HED 202 week 3-4

PA employment rate 2014

30%

code of ethics

A code of ethics refers to a written list of a profession's values and standards of conduct. -In the healthcare context, these codes of ethics promote the welfare of patients and the delivery of high quality patient care.

desirable traits for health careers

A strong desire to help others•A genuine concern for the welfare of patients and clients•The patience and emotional stability to deal with people of diverse backgrounds in stressful situations

APRNs and PAs

Advanced practice registered nurses and physician assistants-The number of APRNs and PAs is projected to grow faster than physicians through 2020. -Both APRNs and PAs can extend primary care services. -Having enough PCPs is important; the U.S. healthcare system requires that referrals to physician specialists be made through PCPs.

electronic health record

An electronic health record (EHR) refers to an individual patient health record stored in a computer database for easy access by physicians and other healthcare workers. •The information contained in the record is real time and offers a snapshot or picture of the patient's condition and treatment.

education and training

At least 2 years and full time•Most programs are in schools of allied health, academic health centers, medical schools, or 4-year colleges.•Many accredited PA programs have clinical teaching affiliations with medical schools. Depending on the program, one might earn a master's, bachelor's, associate's, or a certificate upon completion of the study requirements.•Students should take courses in biology, English, chemistry, mathematics, psychology, and the social sciences. PA education includes classroom instruction in biochemistry, pathology, human anatomy, physiology, microbiology, clinical pharmacology, clinical medicine, geriatric and home health care, disease prevention, and medical ethics. Students obtain supervised clinical training in several areas, including family medicine, internal medicine, surgery, prenatal care and gynecology, geriatrics, emergency medicine, psychiatry, and pediatrics.

issues for discussion

At one time or another, most everyone has encountered someone who has acted in a less than professional manner. -Discuss with your instructor and classmates examples you have experienced of this phenomenon. -Describe actions you think should have been taken that could have turned the nonprofessional situation into a professional situation. •Math anxiety has played a role in discouraging people from pursuing entry into the health professions. -Brainstorm with your classmates and instructor some reasons why math anxiety exists and consider whether timed tests and risk of public embarrassment play a role. -Discuss actions that can be taken to lessen or eliminate math anxiety.

what is career development

Career development refers to an organized planning method used to form an individual's work identity.

clinical apps

Clinical decision support system (CDSS)-The variety of technologies that provide healthcare practitioners with diagnostic and treatment recommendations-Examples: simple alerts, prescription drug interaction warnings, and clinical pathways and protocols The system applies computable biomedical knowledge to specific patient data and generates information for the clinician to use in treating a specific patient. •The information is filtered, organized, and presented in a way that allows the clinician to make a quick decision and take action.

confidentiality

Confidentiality refers to the healthcare professional's obligation to maintain patient information in a manner that will not permit dissemination beyond the healthcare provider.

continuing education can take many forms

Degree credit courses•Nondegree career training •Sponsored workforce training•Experiential learning•Self-directed learning

ethics

Ethics refers to the formal study of moral choices that conform to standards of conduct. -In the simplest sense it means making judgments between right and wrong or listening to one's conscience.

implementation of EHRs

Has grown dramatically in the last decade and particularly since the inception of the HITECH Act in 2009•Physicians and hospitals are eligible to receive incentive payments if they prove their use of EHR systems meets certain criteria.

health IT

Healthcare practitioners need the right information at the right time in order to make the right decisions.•Leveraging the many forms of health IT influences the probability of this happening. •Examples of commonly used health IT solutions are addressed in this section and listed in Table 6-1. •Several disciplines involved: medicine, law, informatics, computer science, business, project management, and research •People who enter this field generally fall into one of two categories.-Those who focus on IT in terms of infrastructure (hardware, software)-Those who focus on what can be accomplished with the data recorded, reported, and stored by the infrastructure

common core of knowledge

Healthcare workers need a common core of knowledge.-Medical terminology -Anatomy and physiology

lawsuits

Lawsuits are a hallmark of American life. -They attempt to resolve disputes that were not resolved by other means. -Healthcare professionals are subjects of lawsuits for a number of reasons.

licensure, certification, and registration

Licensure-Before you can work in many health professions, a state license is required. -Qualifications for licensure vary. In general, a student must graduate from a school whose program is approved by the state licensing agency, and then prove that he or she is qualified to give health services by passing a licensing examination. -Licensure is the state's way of protecting the public from unqualified health practitioners.

earnings

Median annual earnings of wage and salary PAs were $95,820 in 2014. -The lowest 10% earned less than $64,100; the highest 10% earned more than $134,720. -Median annual wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of PAs is shown in Table 10-2.

2 types of physicians

Medical doctor (MD) or allopathic physicians•Doctor of osteopathic (DO) or osteopathic physicians

biomedical engineers

Much of the work performed in this discipline is by biomedical engineers, persons who use their knowledge of biology, medicine, technology, and mechanical engineering to research and develop new equipment.

physician must supervise PAs

PAs always work under the supervision of a physician.•The extent of supervision depends on the work setting.-May provide most of the health care for patients and consult with the supervising physician and other medical professionals as needed or required by law. PAs may make house calls or go to hospitals and nursing homes to check on patients and report to the physician.

variety of practice settiners

PAs assist physicians in a variety of practice settings and specialty areas.

employment opportunitiies

PAs held about 91,670 jobs in 2014. -The number of jobs is greater than the number of practicing PAs because some hold two or more jobs.-Some PAs work with a supervising physician, but also work in another practice, clinic, or hospital.

work description

Physicians and surgeons -Diagnose illnesses. -Prescribe and administer treatments. -Examine patients.-Obtain medical histories. -Order, perform, and interpret diagnostic tests.

careers that limited direct contact with patients

Play a significant role in the health and well-being of patients and clients-Laboratory technicians-Health information technicians

work description

Provide routine diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive healthcare services under the direction and supervision of a physician.•Take medical histories, examine patients, order and interpret laboratory tests and X-rays, and make preliminary diagnoses. Treat minor injuries by suturing, splinting, and casting. •PAs record progress notes, instruct and counsel patients, and order or carry out therapy.

professionalism

Refers to the conduct, character, skill, and judgment of a trained person -Professionals who act in an accountable and ethical manner in the workplace and maintain a steady composure in the face of adversity demonstrate professionalism.

ch. 10 physician assistant

Requirements for admission to training programs vary; most applicants have a college degree and some health-related work experience.•Physician assistants must complete an accredited education program and pass a national exam in order to obtain a license. •Employment is projected to grow much faster than average.•Job opportunities should be good, in rural and inner-city healthcare facilities.

settings and specialities

Settings-Hospitals -Clinics -Physicians' offices •Medical specialties-Family practice-Internal medicine-General surgery-Emergency medicine-Pediatrics-Orthopedic surgery-Thoracic surgery-Geriatrics

3 categories of health care

The Bureau of Labor Statistics classifies health care into three broad categories. -Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations -Healthcare support occupations-Community and social service occupations and personal care and service occupations

health careers somethings for everyone

The health field, perhaps more than any other career area, offers wide-ranging opportunities to match almost any interest.

health care teams

The healthcare team consists of a variety of health personnel, each with a specialized function. -The membership of the health team varies in accordance with the needs of the client and his or her family.

continuing education requirements

The process by which a professional seeks recurrent learning activities and training beyond that required for the initial license or certificate

enrichment activities

Use the Internet to research national organizations associated with nurses, PAs, medical doctors, and doctors of osteopathy. -Compare and contrast the responsibilities of a PA with a nurse, a medical doctor, or a doctor of osteopathy. •Use the Internet to research the history and development of the PA profession. -Identify the reason(s) why the profession was created and when and how the federal government and insurance companies decided to reimburse care provided by PAs.-Prepare a written narrative of this information to your instructor.

certification

Voluntary for individual health professionals •Ensures the employer and the public that a health professional meets an established level of competence in their field•Granted by national professional organizations and recognized in all states

employment opportunities %

family medicine/general practice = 20 general pediatrics = 5 general internal medicine = 8 obstetrics and gynecology = 3 anesthesiology = 5 psychiatry = 4 general surgery - 6 other specialities = 49

math courses are common across the healthcare professions

healthcare professional = activities administrators = prep bills and budges diagnostic medical sonographers = determine angles needed to create 3D image health info managers = develop reports for descriptive and vital stats to analyze case mix nurses and aids = record vital signs; administer medications pharmacists = calculate medication dosages psychologist = analyze diagnostic surveys and studies technician and therapists = preform tests and record results

growth in health care employment

•According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 13 of the 20 fastest-growing occupations are healthcare related.•Projections for growth close to 50% between 2012 to 2022 for these 13 health-related professions are shown on the next slide.

licensures

•All states and the District of Columbia have legislation governing the qualifications or practice of physician assistants. •All jurisdictions require physician assistants to pass the physician assistant national certifying examination (PANCE).

licensure

•All states require physicians and surgeons to be licensed.•All physicians and surgeons must pass a standardized national licensure examination.•Physicians licensed in one state usually can get a license to practice in another without further examination, some states limit reciprocity.

physician specialties

•Anesthesiologists•Family medicine •General internists •General pediatricians •Obstetricians and gynecologists •Psychiatrists•Surgeons

medical schools are highly competititive

•Applicants must submit grade transcripts.•Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) scores•Letters of recommendation •Applicant's personality, leadership qualities, and participation in extracurricular activities are also considered.

helath info tech and law

•As new methods of administering care are developed and technology continues to evolve, the law works in tandem. •HIPAA regulations target concerns about confidentiality and security of patient information and steps to maintain privacy in the digital world. •The regulations establish standards for ensuring confidentiality and security of patient information and protecting patients' health information from unauthorized access and use.

administrative apps and infrastructure

•Billing process•HIPAA compliance•Electronic materials management•Bar coding technology•Patient registration process

healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

•Broad category with high educational requirements•Provide direct clinical care•Examples: physicians, nurses, dentists, audiologists, speech pathologists, dietitians, chiropractors, physical therapists, and occupational therapists

certification and other qualifications

•Certification is not required for physicians and surgeons.•May increase their employment opportunities •An examination after residency is required for certification by -American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS)-American Osteopathic Association (AOA)

educational req

•Courses for a DPM degree are similar to those for other medical degrees. -Anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, pathology, and other subjects •During their last 2 years, podiatric medical students gain supervised experience by completing clinical rotations.

ch 6 medical and health information tech

•Differentiate between medical and health information technology.•Name examples of medical technology innovations.•List commonly used health information technology solutions.•Explain the concepts of confidentiality and security in protecting patient health information.

community and social service occupations and personal care and service occupations

•Do not provide specific healthcare-related services •Services overlap those of nursing assistants who support residents with activities of daily living in long-term care or rehabilitation facilities.•Most of these positions do not have educational or training requirements—most receive on-the-job-training.

earnings

•Earnings of physicians and surgeons are among the highest of any occupation. anesthesiologist 246,320 general internist 191,530 family/general practitioner 186,320 hospitalist 252,996 hospice 185,651 gynecologist 204,750 psychiatrists 182,700 surgeons 240,440

employment trends

•Employment is expected to grow much faster than average—healthcare establishments increasingly use PAs to contain costs. •Job opportunities for PAs should be good, particularly in rural and inner-city clinics; these settings typically have difficulty attracting physicians.

employment change

•Employment of PAs is expected to grow 30% from 2014 to 2024, much faster than the average for all occupations. •Projected rapid job growth reflects the expansion of healthcare industries and an emphasis on cost containment, which results in the increasing use of PAs by healthcare establishments. Physicians and institutions are expected to employ more PAs to provide primary care and to assist with medical and surgical procedures.•PAs are cost-effective and productive members of the healthcare team.

employment trends

•Employment of physicians and surgeons is projected to grow 14% from 2014 to 2024, above average for all occupations.•Job growth will occur because of the continued expansion of healthcare-related industries and the growing and aging population.

employment

•Employment of podiatrists is projected to grow 14% from 2014 to 2024, faster than the average for all occupations. •Because it is a small occupation, the growth will result in only about 2,400 new jobs over the 10-year period.

exceptions

•Five professions in which the majority are males-Dentists, chiropractors, physicians, optometrists, and emergency medical technicians and paramedics. •Four of the five male-dominated professions are in the healthcare practitioner category.-The exception is emergency medical technicians and paramedics, which is in the health technologists and technicians category.

podiatrists

•Formal training for podiatrists is similar to that of physicians and surgeons, with 4 years of undergraduate school, 4 years of podiatry school, and 1 year of residency.

two general types of health teams

•Functional—formed to take care of specific problems. •Patient centered—include patients and family members who are involved in making healthcare decisions together with their doctor and other healthcare professionals.

health resources and service admin HRSA

•Goal is to increase the diversity of the healthcare workforce to more closely match the sex, race, and ethnic diversity of the United States. •Grant programs provide opportunities for minority students to receive financial support to pursue health careers.

facotrs influencing development new medical tech

•Healthcare practitioners-Working to find better ways to treat patients-May feel the need to offer the "latest and greatest" in care because they compete with other providers for patients -Professional goals such as peer recognition, tenure, and prestige Consumers -Goals to achieve and maintain good health can often be met through advances in medical technology.-Increased public awareness of advances in medical care achieved through medical technology because of the roles played by the media, the Internet, and direct-to-consumer advertising Health insurance systems-Medical treatments can be expensive and health insurance provides payment for innovations. -Consumers looking for ways to ensure access to the type of medical care they want may increase the demand for health insurance. -The promise of better health through improvements in medicine is a strong motivator for consumers.

projected demand for health personnel

•Healthcare provided 15.8 million jobs for wage and salary workers in 2013.•Projected to generate 4.1 million new jobs between 2012 and 2022•Demand for healthcare personnel is expected to increase by 26% between 2012 and 2022 compared to 11% increase for all occupations.

5 major industries that employ health workers

•Hospitals•Offices of health practitioners•Nursing and residential facilities•Home health services•Outpatient, laboratory, and other ambulatory services

job prospects

•Job opportunities for PAs should be good, particularly in rural and inner-city clinics because those settings have difficulty attracting physicians.•Opportunities will be best in states that allow PAs a wider scope of practice. •See Table 10.1

job prospects

•Job prospects for trained podiatrists should be good; there are a limited number of colleges of podiatry.•Retirement of currently practicing podiatrists is expected to increase the number of job openings for podiatrists.

job prospects

•Job prospects should be good for physicians willing to practice in rural and low-income areas because these areas are medically underserved.•Job prospects will be good for physicians in specialties that afflict the rapidly growing elderly population. Examples of such specialties are cardiology, radiology, and oncology.

helathcare support occupation

•Lower educational requirements and shorter training periods•Represent the majority of healthcare workers•Examples: Licensed practical nurses, nursing assistants, medical assistants, dental assistants, and physical therapy assistants and aides

most common types of malpractice

•Malpractice refers to professional misconduct. •Negligence refers to someone failing to do something that a reasonably prudent person would do in the same or similar situation or, doing something that a reasonably prudent person would not do in the same or similar situation.

ch. 9 physicians surgeons and podiatrists significant points

•Many physicians and surgeons work long, irregular hours. •Acceptance to medical school is highly competitive. •Formal education and training requirements are among the most demanding of any occupation, but earnings are among the highest. •Training is typically 4 years of undergraduate school, 4 years of medical school, 1 year of internship, and 2 to 7 years of residency and fellowship. •Job opportunities should be very good, particularly in rural and low-income areas.

certification

•Many podiatrists choose to become board certified.•Requires a combination of work experience and passing scores-The American Board of Podiatric Surgery is the certifying agency in podiatric surgery.-The American Board of Podiatric Medicine is the certifying agency in orthopedics and primary care podiatry.

med tech

•Medical technology includes a multitude of products used to diagnose and monitor human conditions and diseases. •This technology also is available to treat diseases that were once considered high risk or even fatal and includes instruments used to perform less invasive operations.

medical tech vs health info tech

•Medical technology refers to the procedures, equipment, and processes by which medical care is delivered.•Health information technology (Health IT) refers to an array of technologies to record, store, retrieve, protect, share, and analyze health information.

job prospects in numbers

•Most experts expect that the number of physicians and surgeons will increase by 99,300 from 708,300 in 2014 to 807,600 in 2024.

work environment

•Most podiatrists work in offices of podiatry.•Some work in group practices with other physicians or specialists.•Some work in private and public hospitals and outpatient care centers and routinely care for residents in nursing and assisted living facilities.

education and legal req

•Must complete a 3-year residency program.•Podiatrists must have a doctor of podiatric medicine (DPM) degree from an accredited college of podiatric medicine. -A DPM degree program takes 4 years to complete.•Podiatrists must be licensed.

examples of med tech

•New medical and surgical procedures (e.g., angioplasty, joint replacements)•Drugs (e.g., biologic agents)•Medical devices (e.g., digestible sensors, pacemakers, CT scanners, implantable cardioverter defibrillators).

health careers that involve direct contact with clients or patients

•Nursing•Medicine•Dentistry•Dietetics•Social work•Physical therapy•Recreation therapy•Occupational therapy

ch 7 health career planning

•Obtain all facts pertinent to careers in health services.•Recognize the specialized knowledge and skills necessary for a given profession.•Evaluate employment opportunities.•Find an appropriate health career.•Select the appropriate school for training.

additional work settings for health care wrokers

•Orthotists and prosthetists •Blood banks•Dental laboratories •Family planning services •Health education and promotion departments in large corporations•Public health departments •Several branches of the federal government

meaningful use criterion

•Patient portal •Computerized physician order entry system•Significant benefit of EHRs is that information can be shared with other providers across different healthcare organizations.

DOs

•Place special emphasis on the body's musculoskeletal system-Preventive medicine-Holistic patient care •DOs are more likely to work in primary care, although they can be found in all specialties.

licensing

•Podiatrists in every state must be licensed. -Podiatrists must pay a fee and pass the American Podiatric Medical Licensing Exam (APMLE). -Some states also require a state-specific exam.-Licenses must typically be renewed periodically, and podiatrists must take continuing medical education to maintain licensure.

education and legal req

•Programs usually last at least 2 years in a postgraduate setting.•Admission requirements vary by program, but many require at least 2 years of college and some healthcare experience.•All states require that PAs complete an accredited, formal education program and pass a national exam to obtain a license.

legal issues in health care

•Right to practice •Licensing •Certification

work description

•Specialize in the medical and surgical care of foot, ankle, and lower leg problems. •Diagnose illnesses, treat injuries, and perform surgery involving the lower extremities.•Treat a variety of foot and ankle ailments, including calluses, ingrown toenails, heel spurs, and arch problems. •Specialize in diabetic foot care.

registration

•Technically, professional registration means listing of certified health professionals on an official roster kept by a state agency or health professional organization. •Some health professional organizations use the term registration interchangeably with certification.

projected shortage of primary care practitioners

•The demand for physicians is projected to exceed supply by 2020 -Aging population-Greater numbers of Americans have health insurance as a result of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). -Many physicians train to be specialists and do not see patients for common health problems.

earnings

•The median annual wage for podiatrists was $120,700 in May 2014. -The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less.

education and training

•The minimum educational requirement for entry into medical school is 3 years of college.•Most applicants have at least a bachelor's degree.•All students must complete undergraduate work in biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, and English. •Students also take courses in the humanities and social sciences.

reasons for projected growth in demand for health care workers

•The number of people over 65 years of age is expected to increase by 40%.•The ACA has increased the number of people with health insurance, resulting in a greater demand for routine care. •Shortages in healthcare professionals are projected beginning in 2020. •The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts a critical shortage of registered nurses and significant shortages of primary care physicians.

employment opportunties

•There were 8,910 podiatrists in the U.S. in 2014. •Podiatry provides excellent opportunities as a health career. -Need for lower limb and feet care in those with diabetes and peripheral vascular disease and general podiatric care for the aging population.

certification

•To remain certified, PAs must complete 100 hours of continuing medical education every 2 years. •Beginning in 2014, PAs must pass a recertification examination or complete an alternative program combining learning experiences and a take-home examination every 10 years.

ch. 8 career development objectives

•Understand what areas of study comprise the common core of knowledge. •Explain the role of professionalism in a health career. •Distinguish between ethics and confidentiality requirements. •List legal issues that arise in health care. •Recognize the need to continually learn one's chosen profession.

career exploration process

•Visit several departments within the facilities.•Set up an interview with a health worker.•Visit laboratories.•Before you go exploring, do your homework. -View video clips of health professionals. -Visit the websites of professional organizations. -Be prepared to ask pertinent questions that will help you make decisions.

distribution of healthcare workers

•Workers in the United States are almost equally distributed between male and female.•The majority of healthcare workers are female and slightly more than three-fourths are white. •Females account for 80% of workers for nearly half of all healthcare occupations.