Helo Ground School

Cloud base formula

((Temp-dew point) /4.4 )) X 1000

Pressure decrease

1 Hg per 1000' to 12,000'

Helo Charts 1:125000

1.71 nm / inch

Parts 25, 61, 91

Airworthiness, How to get license, Rules- How to lose license

Aircraft Inspections (aside from equipment)

Annual & 100 hour

How does the helicopter compensate for dissymmetry of lift?

Blade flapping

Why is there unusable fuel?

Catches sediment and water

Class G wx mins - abv 1200AGL & blo 10000MSL

Day: 1 mile Viz & 1,5,2 Night: 3 mile Viz & 1,5,2

Hyperventilation

Def: Over breathing as a result fright, stress, emotion resulting in lower carbon dioxide levels which could result in unconsciousness Remedy: Breathing into bag, saying ABC's out loud, controlling breathing

HOGE say you can go from straight and level to hover but doesn't say you can arrest a........

Descent rate

Dissymmetry of lift in a hover with no wind?

No

Stable Air Mass

Stratus, poor viz, steady precip, smooth air, cool, dry air

Decompression Times and Altitudes

Up to 8000' flight: 12 hour wait if controlled ascent not needed- 24 hour otherwise Above 8000': 24 hour wait Can occur as low as 5000'

Advection Fog

warm moist air, moves over cool ground, 0-5 knots of wind (any more makes layer rise), (IE San Fran area)

Oxygen Requirements

-Above 12,500-14,000 flight crew uses oxygen over 30 minute flight -Above 14,000 min flight crew must use oxygen -Above 15,000 each passenger must be provided oxygen

Hypoxia (4 types)

-Due to insufficient oxygen high altitude -Due to blood not being able to carry oxygen (IE: anemia, low blood volume) -Due to body not being able to use oxygen (IE: alcohol, drug use, poisoning) -Due to oxygen rich blood not reaching certain tissue (IE: cold temps, g-forces, artery restrictions)

Planning margins (1, 1, 1)

10 degrees C (add to current temp), 1000' ( buffer between PA and HOGE ceiling), 100lbs (add to W&B)

VOR Morse code intervals

10 seconds

Class A extends off coast __ nm.

12

Temp lapse rate

2 degrees per 1000'

Overhaul for Robinson (Hours&years)

2200 hours or 12 years

(T) VOR Distance

25 nm from 1000'- 12000' AGL

TAC 1:250000

3.43 nm / inch

3 vs 4 digit military training routes

4 digit = blo 1500AGL 3 digit = above 1500 AGL (possible parts blo)

Width of military training routes

4-16 NM

(L) Low Alt VOR Distance

40 nm from 1000' - 18000' AGL

(H) High Altitude VOR Distance

40nm from 1000-14500AGL 100nm from 14500-60000AGL 130nm from 18000-45000AGL

Quick Stop Steps

45 knots, 20" MP then aft cyclic, lower collective, right pedal, level aircraft increase collective, left pedal

Class G wx mins- abv 1200 AGL & abv 10000MSL

5 mile Viz & 1000 blo, 1000 abv, 1sm horizontally

Expiration for charts

6 months

Sectional 1:50000"

6.86 nm / inch

3rd class medical expiration

60 months (24 months 40yo & older)

2nd class medical expiration

60 months (24 months 40yo & older) 12 months for commercial, ATP SIC

AV1ATE acroym

AD's/Annual, VOR (30 days if IFR), 100 hour (if instruction), 12yr/2200 hour overhaul, Alt/Static (24 mons for IFR), Trans (24 mons), ELT (12 mons, 1/2 battery life or 1 cum hour)

Helo Special VFR

ATC clearance & Remain clear of clouds

Accident vs incident

Accident- From time person boards to disembark with intent of flight. Any occurrence death (within 30 days) or serious bodily injury(hospital stay +48 hrs within 7 days of accident) or substantial damage (+25k) Incident- other than an accident which affects/ could affect safety of operations

TAS Calculation

Add 2% to CAS per 1000' of altitude

Aircraft Category

Airplane, Rotorcraft, glider, lighter than air

Voltage regulator

Allows for recharge of battery and stabilizes alternator current to run avionics

91.205- Equipment- VFR Day, VFR Night, R44 (every flight), R44 Night Acronyms

CAMALFOOTS, IFLAPS, GOALH (or NAIL acronym)

PPL Limitations and Privileges

Can't make money, pro rata share, can fly for charity, can fly for business but not take passenger or property for hire

CRM acronym & meaning

Crew Resource Management - utilizing other crew members or passengers as a resource

Class G Wx mins - blo 1200AGL

Day: 1/2 mile Viz & clear of clouds Night: 1 mile Viz & clear of clouds

Middle Ear Block

Def: Air pressure blocked in the middle ear area Remedy: Yawn or valsalva so air escapes eustachian tube

Sinus Block

Def: Air pressure blocked in the sinus Remedy: Shallow descent

Settling with power definition and recovery

Def: Aircraft settles in its own downwash. Avoid downwind approaches. 1,2,3 rule: less than ETL, 20-100% power applied, more than 300 FPM descent Remedy: lower collective, forward cyclic

LTE definition & remedy

Def: LTE is a rapid uncommanded right yaw that will not subside on it's own accord and, if not corrected immediately, can result in complete loss of helicopter control. Typically, high gross weight, high DA, power drop and low airspeed Remedy: lower collective and forward cyclic *maintain more than 30kts airspeed

Ground Resonance Definition and Remedy

Def: a destructive vibration at certain rotor speeds caused by out of phase blade. Can cause aircraft to destroy itself Can be caused by hard skid impact with ground knocking MR out of normal angular relationship with other blades Remedy: On ground: collective down & close throttle, use rotor brake At flight RPM: fly off the ground

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Def: tasteless, odorless gas which attaches to hemoglobin and reduces the oxygen levels reaching organs Remedy: open vents, fresh air, use supplemental oxygeb

DECIDE acronym & meaning

Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Eval

Impulsivity Example and Remedy

Do something quick! Slow down and think.

Translating Tendency

Drift in the direction of TR thrust

R44 Med Freq Vibration

Engine

Helo fuel reserve day & night

First point of intended landing and 20 mins after

Unstable Air mass traits

Good viz, showery precip, warm, moist air, unstable lapse rate, turb air

Why right seat solo?

Gov access and W&B for main fuel tank

Best to worst Helo winds (4)

Headwind, Calm, Xwind, tailwind, gusty, variable

Part 133, 141, 142

Helo external loads, Flight schools, Training centers

Macho example and remedy

I can do it! Watch! Taking chances is foolish

invulnerability example and remdy

I can't happen to me. Yes, it can happen to you.

IMSAFE

Illness, medications, stress, alcohol, fatigue, emotional, eating

Other serious incidents per 830

Immediate NTSB notification: Flight control system malfunction/failure Inability of crew member to perform duties Failure of internal turbine which results in escape In flight fire In flight collision Damage to property (excluding aircraft) +25k Damage/ground damage to TR, MR & needs major repair Overdue aircraft

Radiation Fog

Little to no wind, cool nights, small temp/dew point spread, inland(IE: Hemet area), burns off quickly

R44 Low Freq Vibration

MR

How can you avoid LTE?

Maintain at least 30kts airspeed

Objectionable airport meaning (3)

Natural or man-made obstacles nearby, conflicting traffic patterns with other airport, hazardous runway conditions

91.15- Can you drop objects?

No, if it creates hazard to person or property. Yes, if precautions taken to avoid injury to person/property.

Can you overfly annual?

No, only 100 hour by 10 hours to get aircraft to maintenance facility

Carb Ice Danger Zone

OAT -4 C to 30 C & dew point spread less than 15C

Which warning lights come on with master switch?

Oil, CO(momentarily), GOV, Alt, Brake (if engaged)

91.7 - Who determines aircraft safe for flight? When/who/why can discontinue flight?

PIC & PIC when unairworthy mechanical/electrical/structural conditions occur

91.3 FAR Emergency (3 things)

PIC directly responsible for the aircraft and has final authority PIC may deviate from any rule to meet emergency Shall submit written report of deviation UPON REQUEST

3P model

Perceive (PIlot, Aircraft, enVironment Ext Pressures), Process (Consequences, Alternatives, Reality, Ext pressures) Perform (Mitigate risks, Eval)

Hypoxia remedy

Plan lower altitude Use supplemental oxygen

5P model

Plan, Plane, Pilot, Passengers, Programming

Dynamic Rollover Definition

Point at which helo will rollover despite pilot control inputs. Pivots around point other than CG. Need pivot point, rolling moment, exceeding critical rollover angle (5-8 degrees) Remedy: lower collective BEFORE critical rollover angle

High alt/temps/weight = High DA. High descent rate =

Poor piloting skill

Helistream Maintenance Logbook colors

Red= Engine & Green= Airframe

91.213- Three equipment categories?

Regulations (IE: 91.205), AD requirements, POH required

FSS RCO

Remote Comm Outlet allows for access to FSS on the ground

Retreating Blade Stall definition

Retreating blade can no longer compensate for dissymmetry of lift and the blade exceeds critical angle of attack. Resultant RW creates the high AOA. High DA, High weight, speed approaching or exceeding Vne, abrupt control inputs, excessive forward cyclic (IE: rearward CG) Abnormal vibrations, pitch up and roll to retreating blade side Remedy: lower collective, increase RPM, reduce forward airspeed, minimize maneuvering

Transverse Flow Effect definition

Right rolling effect and vibration during acceleration.

What are 3 stored energy sources in helos?

Rotor RPM, forward airspeed, altitude

Part 121, 135

Rules for air carriers, rules for commuter/on demand ops

Aircraft Class

SEL, MEL, SES, Helicopter & Gyrocopter (under rotorcraft)

Busses

Similar to power strips. Can have main bus to control lights, gear, flaps. Avionics bus controls power to avionics and certain instruments

SWEEP acronym

Suitability, wind, entry/exit, power (used vs available)

R44 High Freq Vibration

TR

Mode 3A, C, S

Tail # only, Alt reporting, Position reporting

Temp Inversion

Temp rises with altitude, associated with wind shear, poor viz

TEAM model

Transfer- ask someone more experienced? Eliminate- way to eliminate hazard? Accept-risk vs benefit? Mitigate- how to mitigate?

Precip Fog

Warm rain showers saturates area

Resignation example and remedy

What's the use?? I can make a difference.

Dissymmetry of Lift definition

While moving through the air, adv blade produces more lift than the retreating blade.

AntiAuthority Example and Remedy

You can't tell me what to do! Listen to the rules.

Decompression sickness

a condition resulting from exposure to low barometric pressures that cause inert gases (mainly nitrogen), normally dissolved in body fluids and tissues, to come out of physical solution and form bubbles. Similar to opening a bottle of coke with gas escaping and bubbles forming. Nitrogen is forced to leave the body rapidly forming bubbles typically in the joint areas. DCS can occur flying above 18000 in unpressurized cabin.

Upslope Fog

adiabatic cooling (pressure decrease as temp decrease) of moist air to its dew point from winds carrying it upslope