health psychology textbook chapter 12

What demographics are associated with higher rates of smoking?

men, young people, Native Americans, people in lower SES

Which of the following is most likely to benefit from behavioral intervention programs to quit smoking?

people who have had a heart attack

How many people does tobacco kill, worldwide, every year?

-about half of all smokers die from their habit (USA)

In order for nicotine to be absorbed into the bloodstream, it requires droplets of ___________ to rest on the membranes of the lungs.

-droplets of tar rest on a smoker's lungs for nicotine to be absorbed

Describe the ways that cigarette smoking causes damage to the cardiovascular system.

-increases inflammation -damages inner walls of arteries -harmful alterations in blood cholesterol -less HDL, more LDL -decreases O2 availability to the heart

Nicotine is the minor stimulant in cigarette smoke, which enters the brain within _________ after smoking it, and ½ of the blood levels clearing within _________.

-nicotine enters the brain within 7 seconds after inhalation -blood level clears within 30-40 minutes

Describe how both positive and negative reinforcement promote the continuation of smoking behaviors.

-positive reinforcement: the pleasure received from smoking such as social environment, smell of smoke, feelings of relaxation -negative reinforcement: taking away smoking causes aversive feelings of anxiety, withdrawal, frustration

Numerous community and national approaches of reducing smoking rates were presented in class. How effective are these campaigns?

-the campaigns lead to a small percentage of decline, but the numbers meant thousands of people -started to decline around 1970

In examining rates of smoking by educational level, which group has the highest rate of smoking?

-the highest rate of smoking are those with a GED

What is the relative risk for lung cancer in cigar and pipe smoking compared to cigarette smoking?

-the risk for lung cancer in cigar/pipe smoking is 5x, compared to cigarette smoking is 23x

Henriksen et al. (2010) conducted a study of adolescents on initiation of smoking. What was the chief factor reported from this study as contributing to the initiation of smoking?

-the study showed that adolescence who frequently visit stores with prominent smoking ads have higher rates of initiation

Are the alternatives, cigar, pipe, e-cigarettes, snuff, and chewing tobacco safer than smoking cigarettes?

-they are still not safer than smoking cigarettes, but their notion that they are safer causes more people to use them

What is the rate of smoking in the general population?

15-20%

What are the current estimates for success rates at 6 months after quitting smoking?

25% succeed; 75% relapse

How much does quitting smoking reduce all-cause mortality?

36%

What is the rate of smoking in people with mental illness?

36%

What is the rate of smoking in people with schizophrenia?

60%

Where in the lungs does oxygenation of the blood take place?

At the end of bronchioles

What are the features that describe successful campaigns to deter smoking in young people?

Effective programs use interactive delivery rather than lectures, build students' refusal skills, elicit a commitment not to smoke, include at least 15 sessions •Integration of smoking prevention into comprehensive health education

Lung cancer is responsible for the highest rate of deaths due to smoking. What is the second largest cause of smoking related deaths?

Heart disease and stroke

What influence does gender have on smoking habits?

More men smoke than women, more men have quit smoking than women, and women may struggle to quit more.

In 1982 Schacter studied people who quit smoking without any aids or therapy. Why did Schacter believe the success rate was 60% abstinent for 7 years?

people who enroll in cessation programs have already failed. So, the low clinical success rate reflects a selection bias.

When should smokers see mortality risk drop to near non-smokers' rates?

after 15 years

Where in the lungs does the major damage occur in emphysema?

the alveoli or the alveolar walls

What role does age of initiation play on mortality rates?

the younger the age that smoking was initiated, the worse the mortality, regardless of number of years smoking.

*Based on the body of research in the field, does advertising for cigarettes work? How so, and who is most susceptible to cigarette advertising? Can this be combatted with anti-smoking advertising?

•Advertising works, especially for people who are potentially interested in smoking (committed never-smokers are unaffected by ads) -does not work for never-smokers -anti-smoking ads have mixed effects, when mixed with pro-smoking ads they do not decrease smoking

What evidence do we have that fear of weight gain is a reason why people smoke?

•College-age women with body image problems were more likely to be smokers than women without such problems •37.5% of women with strong concerns about weight smoke compared to 22% of women without weight concerns

To demonstrate how classical conditioning is involved in smoking addiction, one study compared smokers' reaction to smoking a nicotine-free cigarette to a nicotine inhaler. What were the results of the study?

•Smokers rated tobacco cigarettes with nicotine removed as more pleasurable than nicotine inhalers