asthma -34 million in the US

What are some protective factors about alzheimers?

-Engaging in physical activity Possibly because it reduces the risk of developing diabetes -Cognitive activity -Engaging in effortful cognitive processing Measured by looking at what kinds of jobs people hold -Low-moderate alcohol consumption -E2 version of the Apolipoprotein gene are at a reduced risk -People who regularly take NSAIDs are at a reduced risk Aspirin and Ibuprofen Because having chronic inflammation increases risk

Inherent Risk: Family History

-Family History: People with a family history of cardiovascular disease are more likely to die of CVD. Maybe due to same genes and environment.

Common themes in individual therapy

-Fear: recurrence, pain, death, loss of organs -interference with valued activities -Practical difficulties -Communication problems

What are the risk factors of Asthma?

-Genes -Hygienic environment for infants Infants who are raised in countries like the US that are cleaner (lack of exposure to germs as an infant) -Higher air pollution -Ethnicity -African Americans have the highest risk for asthma -Obesity: people who are obese are at higher risk -Sedentary: people who are sedentary are at higher risk -Depression: people who are depressed are at higher risk

How is Asthma managed?

-Goal is to prevent an asthma attack -Medication: goal is to reduce inflammation of the bronchial tubes Reduce the likelihood of an asthma attack -Knowing triggers for asthma attacks E.g. dust, exercise, etc. -Medication is a better strategy though because it is harder to avoid triggers -During an attack: -Inhaler: has medication that dilates the bronchial tubes -Emergency room Not ideal Prolonged asthma attack because you have to wait and are not getting adequate oxygen Increased medical costs

Physiological risks: serum cholesterol level

-High density lipoprotein protects against it -low-density lipoprotein is a risk factor Serum or blood cholesterol is the level of cholesterol circulating through the bloodstreaml this level is related (but not perfectly related) to dietary cholesterol, or the amount of cholesterol in one's food. Cholesterol circulates in the blood in several forms of lipoproteins, which can be distinguished by analyzing their density and function. -Low denisty lipoprotein (LDL) carries cholesterol from the liver to the cells of the body, whereas high density lipoprotein (HDL) carries cholesterol from the tissues back to the liver. LDL seems to promote antherosclerosis. It's referred to as a bad cholesterol. Women have higher levels of HDL than men.

What is HIV/AIDS?

-Human immunodeficiency virus retrovirus that attacks the human immune system that depleting the body's ability to fight infection -Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) - progressive impairment of the immune system by the HIV

Cancer and therapy

-Individual therapy Who? someone who has anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts, central nervous system dysfunction (such as concentration), or previously existing psychological problems. management of pain. What? CBT with people who have cancer. Crises intervention rather tan a person as a whole. Problems associated with having cancer. Focus on building personal resources and social support (resources) mindfulness intervention (focus on moment without being) decrease level of stress and they also tend to have positive attitudes.

Preventing Heart Attacks

-Medication (to reduce hypertension and to reduce blood pressure and most common) -Cognitive-behavioral therapy (relaxation) mainly used for blood pressure and with that comes meditation and relaxation. -Weight Loss- reduce hypertension -Anger Management Dietary changes -reduce cholesterol (med. different from hypertension) reduces ppl low density of protein -Physical activity

How is Alzheimer's managed?

-Medications -Target cognitive loss Slow cognitive loss -Target personality issues Reduce agitation and aggression Very common for depressed Alzheimer's patients to be prescribed antidepressants -Behavioral approaches Not used as much as medication Use of music, use muscle relaxation Goals are to slow down cognitive loss and reduce personality problems

How is diabetes managed?

-Medications for both Type I and II -Type I: stem cell treatment Immune system attacks cells in pancreas that create insulin Stem cells may replace these -Dietary control, weight control and exercise -Type I: insulin injections -Type I and II: stress management High rates of nonadherence: A lot of lifestyle change required Seems like a punishment Cost: money and time Requires a lot of self control Intervention to increase adherence: Education Increase self-efficacy For working out or for making good food choices

How do people face dealing with loss?

-Normally a lot of time will be taken up by time. time to drive and care. After they die, the loved one has a lot of time and they will feel lost or they may not feel like engaging in these activites. They just want to grief. - survivor may have to deal with unfamiliar tasks that the one who past away always did -Grief : feeling of hollowness, often marked by preoccupation with the image of the deceased person, expressions of hostility toward others, and guilt over death They tend to show restlessness and inability to control activities, yearning for lost one, and depression (experience for around 6 months) -Adverse physical symptoms and health problems and may even increase alcohol and drug use. -Outsiders may complicate a survivors grief. They think they should be able to get over the death. -Whose grief is intense? - Men - Caregivers - Unexpected loss - Women - financial strain - Men - household management strain

Psychosocial risks: Cancer: SES

-People with low SES are more likely to develop cancer. Why?Bad diet, bad exercise. -Single people Why? Not that much social support

Strokes and rehabilitation

-Psychotherapy -cognitive remedial training to restore intellectual functioning -movement therapies

Behavioral risk: sexual behavior (cancer)

-Sexual behavior Cancer's that result from aids kapos's sarcoma - and non-hodgkin's lymphoma -HPV (Human Papillomavirus) causes anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers -----very common -most people will clear the infection -condoms and vaccination (reduces but is not that effective because it is a skin to skin contact -Vaccination protects two strand 16-18 8% -Early age of first intercourse is more likely to get it and -Number of partners also affects.

Psychosocial risks for CVD: pyschological problems

-Stress, anxiety, and depression are risks factors for CVD difficult to assess may develop in childhood and it contributes to progression (meaning more likely to have second heart attack). -Helplessness, pessimism, and rumination are risk factors for CVD

Risk factors of diabetes

-Type I Diabetes: Age: 5-6, 10-13 -Genetic factor: those with a sibling or parent with diabetes are going to be more likely to develop it later in life -Type II -Age -Overweight -Sedentary -More likely to be overweight -High blood pressure -Genetic component: people with a parent or sibling are at higher risk Ethnicity: Native Americans are at higher risk Asian Americans: 18% more likely African Americans: 77% more likely Hispanic Americans: 66% more likely Depression Stress

What is diabetes?

-Type I diabetes (insulin-dependent) -Autoimmune disorder that compromises insulin production Immune system destroys beta cells in the pancreas, which produce insulin -Usually occurs between ages 5 and 6 or between ages 10 and 13 Symptoms: frequent urination, unusual thirst, excessive fluid consumption weight loss, fatigue, irritability, nausea, faintness -Type II Diabetes (non-insulin-dependent): Occurs when there is an imbalance between insulin action and insulin secretion Insulin resistance: cells don't respond to insulin the way that they should Pancreas produces more insulin Beta cells become overworked and give out Production of insulin decreases Typically a disorder of older age Very common -Symptoms: frequent urination, fatigue, dryness of mouth, impotence, loss of sensation, frequent infection of the skin, gums or urinary system, etc.

What is Alzheimer's

-a denerative disease of the brain. symptoms -problems with language and baking skills -Gradual progression of memory loss -Gradual progression of cognitive loss -personality change -loss of function Known as degenerative brain disease and is the 4rth leading cause of death of adults over 5 million americans have it now.

What are the effects of diabetes?

-depression and stress Type 1: coma, kidney disease Type 2: Heart disease, blindness, nervous system damage

What are the effects of chronic illness: financial impact and impact on family

-insufficiant insurance -impact on work -increased dependency -distress

Environmental risks (cancer)

-radiation -asbestos -pesticides -other chemicals

Behavioral risks (cancer)

-related to lung cancer, breast, and oropharyngeal -smoking and cancer risk: cigarette smokers much more likely to die from lung cancer than non-smokers -does-response (as you come into contact, the more likely to have outcomes) -around 80-90% of lung cancer deaths are due to smoking. -synergistic effect with other risks (people who do this and other risk factors are at higher risks) Relative rates of dying due to lung cancer: males 23.3 and females 25.7 Why? Percieved risk. smokers do not realize bunerability. optimistic bias also affects their perceptions. More likely that bad things will happen to to others n not the. Smokeless Tobacco also affects and relates to oropharyngeal and pancreatic cancer -Also Diet Affects! Carcinogenic (cancer-causing) foods -spoiled food -food contaminated with toxins -animal fat -obesity -Diet that protects against cancer (diets rich in fruits and vegetables- vitamin A, C, selenium, beta-carotene, calcium, flavonols) -Alcohol related to liver cancer and breast cancer -synergistic effect with alcohol for cancer of the larynx -Sedentary Lifestyle related to colon, breast, lung, pancreas, and endometrial cancers

Inherent risk: family history and genetics (cancer)

-similar incidence of cancer for identical twins. -genes can present a predisposition that interacts with the environment. However, this doesn't assume you'll develop cancer. BRC1 and 2 if you have mutation, you are more likely to develop breast and ovarian (women) and men will develop breast cancer. Only 5-10% can be traced to genetics

Social Support (Cancer)

-very important -sets the tone for future social encounters -improves psychological adjustment -helps patient deal with thoughts about cancer -immunologic functioning -less likely to die due to cancer Marriage -conversations about cancer and problem solving -partner's adjustment affects patient's distress Sexual functioning can be affected • Body image and concern about partner's reactions • Treatments • Anxiety and depression • Very apparent in patients with gynecologic and prostate cancers Young children - fear & distress • Older children - may rebel due to responsibility • Cancer with hereditary component - blame or distress

How Do people face death? Kubler-Ross's Five-Stage Theory

1. Denial- Person's initial reaction to a terminal illness. Denial is a defense mechanism for people to avoid. 2. Anger- WHY ME?! show resentment to healthy people (hospital staff and family and friends. one of the hardest for family and friends to deal with) 3. Bargaining- pact with god. patient agrees to have better health to live longer. People may have a sudden rush of charitable activity or uncharacteristic kind behavior. 4. Depression- coming to terms with lack of control. When they have evidence that they will die, they will move into depression stage (anticipatory grief) of their own death. 5. Acceptance- they will feel tired and peaceful. preparations will be made. (goodbye) they may go through stages more than once and varying order.

What is the prevalence of hypertension

33% of US adults. It is referred to as silent killer because many people don't know they have it.

CAD and CHD Prevalence

785,000 new cases each year. -First major cause of death in US (600.000) -Premature Death--- 33%

Stroke Prevelance

795,000 people have a stroke each year. -Third major cause of death in the US

What is HIV/AIDS risk factors?

Age: young adults are at highest risk More risky behavior Ethnicity: African Americans and Hispanic Americans have higher rates of HIV compared to European Americans Risky Behaviors: Engaging in unprotected sex, having a higher number of sexual partners, and using intravenous drugs increase risk Gender: Homosexual/bisexual men have higher rates than hetersexual men Women have higher risk than heterosexual men African American women have the highest rate of HIV in the US

Inherent risk factors: ethnic background (Cancer)

AsianA have a greater cancer incidence than and mortality EuropeanA (European Ame. men 2xs likely to develop bladder and skin cancer) -Hispanic Americans, Asian A and Native American have a lower cancer incidence and mortality than European Ame. (Latino men and women have low rates in lung cancer, but women have high cervical cancer) African Am. Men have high rates of prostate Japanese have high rates of stomach cancer chinese americans have high rates of liver cancer European American women have breast cancer and its lower in Asian A. African Am. have greater insilence and mortality of cancer than Europeans Hispanic, Asian and Native compared to European have lower cancer incidences and deaths Why? Social and economic factors, less likely to get papsmeres (Hispanic and African A.) -Japanese women (Asian) less likely for breast cancer... but living in us changes it.

Physiological risks: Hypertension

Best predictor of (biggest risk factor for other than age) CVD

Changing rates of Cardiovascular Disease

CVD is a modern disease. People weren't living long enough to develop it in the past. Its attributed to our change in diet and activity level. However... these high rates are declining because our medical care is improving , healthier lifestles are more important. Smoking has also declined

Changing rates of cancer

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the US -Rates increase from 1900-1990 -Rates decrease from 1993 Why? -Decline in lung, breast, and prostate cancer, polarectal (More screening is available, better treatment.) These are all related to smoking Big Decline in smoking

Types of cancer: Carcinomas

Cancer that begins in skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs (most common) skin cancer, breast, and stomach cancer

what are the effects of alzheimers: caring for people with the disease

Caring for people with Alzheimer's -Emotional burden Could be difficult because they don't remember who you are Could also be difficult because of personality changes that make the person not the same as they once were Also because you are losing the relationship that you once had with the person -Practical burdens Changing sleeping schedule Making sure that the person doesn't wander off Helping them do daily tasks Bring a caregiver is stressful One of the only illnesses where you see more male caregivers because there are more women diagnosed with Alzheimer's Resources Online and in-person support groups

Physiological Risks of CVD: inflammation

Chronic inflammation increases risks. Response of immune system

What are the effects of chronic illness? : emotional

Denial -(they deny it and it doesn't go away) - avoiding the implications of illness -can have a protective function -can have adverse effects (they don't follow medical advice) Anxiety -they are dealing with potential death and waiting for test results, diagnosis, procedures, and experience side effects. They are expecting lifestyle changes, feel dependent on health care professionals and lack information. -It tends to interfere with symptoms and treatments. Poor glucose control and symptoms. People who have diabettes and hyperactivity in gut from IBS will have more symptoms. Depression -common 1/3 of all medical impatients will report moderate and 1/4 will report severe. Who? People who have more severe illnesses, negative life events, and lack of social support. Depression is a neg. psychological problem, but depression can affect medical outcomes. Depressed= less adherence, trouble making medical decisions, suicide.

Cancer and therapy for both families/couples and support groups

Family and couples therapy -especially helpful for emotional coping -mismatch in coping styles can lead to problems so it allows a common ground to be found. -cancer is also very hard for family members. Support Groups -presents patients with different coping techniques -can provide information and emotional support -however few people do this -internet is another outlet.

Psychosocial risks for CVD: Social support

Having little social support is a risk factor for CVD. (marriage generally provides social support) Good social support usually leads family and friends to not die from disease. Men benefit from marriage, women not as much

How is HIV/AIDS managed? Interventions for sexual activity

Health psychologists do this: They try to increase social support, reduce depression. Best way: target risky behaviors (Sexual Activities) -Education (What it is and how it is transmitted) Why? -People tend to underestimate their risk and some groups are more informed than other groups. (Gay and bi-sexual men tend to be more educated than adolescent heterosexual) How? - Try to change social norms of sexual relationships. Instead of favoring short term, have them favor long-term relationships. Also teaching condom negotiation skills. - Through stages of change: transtheoretical model in order to see what stage they are on and move them along. Ex. pre-contemplation stage individuals will try to move to a contemplation stage. -Target behaviors that facilitate high-risk sex. Such as using drugs and alcohol that affects you wanting to do risky sex.

Consequences of Hypertension

Heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, eye damage, cognitive problems.

Consequences of both CAD and CHD

Ischemia- shortages of oxygen and nourishment to the heart causes restriction of blood flow. Angina Pectoris- pain that radiates to the chest and arm due to temporary shortages of oxygen and nourishment to the heart. Myocardinal infarction (heart attack)- less effective heart contractions or heartbeat is disrupted due to severe deprivation of oxygen and nourishment to the heart -Scar tissue will cause less effective heart functioning. -DEATH

Why are some risk factors of CVD important?

It's important to consider risk factors because you are aware with what conditions are associated directly or indirectly with a particular disease or disorder.

What are the effects of HIV/AIDS?

Life threatening illness -fear and uncertainty leads to depression -Who is likely to be depressed? People who have little social support. People who engage in avoidant coping (versus emotion or problem). People who experience severe symptoms. People who feel stigmatized (because of their race, cultural background, sexual pref.) -Most individuals with depression may experience suicidal thoughts. -Depression can aggravate immune related disorders. We need to thus have good interventions to prevent it to avoid neg. health problems. -Disclosure affects spread of HIV (if they don't disclose then that's a dangerous situation.) People who do not disclose, are less likely to use condoms during sex. -Who discloses? People who have self-efficacy and who have stronger social networks. -Benefits of disclosure.--- receive social support and health benefits. (people disclosed to friend had higher levels of CD4)

Evaluation of Kubler-Ross's Five-Stage Theory

Limitations as stage model and also doesn't acknowledge anxiety. Anxiety is a common response because they can't control pain. Also there are certain symptoms that cause anxiety, difficulty breathing and vomiting. However, this theory has really good counseling for the different emotions they may be experiencing.

Leading sites of cancer deaths

Male: lung 29%, prostate 9%, colon and rectum 9%, pancreas 6%, liver 5% Female: Lung 26%, breast 14%, colon and rectum 9%, pancreas 7%, ovary 6%

Leading sites of new cancer cases

Male: prostate 29%, lung 14%, colon and rectum 9%, urinary bladder 7%, melanoma 5% Female: breast 29%, lung 14%, colon and rectum 9%, uterine 6%, thyroid 5%

Inherent Risk: Age (Cancer)

Positive correlation between age and cancer incidence and death (strongest inherit predictor)

What are the effects of chronic illness: coping

Problem-focused coping is effective and so is changes to the self -identity -body image

How is HIV/AIDS managed: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

Recommended treatment. -included 3 different drugs -improved the health of these individuals and allowed them to live normal lives. -Life expectancy is pretty similar for both ppl with and without. -Adherence is poor (it's complicated) Who is likely to adhere? Social support, people who have low levels of depression, positive state of mind and high self-efficacy are more likely to be adherent.

Consequences of stroke

Right controls left, left control right of brain. -motor problems will be caused on opposite side of stroke. -Social problems after a stroke they will need help in physical activities. They will need to rely on people and change dynamics in family. -Cognitive problems. You may experience different problems. Left = communication and right - visual feedback. -emotional problems- left= anxiety/ depression and right= unaffected by stroke (this is odd) -death is possible.

Psychosocial risk of CVD= low SES

SES- lower SES is a risk factor for CVD More likely to die because of heart attack. Aphoricholosis (plaque in arteries) more likely to develop that too. Low SES= Bad Diet and more likely to Smoke

Behavioral Risks of CVD:

Smoking- smoking increases your risk for heart attack by 3xs Weight/diet- obesity is a risk factor. (affects other risk factors such as blood pressure) Abdominal fat is a risk factor. Diets which reduce risk (diets in low sodium, high potassium, fruit and veggies intake, some fish is good) Physical activity (low physical activity increases the risk) being active reduces abdominal fat, blood pressure, increases blood glucose metabolism

What are the symptoms of HIV.AIDS?

Symptoms: -Acute infection: during this time, large amounts of the virus are being produced in your body Many, but not all, people develop flu-like symptoms often described as the worst flu ever This stage is shorter than the second one -Clinical latency: Flu symptoms go away HIV reproduces slowly Immune system is being destroyed CD4 cells Can last over a decade Can last longer with treatment Most of the time is spent in this stage -AIDS: CD4 cells drop below 200 cells/mm People typically only survive for 3 years without treatment Die from another infection that the body cannot fight off because of decreased immune functioning

Pyschosocial risks for CVD: hostility and anger

They use to believe it was just Type A personality. The evidence seems complex and research does not support. Cynical Hostility- prokinatory cytokines (higher) produces inflammation and metabolic syndrome. Type of hostility- cynical (suspicious, resentment, distrust, antagonists, frequent anger.) Who? Men tend to be more than. Also found in low SES and not white people. Why? People who aer hostile have more inner personal conflict (related to stress) and they have less social support. Expressed anger (increase in blood pressure) and suppressed. African American men are more likely to express anger. No research on other groups. People who have anger but remain calm have lower rates of cardiovasular disease.

How is HIV transmitted?

Transmitted through infected semen or blood Male-male sexual contact Largest transmission in US Anal sex is risky and oral sex Injection drug use Transmits blood from one person to another Second greatest form of transmission Affects African Americans and Hispanic Americans more than European Americans Heterosexual contact Leading source of transmission in Africa Greatest growing source of transmission in US Transmission during the birth process HIV mothers can transmit HIV to children through childbirth and breast feeding Risk of transmission is lower when on medication Stats Largest: Sub-Saharan Africa Nearly 1 million Americans are living with AIDS

What is chronic illness?

a long lasting illness that can be managed but not cured. 50% of Americans have a chronic illness and it's VERY costly.

Hypertension

abnormally high blood pressure. Single best predictor of both heart attack and stroke, but it can also cause eye damage and kidney failure.

Causes of both CAD and CHD

arteriosclerosis- hardening of the arteries atherosclerosis- formation of plaque in the arteries

Types of cancer: leukemia

cancer that begins in the bone marrow

Types of cancer: sarcomas

cancer that begins in the connective tissues (cartilage, fat, muscles, tendons, and bones) bone tumors

Types of cancer: lymphoma

cancer that begins in the lymphatic system (nodes and glands)

types of cancer: myeloma

cancer that begins in the plasma cells of the bone marrow

What is the cardiovascular system?

consists of the heart, arteries, and veins. - The heart is the center of a rapid- transit system that carries oxygen to body cells and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes from cells. Under healthy conditions, the cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive systems are integrated. The endocrine system affects the cardiovascular system by stimulating or depressing the rate of activity in the cardiovascular. -Blood travels from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs, where hemoglobin saturates it with oxygen. From the lungs, oxygenated blood travels back to the left atrium of the heart , then to the left ventricle, and finally out to the rest of the body. The arteries carry the oxygenated blood branch into bessels of smaller and smaller diameter called arterioles, and finally terminate in tiny capillaries that connect arteries and veins. Blood that has been stripped of its oxygen returns to the heart by way of the system of veins, beg. with tiny Venules and ending with the two large veins that empty into the right atrium.

Stroke

damage to the brain from lack of oxygen

Coronory artery disease CAD

damage to the coronary arteries

coronory heart disease CHD

damage to the myocardium (heart)

Cancer Treatment

difficulties often arise as a consequence of treatment. -surgery can affect functioning (organ removed for example) -Chemotherapy (drugs that work throughout the whole body) can bring hair loss, chemobrain, decrease immune functioning, low appetite, problems with bathroom -Radiation (specific part of the body to destroy cancer cells) can cause sores or burns, time consuming because multiple visits are required.

What is Cancer?

disease characterized by the presence of new cells (neoplastic cells) that grow and spread beyond control. -these cells provide no benefit to the body -neoplastic cells are either benign or malignant. Malignant tumors are more dangerous because the cells travel to other parts of the body. Benign- zap body of resources (interfere)

How is HIV/AIDS managed? Interventions for drug use

education -reduce contact with infected needles (goals) -educate about transmission -needle exchange programs (collect used needles and provide sterile ones) -Sterilization of needles (teach them how)

How do people face death? the dying role

extension of sick role. there are three elements: -the practical element (plans they need to do before they die. discussing their will, funeral arrangement) -relational role (they will write letters maybe after death, or a spouse may plan a trip. To do a relationship b4 it ends. -personal, they will reconcile their personal goals and try to achieve them b4 they die.

What are the causes of hypertension

genetic and environmental causes. It is strongly related to aging, African american ancestry, weight, sodium intake, tobacco use, and lack of exercise.

Adjusting to a cancer diagnosis:

poor adjustment to cancer diagnosis... -severe, poor understanding of disease and treatment -poor social support -pre-existing psychological condition Some people find meaning in cancer. -some patients report that their lives have been made better. -Lower levels of distress and depression -mutes stress response *control - cope more successfully with cancer. *optimism -Vocation *disruption and job discrimination -Social interactions people will treat you differently and you may not be able to get involved as much.

Physiological risks of CVD: problems in glucose metabolism

problems in glucose metabolism: these are particularly damaging to arteries and increases the risk of CVD. Such problems like...(Diabetes) metabolic syndrome (they have probs with glucose metabolism) they tend to have high levels of blood.

Behavioral Risk (cancer): Ultraviolet light

sunlight is beneficial for vitamin D, but exposure to cumulative exposure to ultraviolet light and sunburns can cause skin cancer -skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the US. ----Death rates from skin cancer are low except for melanoma which has a high death rate) Skin cancer is a young person's cancer *melanoma is the most common form of cancer for young adults 25-29 and second most common for 15-25 years old

What is HIV/AIDS (Regional)

there are 33 million people living with it. It is the fourth leading cause of death. -Largest portion live in Sub-Saharan Africa (spot to originate) - 1 million Americans have it