Heart and Cardiovascular Exam

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At a heartbeat of 60 beats/ minute, a cardiac cycle lasts

1 second

Why can cardiac tamponade be a life-threatening condition? (Module 18.2C)

Cardiac tamponade can be life-threatening because accumulating fluid in the pericardial cavity restricts heart movement

Which structure collects blood from the myocardium and into which heart chamber does this blood flow?

Coronary veins collect blood from the myocardium and carry it to the right atrium

Describe what happens to blood flow during elastic rebound. (Module 18.5D)

Elastic rebound is when blood in the aorta is driven forward into the systemic circuit, some is forced back toward the left ventricle and into the coronary arteries

Depolarization of the atria corresponds to the ECG's

P wave

If a patient's tricuspid valve was leaking during systole, what would happen?

Regurgitation back into the right atrium

Compare the anterior cardiac veins to the posterior vein of the left ventricle. (Module 18.5B)

The anterior cardiac veins drain the anterior surface of the right ventricle and empty into the right atrium; the posterior vein of left ventricle drains the area supplied by the circumflex artery (posterior surface of the left ventricle)

Compare the base of the heart with the apex. (Module 18.1B)

The base of the heart is the superior portion where the largest veins and arteries are attached. The apex of the heart is located on the inferior aspect of the heart

Complications related to arteriosclerosis account for roughly ________ percent of deaths in the United States

50

Describe the areas of the heart supplied by the right and left coronary arteries. (Module 18.5A)

The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and the conducting system. The left coronary artery supplies blood to the left ventricle, left atrium, and interventricular septum

The ________ lines the chambers of the heart, covers the heart valves, and is continuous with the endothelium

endocardium

The ________ separate(s) the two ventricles

interventricular septum

What occurs at the circled label "4" on the graph?

isovolumetric contraction

The circumflex branch and the anterior interventricular artery are branches of the

left coronary artery

The coronary sulcus is a groove that

marks the border between the atria and ventricles

From superficial to deep, name the layers of the heart wall. (Module 18.3A)

pericardium, myocardium, endocardium

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the

stroke volume

Which of the following is greater during left ventricular systole?

the peak pressure in the ventricle

The cavity that contains the lungs, the heart, great vessels, thymus, esophagus, and trachea is called the

thoracic cavity

Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the ________ valve

tricuspid

The phase in the cardiac cycle when the mitral valve is closed and the aortic valve is open is the

ventricular ejection of ventricular systole

The heart pumps approximately ________ milliliters of blood each minute

6,000

What do semilunar valves prevent?

Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles

If the connection between the SA node and AV node becomes blocked,

the ventricles will beat more slowly

List the phases of the cardiac cycle. (Module 18.10A)

atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole

The heart is innervated by ________ nerves

both parasympathetic and sympathetic

Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the

left atrium

Heart rate is controlled by neurons of the cardiovascular center located in the

medulla oblongata

During the T wave of the electrocardiogram, the ventricles are electrically ________ and functionally ________

repolarizing; relaxing

The marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch are branches of the

right coronary artery

The _________ delivers blood to the myocardium

right coronary artery and left coronary artery

The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backward flow into the

right ventricle

What occurs at "B" on the graph?

semilunar valve closes

Tetanic muscle contractions don't occur in a normal cardiac muscle because

the refractory period lasts until the muscle relaxes

There are __________ pulmonary veins

4

Pacemaker cells isolated from the SA node generate action potentials at ______ beats per minute

80-100

Compute Joe's stroke volume if his end-systolic volume (ESV) is 40 mL and his end-diastolic volume (EDV) is 125 mL

85 mL

Define cardiac regurgitation. (Module 18.7A)

Cardiac regurgitation is the backflow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract

In cardiac muscle, the fast depolarization phase of the action potential is the result of ________ membrane permeability to ________ ions

increased; sodium

The left border of the heart is formed by the

left atrium and left ventricle

Describe the sites and actions of the cardioinhibitory and cardioacceleratory centers

The cardioacceleratory center in the medulla oblongata activates sympathetic neurons to increase heart rate; the cardioinhibitory center in the medulla oblongata activates parasympathetic neurons that slow heart rate

Name the four chambers of the heart. (Module 18.1C)

left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle

Most of the mass of the heart lies to the _______ the midline

left of

The entire space between the pleural cavities containing only the heart, great vessels, thymus, trachea and esophagus is called the

mediastinum

The muscle layer of the heart is the

myocardium

The interventricular sulci and coronary sulci contain all of the following except

nerves

If the cells of the SA node failed to function, how would the heart rate be affected? (Module 18.12B)

The heart would beat slower because the AV node would be the pacemaker

Define mediastinum. (Module 18.2A)

The mediastinum is the region between the two pleural cavities that contains the heart, along with the great vessels, thymus, esophagus, and trachea

The cusps (leaflets) of atrioventricular valves attach directly to

chordae tendineae

The first heart sound ("lubb") is associated with

closing of the mitral valve

When the left ventricle contracts, the diameter of the ventricular chamber

decreases

The ________ is the amount of blood in a ventricle after it has contracted and before it begins to refill

end-systolic volume

In cardiac muscle, calcium ions

enter the cell through slow ion channels

The pulmonary veins carry blood to the

heart

The heart beats approximately ________ times each day.

100,000

Compute Joe's stroke volume if his end-systolic volume (ESV) is 40 mL and his end-diastolic volume (EDV) is 125 mL. (Module 18.16B)

85 mL

Define electrocardiogram. (Module 18.13A)

An electrocardiogram is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart

Compare the duration of atrial and ventricular systole at a representative heart rate of 75 bpm. (Module 18.9C)

Atrial systole has a duration of 100 msec, and ventricular systole has a duration of 270 msec

Which parts of the following statement are true? The AV node delivers the stimulus to the AV bundle, located within the interventricular septum.

Both parts are true

Which parts of the following statement are true? The cardioacceleratory center activates sympathetic neurons and the cardioinhibitory center controls parasympathetic neurons.

Both parts are true

Describe the location and position of the heart. (Module 18.1A)

The heart is located near the anterior chest wall, directly behind the sternum

Describe the hearts location in the body. (Module 18.2 B)

The heart is surrounded by the pericardium in the anterior mediastinum, deep to the sternum, and superior to the diaphram

The left ventricle pumps blood to the

aorta

The ________ valve opens when left ventricular pressure exceeds aortic blood pressure

aortic

What occurs at A on the graph? Figure 18-2

aortic semilunar valve opens

The earlike extension of the atrium is the

auricle

What do semilunar valves prevent?

back flow of blood into the ventricles

The superior portion of the heart where major blood vessels enter and exit is the

base

The bicuspid, or mitral, valve is located

between the left atrium and left ventricle

Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of

cardiac muscle cells

The function of the atrium is to

collect blood and pump blood to the ventricle

The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the ________ arteries.

coronary

The great and middle cardiac veins drain blood into the

coronary sinus

Drugs that block the beta-one adrenergic receptors will

decrease heart rate

Drugs known as calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine can be used to

decrease the force of cardiac contraction

The ________ is the volume of blood in a ventricle at the beginning of systole

end-diastolic volume

Caffeine has effects on conducting cells and contractile cells that are similar to those of NE. What effect would drinking large amounts of caffeinated beverages have on the heart rate? (Module 18.14C)

heart rate would increase

Contractions of the papillary muscles

prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria

As blood leaves the right ventricle it passes through the ________ and then into the pulmonary trunk

pulmonary valve

Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the

pulmonary valve

The right atrium receives blood from all of the following except the

pulmonary veins

There are _____ pulmonary veins

4

The following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart. 1. Purkinje fibers 2. AV bundle 3. AV node 4. SA node 5. bundle branches The sequence in which excitation would move through this system is which of the following?

4, 3, 2, 5, 1

The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. 1. right atrium 2. left atrium 3. right ventricle 4. left ventricle 5. venae cavae 6. aorta 7. pulmonary trunk 8. pulmonary veins What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?

5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6

Why is it important that cardiac tissue contain many mitochondria and capillaries? (Module 18.3C)

Cardiac tissue is metabolically active and dependent on mitochondrial activity to use aerobic respiration to generate ATP and capillaries provide the oxygen and nutrients for this process

What is coronary ischemia? (Module 18.8B)

Coronary ischemia is a condition in which the blood supply of the coronary arteries is reduced

If there is a complete block between the SA node and the AV node, how would the ECG be affected?

The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate

Define heart failure. (Module 18.16A)

Heart failure is a condition where the heart can no longer meet the oxygen and nutrient demands of peripheral tissues

The P wave of the electrocardiogram is a signal from

depolarization of the atria

Arteriosclerosis can lead to all of the following except

diabetes

The visceral pericardium is the same as the

epicardium

The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow

in one direction only

Each of the following factors will increase cardiac output except

increased parasympathetic stimulation

Which of the following would decrease heart rate?

increased parasympathetic stimulation of nodal fibers

The wall(s) of the ________ rest(s) on the diaphragm

right ventricle

As a result of the long refractory period in the cardiac action potential, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit

tetany

Blood is supplied to the myocardium by

the coronary arteries

Which of the following would be greater?

the end-diastolic volume when the heart rate is 60 beats/minute

Muscular ridges on the inner surface of the ventricles are called

trabeculae carneae

The long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to

voltage-gated calcium channels remaining open

What effect would an increase in venous return have on the stroke volume?

An increase in venous return would fill the ventricles with more blood, increasing sarcomere length, which would increase the stroke volume

Compare the duration of atrial and ventricular systole at a representative heart rate of 75 bpm

Atrial systole has a duration of 100 msec, and ventricular systole has a duration of 270 msec

Compare the volume of blood each circuit receives from contraction of the ventricles

Both circuits receive the same volume of blood

If the pacemaker cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions,

Both heart rate will decrease, and membrane will hyperpolarize

Compare bradycardia with tachycardia. (Module 18.14A)

Bradycardia is a heart rate below 60 beats per minute and tachycardia is a heart rate above 100 beats per minute

Which structures collect blood from the myocardium, and into which heart chamber does this blood flow? (Module 18.4B)

Coronary veins collect blood from the myocardium and carry it to the right atrium

David suffers from a prolapsed mitral valve. This condition would cause

Increased effort by the left ventricle and regurgitation

What are the two phases of ventricular systole?

Isovolumetric contraction and ventricular ejection

The _________ has a greater workload than the _______

Left ventricle; right ventricle

What does the circle label "5" indicated on the graph?

Peak systolic pressure

Why does tetany not occur in cardiac muscle? (Module 18.11A)

Tetany does not occur because cardiac muscle has a long refractory period that continues until relaxation is well under way so summation cannot occur, and thus tetany cannot occur

Why is ventricular fibrillation fatal?

Ventricular fibrillation is fatal because the ventricles quiver and do not pump blood to the systemic circulation

An equivalent term for epicardium is

Visceral pericardium

Intercalated discs serve to transfer all of the following from cell to cell except

Z-lines

Cardiac output is increased by

all of the answers are correct

The inferior point of the heart is called the

apex

Which of the following descriptions matches the phrase "near the left fifth intercostal space"?

apex of heart

The contraction phase of the upper chambers of the heart is called

atrial systole

List the phases of the cardiac cycle

atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole

Activation of which kind of receptor causes heart rate to increase?

beta-one receptor

The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium

bicuspid

When the semilunar valves close, the AV valves then

open

Acetylcholine slows the heart because it

opens potassium ion channels in SA node cells and causes the pacemaker potential to depolarize more slowly

The cavity that contains only the heart is the

pericardial cavity

Damage to the semilunar valve on the right side of the heart would affect blood flow to which vessel? (Module 18.6B)

pulmonary trunk

Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the

right atrium

Coronary veins empty into the

right atrium

The ________ deliver(s) blood to the myocardium

right coronary artery and left coronary artery


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