Heart and blood vessels exam

Multiple arteries joined in order to serve a single capillary network are called

collaterals.

The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the

concentration of plasma proteins.

During hemorrhaging, the drop in capillary hydrostatic pressure will ________ NFP, thus ________ reabsorption.

decrease; increasing

Resistance is a force that

decreases blood flow.

Arteriosclerosis can lead to all of the following except

diabetes.

The common iliac artery is an example of which type of artery?

elastic

What is the correct order for the sequence of blood vessels that blood would travel in the systemic circuit, starting at the aorta?

elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, medium veins, large veins

What hormones are released as a short-term response to a decrease in blood pressure and blood volume?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Averaged over a few heartbeats, venous return is ________ cardiac output.

equal to

Blood pressure is determined by

estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff.

Monocytes filled with lipid that attach to the endothelial lining in atherosclerosis are termed

foam cells.

The force that moves fluid out of capillaries is ________ pressure whereas the opposing force that moves fluid into capillaries is ________ pressure.

hydrostatic; colloid osmotic

Which of the following conditions is least likely to lead to renin release?

hypertension

Fear can result in

increased stimulation of the cardioacceleratory center by higher brain centers.

Which of the following would increase vascular resistance? increased vessel length, increased vessel luminal diameter, turbulence

increased vessel length and turbulence

As blood circulates from arteries into capillaries, the total cross-sectional area of capillaries

increases and causes the blood velocity to decrease

Which is not an effect of angiotensin II to increase blood pressure?

increasing atrial natriuretic peptide

Homeostatic mechanisms in response to blood loss include all of the following except

inhibition of epo secretion

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is produced by

large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma.

Trained athletes tend to have _ heart rates and _stroke volumes than non-athletes at rest

lower;higher

Some of the fluid that is forced out of capillaries is returned to the blood by the

lymphatic system.

Which brain region contains the cardiovascular centers?

medulla oblongata

Part complete In response to hemorrhage, there is

mobilization of the venous reserve

The brachial and femoral arteries are examples of which type of artery?

muscular

Anti-angiogenic drugs are being used to decrease tumor growth. These drugs work by decreasing

new blood vessel formation.

Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except the

osmolarity of interstitial fluids.

Blood pressure increases with all of the following except increased

parasympathetic innervation.

Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in decreased

parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.

The cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata control __________.

peripheral resistance, cardiac contractility, heart rate

For blood flow to be autoregulated, what types of stimuli signal inadequate local blood flow and blood pressure?

physical stress, chemical changes, and increased tissue activity

Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the

precapillary sphincter.

Vasomotion refers to contraction-relaxation cycles of the __________.

precapillary sphincters

As blood travels from arteries to veins,

pressure decreases.

As blood travels from arteries to veins,

pressure drops.

Points where a muscular artery can be compressed against a bone to control severe bleeding are called

pressure points

Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following except

pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein.

Which is not a short term response to a decrease in blood pressure

release of epo

Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except

release of renin.

To defend blood volume against dehydration, the body

releases adh

Elevated levels of the natriuretic peptide hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased

salt and water loss through the kidneys.

In the bone marrow, new blood cells must enter the circulation through

sinusoidal capillaries.

Which of the following is most likely to result from an aneurysm in a brain artery?

stroke

You can expect children to have lower blood pressures than adults on average because

their blood vessel length is less

After the precapillary sphincter, blood enters a(n)

thoroughfare channel.

the amount of friction blood encounters during flow through blood vessels.

total peripheral resistance

The ________ are small blood vessels that nourish tissue components in the wall of large arteries and veins.

vasa vasorum

Which of the following is normally the greatest source acting against blood flow?

vascular resistance

Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except

vasodilation.

Partial constriction due to constant sympathetic stimulation of blood vessels is known as

vasomotor tone.

Venoconstriction reduces the diameter of which vessel?

vein

Blood pressure is lowest in the

veins

Which part of the vascular system functions as a blood reservoir and contains over 60% of the body's blood?

veins

Which type of blood vessel has (a) the largest lumen and (b) the thickest tunica media?

veins; arteries

The increase in effective blood volume that results from venoconstriction is the

venous reserve.

Which of the following are the smallest venous vessels?

venules

What is the difference between elastic arteries and muscular arteries?

Elastic arteries have elastic fibers throughout the tunica media whereas muscular arteries have few elastic fibers in the tunica media.

Which of the following equations shows the correct relation between blood flow (F), pressure (P), and resistance (R)?

F = P/R

When the net filtration pressure is negative, what process is occurring?

Fluid is moving back into the capillary.

What is the relationship between high blood pressure and edema?

High blood pressure leads to increased CHP, and thus filtration exceeds reabsorption.

If the capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) is elevated, what consequences will this have on the surrounding tissues?

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure will cause excess interstitial fluid accumulation in the surrounding tissues.

Which of the following changes does not occur during exercise compared to rest?

Skin blood flow is lower.

Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space?

The net filtration pressure is usually zero.

In comparison to a vessel with a large diameter, a vessel with a small diameter has

a greater resistance to blood flow.

the force of the blood against the vessel wall.

blood pressure

Blood pressure would INCREASE as a result of a DECREASE in __________.

blood vessel diameter

Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in

capillaries

Total systemic cross-sectional area is highest in

capillaries

Which vessel has only the tunica intima layer?

capillary

The vascular pressure that declines from roughly 35 mm Hg to about 18 mm Hg is the

capillary hydrostatic pressure.

the volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle each minute.

cardiac output

Soon after a person rises quickly from a sitting position, all of the following reactions will occur except

cardiac output will decrease.

Baroreceptors are located in the

carotid and aortic sinuses and the right atrial wall.

Which of the following changes would produce the greatest change in total peripheral resistance?

10%% change in vessel diameter

If a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg.

100

Systemic arterial pressure in an adult at the entrance to the aorta averages

120 mmHg.

After workout, Eli was not feeling well, so he went to his doctor. His diastolic pressure was 105 and his pulse pressure was 39. Using these values calculate his systolic pressure.

144

Calculate the net filtration pressure (NFP) with a blood hydrostatic pressure of 40 mm Hg and a blood colloid osmotic pressure of 25 mm Hg. Then determine if filtration or reabsorption occurs. NFP = ________ and results in a fluid ________.

15 mm Hg; filtration

Part complete Each of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT __________.

an inhibitor of angiotensin II

The direct interconnection of two arteries is called an arterial

anastomosis

A(n) ________ is a bulge, or weakened wall, of an artery.

aneurysm

The regulation of blood flow by local mechanisms within a capillary bed is called

autoregulation.

Clinically, the term blood pressure usually refers to

arterial pressure.

What vessels contain elastic fibers in the walls that are stretched during systole?

arteries

Which kind of vessel is also called a resistance vessel?

arteriole

The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the

arteriole.

The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the

arterioles

Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the

arterioles dilate.

In the condition known as ________, the wall of an artery becomes thicker and stiffer.

arteriosclerosis

A(n) ________ is a direct connection between an arteriole and a venule.

arteriovenous anastomosis

In what vessel is blood pressure the highest?

artery

The condition known as ________ is characterized by the formation of fatty plaques within the wall of arteries.

atherosclerosis

All of the following conditions change peripheral resistance by affecting blood viscosity except

atherosclerosis.

Part complete When muscle cells contract, they release substances that cause nearby precapillary sphincters to relax. This is an example of __________.

autoregulation

the friction red blood cells encounter when moving past each other.

blood viscosity

Vickie has a tumor that secretes excess amounts of the hormone aldosterone. Because of the elevated level of hormone, she exhibits

both an increase in blood pressure and an increase in stored sodium ions

Which of the following factors will increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries?

both decreased plasma albumin and increased blood hydrostatic pressure

When carotid and aortic baroreceptors reduce their output,

both heart rate and stroke volume increase.

Stimulation of the aortic baroreceptors reflexively results in

increased activity by the parasympathetic nervous system

Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except

increased hematocrit.

Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure except

increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).