HED 400 Final EXAM study guide
the major principle(s) of the Belmont Commission Report include: a) respect for persons, beneficence , and justice b) fairness, beneficence c) justice respect d) fairness
a) respect for persons, beneficence , and justice
Which group generally have the most access to health resources a) the best off group economically b) the most urban group c) the most rural group d) the predominant ethic group
a) the best off group economically
The wide range of functions carried out by government as they seek to achieve national health
205. Stewardship The wide range of functions carried out by government as they seek to achieve
Which example of a health issue would require the most intersectional collaboration to address: a) reduction of tobacco consumption b) childhood vaccination c) essential surgery d) improving maternal care
A. Reduction of tobacco consumption
The migration of health personnel in search of a better standard of living and quality of life, higher salaries, access to advanced technology and more stable political conditions in different places worldwide
Brain Drain
which of the following comments about malnutrition is false a) malnutrition can reduce cognitive development b) malnutrition can reduce physical development c) malnutrition has no connection to infection d) malnutrition can have deleterious impacts on health
C) malnutrition has no connection to infection
India was declared polio free in 1988 True or False
F
The actions and means adopted by a society to organize itself in the promotion and protection of the health of its population
Governance
the sum of organizations, institutions, and resources whose primary purpose is to improve health
Health system
Medical care provided by a specialists or facility upon referral by a primary care physician
Secondary care
what was the only human disease to be eradicated and what year did the whole health organization declared its eradication
WHO eradicated smallpox through vaccination in 1980
Environmental determinants of health would include: a) Access to safe drinking water b) Tabaco consumption c) genetic inheritance d) level of education
a) Access to safe drinking water
Anumber of countries have well defined indigenous systems of medicine including a) China b) Russia c) Denmark d) Netherlands
a) China
If you lacked enough HIV drug for the number of people clinically eligible for them, which of the following would be most important to your choice of who should get the drugs a) Fairness b) personal responsibility c) quality of the drugs d) who can finically afford it
a) Fairness
Which region has the second worst health indicators a) south Asia b) sub-Saharan Africa c) the middle east and north Africa d) Latin America and the Caribbean
a) South Asia
Which of the following is an example of a public health approach a) a large-scale program to help a community to stay active b) a physician counseling an individual patient on the need to exercise c) a physician encouraging a family to vaccinate their children d) a community health worker treating individual cases of a disease
a) a large-scale program to help a community to stay active
An example of a "folk illness" might be a) an illness that is widely perceived to be a real health problem, but which is not actually a "disease" b) a disease that used to exist in a community but which is no longer present c) a disease for which people would seek treatment from a traditional healer d) none of the above
a) an illness that is widely perceived to be a real health problem, but which is not actually a "disease"
Which of the following is NOT a public health activity a) community based screening for HIV b) the promotion of hand washing c) A physician diagnosing HIV in individual d) all of the above are public health activities
a) community based screening for HIV
Taking an "ecological perspective" to behavior change requires you to a) consider multiple level of influence on behavior and the social environment b) consider having people follow a change agent c) consider people's perception of how likely they are to get an illness d) none of the above are correct
a) consider multiple level of influence on behavior and the social environment
Financial protect is a) financing health care in a way that does not deny access to health services because of financial constrains on the part of the patient b) health care insurance c) limits on out-of-pocket expenditures d) ensuring that there are no co-payments for health care services
a) financing health care in a way that does not deny access to health services because of financial constrains on the part of the patient
Disabilities can a) harm people's ability's to work b) have a range of direct costs c) have a range of indirect costs d) all of the above
a) harm people's ability's to work
Primary care is: a) health services at the level of the regional hospital b) health services at the first point of contact, intended to provide basic referral care c) community based health services d) basic care
a) health services at the level of the regional hospital
The sustainable development goals: a) include a range of goals and targets that relate to health b) focus on a healthy environment c) are all to be achieved by 2020 d) say little about global health
a) include a range of goals and targets that relate to health
As a country's expenditure on health as a share of national income increases, its health status generally a) increases b) decreases c) stats the same d) decrease over time
a) increases
Which of the following are among the top three conditions that cause disability a) low back pain and migraine b) skin conditions c) anxiety disorders d) chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
a) low back pain and migraine
Which countries have the highest share of total health expenditure represented by out of pocket costs a) low income b) low to middle income c) middle income d) high income
a) low income
Which of the following would raise the most challenging human rights issue related to HIV: a) mandatory notification of the sexual partners of people who test positive for HIV b) Voluntary and confidential testing for HIV c) antiretroviral therapy for HIV d) Both mandatory notification of the sexual partners of people who test positive for HF and Antiretroviral therapy for HIV
a) mandatory notification of the sexual partners of people who test positive for HIV
The leasing causes of death of children under one year of age globally are: a) neonatal conditions b) malaria c) measles d) HIV
a) neonatal conditions
Human subjects' research must comply with all of the following standards, EXCEPT a) participants must be volunteers and consent to participate b) the human subject must participate to the end of the research c) the risks and burdens of the research should not outweigh the benefits d) all of the above are correct
a) participants must be volunteers and consent to participate
The health system of india can best be described as a) pluralistic b) a national health service c) social health insurance scheme d) a coherent system
a) pluralistic
The health system of the US can best be described as a) pluralistic b) a national health service c) social health insurance scheme d) coherent system
a) pluralistic
As a country develops economically from being very low income to high income what are the most important changes that occur in the country's burden of disease a) the share of communicable disease declined and the share of noncommunicable disease increases b) the burden of disease of shifts from high noncommunicable disease rates to high communicable disease rates c) the burden of disease shifts from high communicable rates to high infectious rates d) all of the above
a) the share of communicable disease declined and the share of noncommunicable disease increases
an example of "Western" biomedicine is a) the use of antibiotics for treating a health condition b) the use of herbs for treating a health condition c) the use of indigenous medicine to treat a health condition d) the work of a local healer
a) the use of antibiotics for treating a health condition
Which of the following is NOT an example of global health issue: a) toxic chemicals in a city's water supply in Sweden b) the spread of dengue fever c) the spread of resistant strains of malaria d) all of the above are global health issues
a) toxic chemicals in a city's water supply in Sweden
An example of primary prevention is a) vaccination b) treating hypertension with drug therapy c) mammography to screen for breast cancer d) prostate screening
a) vaccination
Cultural competence refers to a) one's own ability to work effectively with people in one's own culture b) one's ability to work effectively with people of different cultures c) one's ability to work effectively with a specific group d) none of the above are correct
b) one's ability to work effectively with people of different cultures
The best definition of a noncommunicable disease is a) a disease that is spread by a virus b) a disease that is not caused by an infectious agent c) a disease that can be spread from person to person d) a disease that can not spread rom animals to humans
b) a disease that is not caused by an infectious agent
The health system of England can best be described as a) pluralistic b) a national health service c) social health insurance scheme d) a fragmented system
b) a national health service
The following are steps that can be taken to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of weaker health systems in low & middle income countries EXCEPT a) improve the procurement of drugs and supplies b) concentrate more on the provision of specialized surgery c) strengthen emergency obstetric care d) all of the above are correct answers
b) concentrate more on the provision of specialized surgery
The years of life lost due to premature death from which of the following has increased over the last decade a) malaria b) diabetes c) Childhood pneumonia d) childhood diarrhea
b) diabetes
The following are significant changes with health system in low and middle income countries EXCEPT a) how to provide health care at an appropriate level of of quality b) how to deal with an abundance of skilled health care workers c) the creation of mechanisms to provide the poor with protection from the costs of health services d) the demographic and epidemiological changes
b) how to deal with an abundance of skilled health care workers
When conducting subject selection is human subject research a) privileged people can be preferred in the selection on participants b) participants should be chosen so the burdens and benefits of the research are shared equitably c) vulnerable people can be preferred in the selection d) children should be included
b) participants should be chosen so the burdens and benefits of the research are shared equitably
In a low -income country, the first level at which one could receive emergency obstetric care would be a) primary b) secondary c) tertiary d) national hospitals
b) secondary
1. Disability refers to a) death b) temporary or longer term reduction in a person's ability to function c) a temporary or short illness d) any illness
b) temporary or longer term reduction in a person's ability to function
Which statement least reflects a global health concern a) the application of public health issue that transcend national boundaries b) the achievement of greater health equity in an individual country c) cooperative efforts needed to solve a critical public health problem affecting many countries d) global standard setting on diagnostics and drugs
b) the achievement of greater health equity in an individual country
Children are likely to be healthier in a country in which : a) the government invests mostly in education b) the government makes education including for girls a national priority c) the government invests in education but most students are boys d) the government invests in hospitals in urban areas
b) the government makes education including for girls a national priority
The cornerstone of human right is the a) the international declaration on the Rights of Children b) the international Bill of Human rights c) the International declaration on the right of women d) the belmont report
b) the international Bill of Human rights
The neonatal mortality rate is a) the number of children under age 1 who die in a year b) the number of children under 28 days of age, who die for every 1,000 live births c) the number of children under 28 days, who die for every 5,000 live deaths d) the number of children under 28 days of age, who die for every 10,000 live births
b) the number of children under 28 days of age, who die for every 1,000 live births
What is determinant health? a) the range of condition that determine the health status of an individual b) the range of personal, social, economic and environmental factors which determine the health status of individuals or populations c) the personal factors that determine the health stud of an individual d) the personal factors that determine the health status of a community
b) the range of personal, social, economic and environmental factors which determine the health status of individuals or populations
Human capital refers to a) the amount of money people have b) the skills and knowledge people have that allows them to be productive c) the sum of all of an individuals assesses d) non of the above
b) the skills and knowledge people have that allows them to be productive
Why are social impact assessment important a) they identify the most cost -effective clinical approach to a health problem in the community b) they identity the social basis of the health issue one is trying to influence, as well as the possible social impact of the proposed activates c) they provide a basis for determining the staffing needs of health programs d) all of the above
b) they identity the social basis of the health issue one is trying to influence, as well as the possible social impact of the proposed activates
Ethnocentrism refers to a) judging a society by its own beliefs b) viewing a society through ones own beliefs c) judging society c) all of these are correct
b) viewing a society through ones own beliefs
8. The declaration of Helsinki says that anyone participating gin human subject must provide the following: a) a waiver of liability b) voluntary, informed consent c) informed consent d) both a waiver of liability and voluntary , informed consent
b) voluntary, informed consent
Which of the following is true on average globally a) men live longer than women b) women live longer than men c) women and men have about the same life expectancy d) mend spend more years living with disability than women do
b) women live longer than men
The leading cause of death for females of all age is a) diabetes b) injuries c) Ischemic heart disease d) maternal death
c) Ischemic heart disease
Example of countries that in the last 50 years achieved substantially better level of population health than one might have predicted by their income level include: a) Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands b) the US c) Cuba, Costa Rica and China d) Liberia and Sierra Leone
c) Cuba, Costa Rica and China
The international Convenant of Economic, social and cultural right says that people are entitle to a) a job b) the highest possible standard of living c) The highest attainable standard of physical and mental well-being d) the highest standard of physical well-being
c) The highest attainable standard of physical and mental well-being
A traditional cash transfer is a) a trash payment to someone to help their income b) a cash payment to a mother to help support her children c) a cash payment to someone provided they have engaged in certain agreed health behaviors d) a cash payment to someone wether or not they have engaged in certain desired health behaviors
c) a cash payment to someone provided they have engaged in certain agreed health behaviors
7. Planetary health refers to: a) an approach to public health that concerns animal health b) an approach to public health that focuses on zoonotic disease c) an approach to public health that focuses on the interconnectedness of human health, animal health, and the environment d) an approach to public health that focuses on the achievement
c) an approach to public health that focuses on the interconnectedness of human health, animal health, and the environment
3. An example of the recent geographic spread of a communicable disease includes a) small pox b) cervical cancer c) chikungunya d) polio
c) chikungunya
Which of the following is a health promoting cultural practice a) male circumcision b) female genital mutilation c) feeding newborns with sugar water d) none of the about are health promoting
c) feeding newborns with sugar water
The key principles for making ethical choices about distributing scarce resources for health include: a) first come, first serve b) health maximization and personal responsibility c) health maximization equity, extra priority to the worse off, personal responsibility d) personal responsibility
c) health maximization equity, extra priority to the worse off, personal responsibility
Stewardship of the health system refers to a) how it is financed b) who pays for it c) how it is governed d) the amount of external support a system receives
c) how it is governed
Which of the following is TRUE regarding human rights a) governments may not order a quarantine b) all governments are legally obligated to provide for the health of their people c) human rights with respect to health may be temporality suspended under some circumstances d) all of the above are true
c) human rights with respect to health may be temporality suspended under some circumstances
which of the following is the only communicable disease in the top ten causes of death in high - income countries a) HIV b) hepatitis c) lower respiratory infections d) HPV
c) lower respiratory infections
Generally people who are healthier earn a) about the same as those who are in less good health b) about the same as those with minor disabilities c) more money than those who are less good health d) less money than those in less good health
c) more money than those who are less good health
The best description below of the focus of public health is: a) achieving medical care for all b) reducing road traffic injuries c) preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health through organized community effort d) extending life expectancy
c) preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health through organized community effort
universal health coverage refers to: a) a health system b) providing universal access to a health system c) providing universal access to a health system, linked with a program for financial protection d) fairness in financing health services
c) providing universal access to a health system, linked with a program for financial protection
If health workers wanted to promote six months of exclusive breastfeeding and understand why women in their region do not exclusively breastfeed for six months it would be valuable for them to first a) start a door to door campaign to promote breastfeeding b) start a radio camping to promote breastfeeding c) survey new mothers in the community about why breastfeed as they do and who influences their breastfeeding behavior d) post fliers to explain the importance of breastfeeding
c) survey new mothers in the community about why breastfeed as they do and who influences their breastfeeding behavior
Which of the following is an important epidemiological and demographic issue that faces health systems a) the aging of populations and higher burden of communicable diseases b) the increase in youth populations and higher burden of communicable diseases c) the aging of population and higher burden of noncommunicable diseases d) all of the above are important issues
c) the aging of population and higher burden of
In general, clinical trials of a drug on human subjects require that the "control group" for the trial receive at least a) a drug related to the drug being tested b) a placebo c) the best proven drug for the condition for which the trial is being conducted d) a drug for the condition for which the trial is being conducted
c) the best proven drug for the condition for which the trial is being conducted
Culture refers to a) the language and music of a particular group b) the behavior patterns of a particular group c) the entire set of belief, art, law, music, and customs shared by members of a society d) the way people of a certain group behav
c) the entire set of belief, art, law, music, and customs shared by members of a society
Which of the following is NOT a goal of the Who Health Report 2020 for every health system a) responsiveness to the expectations of the population b) good health c) those who can contribute more should d) fairness of financial contributions
c) those who can contribute more should
The total health expenditure as a % of GDP the US is a) 5.3 b) 6.2 c) 10.3 d) 16.8
d) 16.8
Which of the following is a low-income Selected Representative Country by the world bank a) costa Rica b) south Africa c) Bangladesh d) Afghanistan
d) Afghanistan
6. a total expenditure on health as a share of GDP is highest in a) cuba b) UK c) germany d) US
d) US
Health providers include a) doctors and nurses b) dentists and herbalists c) bone setters and shamans d) all of the above
d) all of the above
Important progress in health has resulted from: a) improvements in hygiene, access to safe water, and access to safe sanitation b) improvements in technology, such as the dissemination of childhood vaccines c) increases in people level of education d) all of the above
d) all of the above
In many traditional societies, people seek initial health care from: a) practitioners of indigenous systems of medicine b) a range of unlicensed medical practitioners c) pharmacists d) all of the above
d) all of the above
In traditional societies, who often needs to be "brought on board" if behavior change for better health is to occur: a) traditional leaders of the community b) religious leaders of the community c) people with important local positions such as teachers d) all of the above
d) all of the above
In some traditional cultures, people might believe that disease is caused by a) mixing "hot" and "cold" foods b) a curse c) emotional stress d) all of these are correct
d) all of these are correct
It is important in human subject research to allow participants to a) withdraw from the research b) preserve their confidentially c) be treated respectfully d) all of these are correct
d) all of these are correct
The "rights-based approach to health" suggest that: a) health policies, programs, and practices should be considered in terms of their impact on human rights b) the health impacts of human rights violations should be considered c) the fulfillment of human rights should be central to health efforts d) all of these are correct
d) all of these are correct
Some inborn determinant of health include: a) genetic make-up b) age c) social status d) both genetic make up and age
d) both genetic make up and age
Life expectancy at birth is a) How long a person will live b) how long a population will live c) how long people born today are expected to live d) how long people born today are expected to live, given contributions of existing mortality trends
d) how long people born today are expected to live, given contributions of existing mortality trends
Which 2 conditions are among the top 3 causes of death globally a) diabetes and ischemic health disease b) chronic kidney disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease c) diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease d) ischemic health disease and stroke
d) ischemic health disease and stroke
Which factor is expected to have the greatest impact in the next two decades on the burden of disease a) urbanization b) population aging c) population growth d) both population aging and population growth
d) population aging
Which region has the burden of disease that is predominantly communicable, neonatal, nutritional, and maternal. a) South Asia b) middle east and north Africa c) Lain America and the Caribbean d) sub-Saharan Africa
d) sub-Saharan Africa
Which of these was the first to be established to protect the rights of people subject to human subject research: a) the dayton code b) the Belmont report c) the declaration report d) the Nuremberg code
d) the Nuremberg code
The fundamental question(s) for universal health coverage is/are a) who to cover b) what to cover c) who to cover and what to cover d) who to cover, what to cover, and what share of the costs should be covered
d) who to cover, what to cover, and what share of the costs should be covered
