HG&D chapter 4 Birth and Physical Development during the First Three Years

Boys growth rate by 1 year

( starts around 7.5 lbs) has more than tripled to exceed 25 pounds. This rapid growth rate tapers off during the 2nd and 3rd years height increases by 10 inches (___ year old = 30 inches)

Visual acuity

__________ at birth is approximately 20/400 but improves rapidly, reaching the 20/20 level by about 8 months

The American Academy of Pediatrition holds what position on baby walkers

walker are dangerous

Ability to follow moving targets in a neonate develops when?

The ability to follow a moving target also develops rapidly in the first months, as does color perception

Dynamic Systems Theory (DST) is particular useful for what disease

Esther Thelen's theory is applied to the management of children with Cerebral Palsy very often

Leading cause of death in infants ranked and in order

1)Birth defects. 2)Preterm birth and low birth weight. 3)Sudden infant death syndrome. 4)Maternal pregnancy complications. 5)Injuries e.g., suffocation

Each section of the Apgar can score how many points

2 with 5 sections = 10 total points

parturition starts how many weeks before actual delivery?

2 weeks

the average neonate is

20 inches 7.5 pounds

vaginal childbirth has how many stages

3 stages dilation of cervix Descent and Emergence of the Baby Expulsion of the placenta

cesarean delivery is done in what percentage of US births

30%

infants can grasp a rattle by what time

4 months

how many infant arousal states are there

5 Regular sleep, Irregular Sleep, Drowsiness, Alert Inactivity, Wakeful and Crying

the apgar has how many dimensions

5 appearance pulse Grimace Activity Respiration

low birth weight is being less than how many pounds

5.5 pounds

visual focus

A neonate's ______ _______ best from about 1 foot away—just about the typical distance from the face of a person holding a newborn

haptic perception

Ability to acquire information about properties of objects, such as size, weight, and texture, by handling them. Sometime between 5 and 7 months, after babies can reach for and grasp objects, they develop haptic perception,

depth perception

Ability to perceive objects and surfaces three-dimensionally. To find out whether an object is moving, a baby might hold his or her head still for a moment, an ability that is well established by about 3 months.

what ethnic group/Nation's baby's develop the ability to walk 2-5 months before US and French babies respectively

According to some research, African babies tend to be more advanced than U.S. and European infants in sitting, walking, and running. In Uganda, for example, babies typically walk at 10 months, as compared with 12 months in the United States and 15 months in France.

Milestones of motor development Locomotion

After 3 months, the average infant begins to roll over deliberately (rather than accidentally, as before)—first from front to back and then from back to front. The average baby can sit without support by 6 months can assume a sitting position without help by about 8½ months. Between 6 and 10 months, most babies begin to get around under their own power by means of creeping or crawling. Crawling infants become more sensitive to where objects are, how big they are, whether they can be moved, and how they look. Crawling helps babies learn to judge distances and perceive depth. They learn to look to caregivers for clues as to whether a situation is secure or frightening—a skill known as social referencing (Hertenstein & Campos, 2004). By holding onto a helping hand or a piece of furniture, the average baby can stand at a little past age 7 months. The average baby can let go and stand alone well at about 11½ months. Within a few weeks, shortly after the first birthday, the average child is walking fairly well and thus achieves the status of toddler. During the 2nd year, children begin to climb stairs one at a time, putting one foot after another on the same step; later they will alternate feet. Walking down stairs comes later. Also in their 2nd year, toddlers run and jump. By age 3½, most children can balance briefly on one foot and begin to hop.

Motor development is virtually _______ _______ the ________ of this development varies on certain cultural factors

Although motor development follows a virtually universal sequence, its pace does respond to certain cultural factors.

visual cliff

Apparatus designed to give an illusion of depth and used to assess depth perception in infants.

Milestones of motor development head control

At birth, most infants can turn their heads from side to side while lying on their backs. When lying chest down, many can lift their heads enough to turn them. Within the first 2 to 3 months, they lift their heads higher and higher—sometimes to the point where they lose their balance and roll over on their backs. By 4 months, almost all infants can keep their heads erect while being held or supported in a sitting position.

Milestones of motor development Hand Control

Babies are born with a grasping reflex. If the palm of an infant's hand is stroked, the hand closes tightly. At about 3½ months, most infants can grasp an object of moderate size, such as a rattle, but have trouble holding a small object. Next, they begin to grasp objects with one hand and transfer them to the other, and then to hold (but not pick up) small objects. Sometime between 7 and 11 months, their hands become coordinated enough to pick up a tiny object, such as a pea, using the pincer grasp. By 15 months, the average baby can build a tower of two cubes. A few months after the 3rd birthday, the average toddler can copy a circle fairly well.

Breast milk advantages

Breast milk almost always the best food More digestible Reduces allergic reactions Minimizes numerous infections May reduce risk of SIDS Better cognitive performance

The speed of motor development varies based on?

Certain cultural factors

What cultures children do not are actively discouraged from walking until age 18 to 20 months

Children of the Ache in eastern Paraguay

Modern Generations: differences in pregnancy, birth and death rates are thought to be due to

Dramatic reductions in death rate due to: Antibiotics Prenatal care

who made the Dynamic Systems Theory (DST)

Esther Thelen's

Dynamic Systems Theory (DST)

Esther Thelen's theory This theory proposes that movement is produced from the interaction of multiple sub-systems within the person, task and environment. All of the sub-systems spontaneously self-organize, or come together and interact in a specific way, to produce the most efficient movement solution for each specific task. It also proposes that no sub-system is most important in this process. Thus, clinicians need to consider and evaluate all aspects of the task, person, and environment when trying to help a child learn a new motor ability.

In Dynamic Systems Theory (DST) development is

Esther Thelen's theory development is made Discontinious stages and shifts .

systems of action

Increasingly complex combinations of motor skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment. Babies first learn simple skills and then combine them into increasingly complex systems of action, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more effective control of the environment.

Neonates do what in respond to light

Newborns blink at bright lights.

How long do pediatricians advocate a child be feed ONLY breast milk

Recommendation is babies exclusively breast-feed for 6 months

Juan was born at 39 weeks weighing 4.5 pounds. He is a ____

Small For Date infant

handling routines

Some cultures actively encourage early development of motor skills. In many African and West Indian cultures in which infants show advanced motor development, adults use special ______________, such as bouncing and stepping exercises, to strengthen babies' muscles.

Eyes

The _______ of newborns are smaller than those of adults, the retinal structures are incomplete, and the optic nerve is underdeveloped.

Smell and Taste sensory development

The senses of _____ and ______ also begin to develop in the womb. A preference for pleasant ______ seems to be learned in utero and during the first few days after birth, and the _______ transmitted through the mother's breast milk may further contribute to this learning Certain _______ preferences seem to be largely innate . Newborns prefer sweet __________ to sour, bitter, or salty ___________. An inborn sweet tooth may help a baby adapt to life outside the womb, as breast milk is quite sweet. Newborns' rejection of bitter _________ is probably another survival mechanism, as many bitter substances are toxic

Eleanor Gibson and James J. Gibson's ecological theory of perception

Theory developed by Eleanor and James Gibson, which describes developing motor and perceptual abilities as interdependent parts of a functional system that guides behavior in varying contexts. In this approach, locomotor development depends on infants' increasing sensitivity to the interaction between their changing physical characteristics and new and varied characteristics of their environment. Babies' bodies continually change with age—their weight, center of gravity, muscular strength, and abilities. And each new environment provides a new challenge for babies to master This process of "learning to learn" (Adolph, 2008, p. 214) is an outcome of both perception and action. It involves visual and manual exploration, testing alternatives, and flexible problem solving. What worked at one time may not work now, and what worked in one environment may not work well in another

Vaccination and autism

There is No Causal Connection between and autism or other disorders

visual guidance

Use of the eyes to guide movements of the hands or other parts of the body.

Vision

_______ is the least developed sense at birth, perhaps because there is so little to ______ in the womb.

Sight sensory development

_______ is the least developed sense at birth, perhaps because there is so little to ______ in the womb. __________ at birth is approximately 20/400 but improves rapidly, reaching the 20/20 level by about 8 months The _______ of newborns are smaller than those of adults, the retinal structures are incomplete, and the optic nerve is underdeveloped. A neonate's ______ focus best from about 1 foot away—just about the typical distance from the face of a person holding a newborn Binocular vision—the use of both eyes to focus, enabling perception of depth and distance—usually does not develop until 4 or 5 months their field of peripheral vision is very narrow; it more than doubles between 2 and 10 weeks and is well developed by 3 months Newborns blink at bright lights. The ability to follow a moving target also develops rapidly in the first months, as does color perception

Hearing sensory development

__________ is functional before birth; fetuses respond to sounds and seem to learn to recognize them. From an evolutionary perspective, early recognition of voices and language heard in the womb may lay the foundation for the relationship with the mother, which is critical to early survival _______________ discrimination develops rapidly after birth. Three-day-old infants can tell new speech _________ from those they have _________ before. In addition, infants as young as 2 days old were able to recognize a word they _________ up to a day earlier. At 1 month, babies can distinguish ________ as close as ba and pa

post-mature birth

a baby delivered after 42 weeks of gestation

What is activities are measured in the infant arousal states

eye activity breathing activity movement responsiveness to stimuli

variables that increase chances of low birth weight

mother is too young or too old uneducated and poor poor nutrition smoking and drinking

Parturition facts

brings on labor Two weeks before delivery Uterine contractions Cervix becomes flexible Stimulated by rising estrogen levels

Respiratory distress syndrome

common in preterm babies who lack an adequate amount of an essential lung-coating substance called surfactant, which keeps air sacs from collapsing. These babies may breathe irregularly or stop breathing altogether. Administering surfactant to high-risk preterm newborns has dramatically increased survival rates since 1994 as well as neurological and developmental status at 18 to 22 months. Since 2000 the percentage of extremely-low-birth-weight infants (about 1 to 2 pounds at birth) who survived without neurological impairment has increased further

Long term stress has what affect on a prenatal, neonatal, or infant child

considered to be extremely damaging

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment is used to assess responses to ____________ and to ______

environment predict future development

parturition is stimulated by what hormones level increasing or decreasing

estrogen levels rising

Dynamic Systems Theory (DST) is especially useful in the understanding of how movement does what?

develops and changes, and can provide insight into a child's readiness to acquire new motor abilities

SIDS is more common in what gender

female children

bottle feeding facts

formula needs to iron fortified does not reduce maternal child bonding Necessary for women with infectious illnesses

lanugo

fuzzy prenatal hair

meconium

green string fecal matter. a babies first defecation

pincer grasp

in which thumb and index finger meet at the tips to form a circle, making it possible to pick up tiny objects

pre 20th century birth was like

modest female only ritual midwive use was predominate Maternal and infant death rate were very high 1 in 4 infants died in the first year

long term outcomes of low birth weight

neurological and cognitive impairment lower academic achievement social, behavioral, and attention problems

children born with complications developed

normal unless in a consistently poor environment

Vernix caseosa

oily protection against infection

cesarean deliveries are often

over used done to satisfy insurance, hospital demands, and reduce hassle (in doctors eyes)

Denver Developmental Screening Test

used to chart progress between ages 1 month and 6 years and to identify children who are not developing normally. The test measures gross motor skills (those using large muscles), such as rolling over and catching a ball, fine motor skills (using small muscles), such as grasping a rattle and copying a circle. It also assesses language development (for example, knowing the definitions of words) personality and social development (such as smiling spontaneously and dressing without help).

birthing centers and hospitals now have

soft lights fathers or partner as coach baby stays in room longer with mom

the settings where birth occurs reflect what

the overall cultural system

Binocular vision

the use of both eyes to focus, enabling perception of depth and distance—usually does not develop until 4 or 5 months

A neonates vision is particularly?

their field of peripheral vision is very narrow; it more than doubles between 2 and 10 weeks and is well developed by 3 months

the layers of fat that develop during the last 2 months of gestation function is

to help regulate body temperature

electronic fetal monitoring

tracks the heart of the fetus during the delivery used in 89% of live births in the use in 2004

plasticity

(1) Range of modifiability of performance. (2) Modifiability, or "molding," of the brain through experience. __________ may be an evolutionary mechanism to enable adaptation to environmental change __________ enables learning. Individual differences in intelligence may reflect differences in the brain's ability to develop neural connections in response to experience. Early experience can have lasting effects on the capacity of the central nervous system to learn and store information

Who Is Likely to Have a Low-Birth-Weight Baby?

(1) demographic and socioeconomic factors, such as being African American, under age 17 or over 40, poor, unmarried, or undereducated, and being born in certain regions, such as the southern and plains states (2) medical factors predating the pregnancy, such as having no children or more than four, being short or thin, having had previous low-birth-weight infants or multiple miscarriages, having had low birth weight oneself, having particular genetic variants associated with higher risk , or having genital or urinary abnormalities or chronic hypertension; (3) prenatal behavioral and environmental factors, such as poor nutrition, inadequate prenatal care, smoking, use of alcohol or other drugs, or exposure to stress, high altitude, or toxic substances; (4) medical conditions associated with the pregnancy, such as vaginal bleeding, infections, high or low blood pressure, anemia, depression, and too little weight gain, and having last given birth fewer than 6 months or more than 5 years before (Conde-Agudelo, Rosas-Bermúdez, & Kafury-Goeta, 2006).

Reasons for the greater prevalence of low birth weight, preterm births, and infant mortality among African American babies include

(1) health behaviors and SES; (2) higher levels of stress in African American women; (3) greater susceptibility to stress; (4) the impact of racism, which may contribute to or exacerbate stress; (5) ethnic differences in stress-related body processes, such as blood pressure and immune reactions

cerebellum and development

(the part of the brain that maintains balance and motor coordination) grows fastest during the 1st year of life

Most of the neurons in the cortex are in place by ________ weeks of gestation, and its structure becomes fairly well-defined during the __________weeks.

20 weeks of gestation next 12 weeks.

The multiplication of dendrites and synaptic connections, especially during the last _______________________ and the first ________ to ___________ of life, accounts for much of the brain's growth and permits the emergence of new perceptual, cognitive, and motor abilities. As the neurons multiply, migrate to their assigned locations, and develop connections, they undergo the complementary processes of integration and differentiation.

2½ months of gestation and the first 6 months to 2 years of life,

Boys growth rate by year 3

3 more pounds by his ____ year, when he tips the scales at almost 34 pounds. gains 2½ inches during the ____ year (to approach 39 inches).

How long should a baby consume nothing but breast milk

6 months

Boys growth rate by 2 year

A boy typically gains about 5½ pounds by his ___ birthday (almost 30 lbs) height increases by 5 inches ( average __ year old = 3 feet tall)

postmature

A fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks after the due date or 42 weeks after the mother's last menstrual period.

Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Infant Mortality

Although infant mortality has declined for all races and ethnic groups in the United States, large disparities remain. Black babies are nearly 2½ times as likely to die in their 1st year as white and Hispanic babies (Figure 7). This disparity largely reflects the greater prevalence of low birth weight and SIDS among African Americans. Infant mortality among American Indians and Alaska Natives is about 1½ times that among white babies, mainly due to SIDS and fetal alcohol syndrome Within the Hispanic population, Puerto Rican infants are more than twice as likely to die as Cuban infants (Kung et al., 2008). Asian Americans, overall, are least likely to die in infancy, but Hawaiian infants are more than 3 times as likely to die as Chinese American babies Racial or ethnic disparities in access to and quality of health care for minority children (Flores, Olson, & Tomany-Korman, 2005) may help account for differences in infant mortality, but behavioral factors such as obesity, smoking, and alcohol consumption also play a part

Low birth weight statistics

An estimated 15 percent of all infants worldwide are born with ______________________, and the percentages are far greater in less economically developed countries. The true extent of low birth weight may be much higher because as many as 3 out of 4 newborns in the developing world are not weighed n the United States, 8.3 percent of infants born in 2006 were ______________________ babies—the highest percentage in four decades. In the same year, 12.8 percent of U.S. infants were preterm, 36 percent more than in the early 1980s. Much of the rise in ____________________and preterm births is likely due to delayed childbearing, multiple births, and use of fertility drugs and induced and cesarean deliveries; but __________________ and prematurity also have increased among single births

doula

An experienced mentor who furnishes emotional support and information for a woman during labor.

BREAST-FED BABIES

Are less likely to contract infectious illnesses such as diarrhea, respiratory infections, otitis media (an infection of the middle ear), and staphylococcal, bacterial, and urinary tract infections. Have a lower risk of SIDS and of postneonatal death. Have less risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Have better visual acuity, neurological development, and long-term cardiovascular health, including cholesterol levels. Are less likely to develop obesity, asthma, eczema, diabetes, lymphoma, childhood leukemia, and Hodgkin's disease. Are less likely to show language and motor delays. Score higher on cognitive tests at school age and into young adulthood. Have fewer cavities and are less likely to need braces.

Both male and female growth general fact

As a baby grows into a toddler, body shape and proportions change too; a 3-year-old typically is slender compared with a chubby, potbellied 1-year-old.

reflex behaviors

Automatic, involuntary, innate responses to stimulation.

Prenatal mom and child share what systems?

Before birth, blood circulation, respiration, nourishment, elimination of waste, and temperature regulation are accomplished through the mother's body. All these systems, with the exception of the lungs, are functioning to some degree by the time a full-term birth occurs, but the mother's own body systems are still involved and the fetus is not yet an independent entity. After birth, all of the baby's systems and functions must operate on their own. Most of the work of this transition occurs during the first 4 to 6 hours after delivery (Ferber & Makhoul, 2004).

Nuerons by the 2nd month of gestation

Beginning in the ____ month of gestation, an estimated 250,000 immature neurons are produced every minute through cell division (mitosis). At birth, most of the more than 100 billion neurons in a mature brain are already formed but are not yet fully developed. The number of neurons increases most rapidly between the 25th week of gestation and the first few months after birth. This cell proliferation is accompanied by a dramatic growth in cell size.

the two most important predictors of an infant's survival and health are

Birth weight and length of gestation

Boys growth rate by 5 months

By ________, the average U.S. baby boy's birth weight has doubled to nearly 16 pounds

neonatal jaundice

Condition of the build up of excess bilirubin, in many newborn babies, caused by immaturity of liver and evidenced by yellowish appearance; can cause brain damage if not treated promptly. their skin and eyeballs look yellow. This kind of ______________ is caused by the immaturity of the liver. Usually it is not serious, does not need treatment, and has no long-term effects. However, severe ___________ that is not monitored and treated promptly may result in brain damage.

Stillbirth

Death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation.

cesarean delivery

Delivery of a baby by surgical removal from the uterus.

The fetus have 2 seperate systems that interact through the unbilical cord, these systems are?

During pregnancy, the fetus and mother have separate circulatory systems and heartbeats. The fetus gets oxygen through the umbilical cord, which carries used blood to the placenta and returns a fresh supply. Once born, a neonate must take over this function fully.

BREAST-FEEDING MOTHERS

Enjoy quicker recovery from childbirth with less risk of postpartum bleeding. Are more likely to return to their prepregnancy weight and less likely to develop long-term obesity. Have reduced risk of anemia and almost no risk of repeat pregnancy while breast-feeding. Report feeling more confident and less anxious. Are less likely to develop osteoporosis or ovarian and premenopausal breast cancer.

States of Arousal in Infancy Regular sleep

Eyes- Closed; no eye movement Breathing- Regular and slow Movements-None, except for sudden, generalized startles Responsiveness- Cannot be aroused by mild stimuli. Newborns' sleep alternates between quiet (regular) and active (irregular) sleep

States of Arousal in Infancy Irregular sleep

Eyes- Closed; occasional rapid eye movements Breathing- Irregular Movements-Muscles twitch, but no major movements Responsiveness- Sounds or light bring smiles or grimaces in sleep. Active sleep is probably the equivalent of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which in adults is associated with dreaming. Active sleep appears rhythmically in cycles of about 1 hour and accounts for up to 50 percent of a newborn's total sleep time. The amount of REM sleep declines to less than 30 percent of daily sleep time by age 3 and continues to decrease steadily throughout life (Hoban, 2004).

States of Arousal in Infancy Alert inactivity

Eyes- Open Breathing- Even Movements- Quiet; may move head, limbs, and trunk while looking around Responsiveness- An interesting environment (with people or things to watch) may initiate or maintain this state.

States of Arousal in Infancy Waking activity and crying

Eyes- Open Breathing- Irregular Movements- Much activity Responsiveness- External stimuli (such as hunger, cold, pain, being restrained, or being laid down) bring about more activity, perhaps starting with soft whimpering and gentle movements and turning into a rhythmic crescendo of crying or kicking, or perhaps beginning and enduring as uncoordinated thrashing and spasmodic screeching

States of Arousal in Infancy Drowsiness

Eyes- Open or closed Breathing- Irregular Movements-Somewhat active Responsiveness- May smile, startle, suck, or have erections in response to stimuli.

neonatal

First 4 weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence.

Girls growth rate

Girls follow a similar pattern but are slightly smaller at most ages

Malnutrition's effect on development

In many low-income communities around the world, malnutrition in early life is widespread—and often fatal. Malnutrition is implicated in more than half of deaths of children globally, and many children are irreversibly damaged by age 2 (World Bank, 2006). Undernourished children who survive their first 5 years are at high risk for stunted growth and poor health and functioning throughout life.

preterm (premature) infants

Infants born before completing the 37th week of gestation.

small-for-date (small-for-gestational-age) infants

Infants whose birth weight is less than that of 90 percent of babies of the same gestational age, as a result of slow fetal growth

Protective factors

Influences that reduce the impact of potentially negative influences and tend to predict positive outcomes. (2) Influences that reduce the impact of early stress and tend to predict positive outcomes

anoxia define tell me the relation it has to LITERALLY just born neonate

Lack of oxygen, which may cause brain damage. Moreover, a newborn needs more oxygen than before. Most babies start to breathe as soon as they are exposed to air. The heartbeat at first is fast and irregular, and blood pressure does not stabilize until about 10 days after birth. If a neonate does not begin breathing within about 5 minutes, the baby may suffer permanent brain injury caused by anoxia, lack of oxygen, or hypoxia, a reduced oxygen supply.

electronic fetal monitoring

Mechanical monitoring of fetal heartbeat during labor and delivery.

natural childbirth

Method of childbirth that seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the mother's fear through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery.

prepared childbirth

Method of childbirth that uses instruction, breathing exercises, and social support to induce controlled physical responses to uterine contractions and reduce fear and pain.

kangaroo care

Method of skin-to-skin contact in which a newborn is laid face down between the mother's breasts for an hour or so at a time after birth.

neonate

Newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old. is about 20 inches long and weighs about 7½ pounds. At birth, 95 percent of full-term babies weigh between 5½ and 10 pounds and are between 18 and 22 inches long. Boys tend to be slightly longer and heavier than girls, and a firstborn child is likely to weigh less at birth than laterborns. In their first few days, neonates lose as much as 10 percent of their body weight, primarily because of a loss of fluids. They begin to gain weight again at about the 5th day and are generally back to birth weight by the 10th to the 14th day.

Very early signs of possible autism or related disorders include the following

No joyful gazing at a parent or caregiver No back-and-forth babbling between infant and parent (beginning about age 5 months) Not recognizing a parent's voice Failure to make eye contact Delayed onset of babbling (past 9 months) No or few gestures, such as waving or pointing Repetitive movements with objects No single words by 16 months No babbling, pointing, or other communicative gestures by 1 year No two-word phrases by 2 years Loss of language skills at any age

CAN A SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT OVERCOME EFFECTS OF BIRTH COMPLICATIONS?

Only seriously serious impaired if the children grew up in persistently poor circumstances. Unless the early damage was so serious as to require institutionalization In fact, they had fewer language, perceptual, emotional, and school problems than did children who had not experienced unusual stress at birth but who had received little intellectual stimulation or emotional support at home. The children who had been exposed to both birth-related problems and later stressful experiences had the worst health and the most delayed development Most remarkable is the resilience of children who escaped damage despite multiple sources of stress. Even when birth complications were combined with chronic poverty, family discord, divorce, or parents who were mentally ill, many children came through relatively unscathed. Of the 276 children who at age 2 had been identified as having four or more risk factors, two-thirds developed serious learning or behavior problems by age 10 or, by age 18, had become pregnant, gotten in trouble with the law, or become emotionally disturbed. Yet by age 30, one-third of these highly at-risk children had managed to become "competent, confident, and caring adults". Of the full sample, about half of those on whom the researchers were able to obtain follow-up data successfully weathered the age-30 and age-40 transitions. Women tended to be better adapted than men

When do pediatricians advise the introduction of solid foods

Pediatric experts recommend that iron-enriched solid foods—usually beginning with cereals—be introduced gradually during the second half of the 1st year. At this time, too, water may be introduced

proximodistal principle

Principle that development proceeds from within to without, that is, that parts of the body near the center develop before the extremities.

cephalocaudal principle

Principle that development proceeds in a head-to-tail direction, that is, that upper parts of the body develop before lower parts of the trunk.

differentiation

Process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions.

integration

Process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups.

myelination

Process of coating neural pathways with a fatty substance called myelin, which enables faster communication between cells. Done by Oligodendrendrites in the CNS Shwann cell's in the PNS

infant mortality rate

Proportion of babies born alive who die within the 1st year.

States of Arousal in Infancy (name each stage)

Regular sleep Irregular sleep Drowsiness Alert inactivity Waking activity and crying

Apgar scale

Standard measurement of a newborn's condition; it assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration.

Moro reflex tell me Stimulation Baby's Behavior Typical Age of Appearance Typical Age of Disappearance

Stimulation Baby is dropped or hears loud noise. Baby's Behavior Extends legs, arms, and fingers, arches back, draws back head. Typical Age of Appearance 7th month of gestation Typical Age of Disappearance 3 months

Walking reflex tell me Stimulation Baby's Behavior Typical Age of Appearance Typical Age of Disappearance

Stimulation Baby is held under arms, with bare feet touching flat surface. Baby's Behavior Makes steplike motions that look like well-coordinated walking. Typical Age of Appearance 1 month Typical Age of Disappearance 4 months

Tonic neck reflex tell me Stimulation Baby's Behavior Typical Age of Appearance Typical Age of Disappearance

Stimulation Baby is laid down on back. Baby's Behavior Turns head to one side, assumes fencer position, extends arm and leg on preferred side, flexes opposite limbs. Typical Age of Appearance 7th month of gestation Typical Age of Disappearance 5 month

Swimming reflex tell me Stimulation Baby's Behavior Typical Age of Appearance Typical Age of Disappearance

Stimulation Baby is put into water face down. Baby's Behavior Makes well-coordinated swimming movements. Typical Age of Appearance 1 month Typical Age of Disappearance 4 months

Rooting Reflex tell me Stimulation Baby's Behavior Typical Age of Appearance Typical Age of Disappearance

Stimulation Baby's cheek or lower lip is stroked with finger or nipple. Baby's Behavior Head turns; mouth opens; sucking movements begin. Typical Age of Appearance Birth Typical Age of Disappearance 9 months

Babkin reflex tell me Stimulation Baby's Behavior Typical Age of Appearance Typical Age of Disappearance

Stimulation Both of baby's palms are stroked at once. Baby's Behavior Mouth opens, eyes close, neck flexes, head tilts forward. Typical Age of Appearance Birth Typical Age of Disappearance 3 months

Darwinian (grasping) reflex tell me Stimulation Baby's Behavior Typical Age of Appearance Typical Age of Disappearance

Stimulation Palm of baby's hand is stroked. Baby's Behavior Makes strong fist; can be raised to standing position if both fists are closed around a stick. Typical Age of Appearance 7th month of gestation Typical Age of Disappearance 4 months

Babinski reflex tell me Stimulation Baby's Behavior Typical Age of Appearance Typical Age of Disappearance

Stimulation Sole of baby's foot is stroked. Baby's Behavior Toes fan out; foot twists in Typical Age of Appearance Birth Typical Age of Disappearance 4 months

lateralization

Tendency of each of the brain's hemispheres to have specialized functions. The left hemisphere is mainly concerned with language and logical thinking, the right hemisphere with visual and spatial functions such as map reading and drawing.

parturition

The act or process of giving birth.

why is the rate of cesarean delivery rapidly increasing

The increase in __________ rates is attributed largely to rising proportions of older first-time mothers, who tend to have multiple births, and of very premature infants (Martin, Hamilton, et al., 2010) for whom ____________ delivery significantly reduces the risk of dying during the 1st month of life (Malloy, 2008). Physicians' fear of malpractice suits and women's preferences also may play a part in the choice of ___________ deliveries (Ecker & Frigoletto, 2007; Martin, Hamilton, et al., 2009), as may the increased revenue hospitals generate when a woman has a cesarean rather than a vaginal birth.

Apgar scale scoring

The newborn is rated 0, 1, or 2 on each measure, for a maximum score of 10. A 5-minute score of 7 to 10—achieved by 98.4 percent of babies born in the United States—indicates that the baby is in good to excellent condition. A score below 5-7 means the baby needs help to establish breathing; a score below 4 means the baby needs immediate lifesaving treatment. If resuscitation is successful, bringing the baby's score to 4 or more at 10 minutes, no long-term damage is likely to result

cesarean delivery when is it used

The operation is commonly performed when labor progresses too slowly, when the fetus seems to be in trouble, or when the mother is bleeding vaginally. Often a __________ is needed when the fetus is in the breech position (feet or buttocks first) or in the transverse position (lying crosswise in the uterus) or when the head is too big to pass through the mother's pelvis.

Neonatal jaundice statistics when it is most likely to occur what type of baby gets it most baby's apearance complications

Three or four days after birth, about half of all babies (and a larger proportion of babies born prematurely) their skin and eyeballs look yellow. This kind of ______________ is caused by the immaturity of the liver. Usually it is not serious, does not need treatment, and has no long-term effects. However, severe ____________ that is not monitored and treated promptly may result in brain damage.

infant Deaths from Injuries

Unintentional _______ are the fifth leading cause of death in infancy in the United States and the third leading cause of death after the first 4 weeks, following SIDS and birth defects About 90 percent of all ______ deaths in infancy are due to one of four causes: suffocation, motor vehicle traffic, drowning, residential fires/burns Many of these accidental ________ occur at home. Some _______ reported as accidental may actually be inflicted by caregivers unable to cope with a crying baby.

low-birth-weight babies

Weight of less than 5½ pounds (2500 grams) at birth because of prematurity or being small- for-date.

Touch and Pain sensory development

________ is the first sense to develop, and for the first several months it is the most mature sensory system. When a newborn's cheek is stroked near the mouth, the baby responds by trying to find a nipple, an evolved survival mechanism the capacity for _______ perception may emerge during the third trimester of pregnancy. Newborns can and do feel _______, and they become more sensitive to it during the next few days.

Late term births

___________________ infants, delivered between 34 and 36 weeks' gestation, tend to weigh more and to fare better than those born earlier in gestation; but in comparison with full-term babies, they too are at greater risk of early death or adverse effects such as respiratory distress, hospitalization, and brain injuries.

Breast-feeding is inadvisable if

a mother is infected with the AIDS virus or any other infectious illness, if she has untreated active tuberculosis, if she has been exposed to radiation, or if she is taking any drug that would not be safe for the baby. The risk of transmitting HIV infection to an infant continues as long as an infected mother breast-feeds. However, by receiving treatment with nevirapine or with both nevirapine and zidovudine during the first 14 weeks of life, HIV-infected breast-feeding mothers can significantly reduce this risk

Asperger syndrome

a related to Autism but is a less severe disorder. Children with _____________ usually function at a higher level than children with autism. They have large vocabularies and stilted speech patterns, are often awkward and poorly coordinated, and may have restricted interests. Their odd or eccentric behavior makes social contacts difficult

Cesarean deliveries complications

carry risks of serious complications for the mother, such as bleeding, infection, damage to pelvic organs, and postoperative pain, and heighten risks of problems in future pregnancies (Ecker & Frigoletto, 2007). They also deprive the baby of important benefits of normal birth: the surge of hormones that clear the lungs of excess fluid, mobilize stored fuel to nourish cells, and send blood to the heart and brain. ____________ delivery also may negatively affect breast-feeding, which can influence bonding. Vaginal delivery also stimulates the release of oxytocin, a hormone involved in uterine contractions that stimulates maternal behavior in animals. There are indications that oxytocin may have similar effects in humans Oxytocin is involved in a variety of positive social interactions outside of the maternal relationship as well. For example, nasal sprays of oxytocin can help people who are low in social competence accurately read the emotions of others. Most physicians warn that a _____________ after ____________ (VBAC) should be attempted only with caution. VBACs have been associated with greater (though still low) risks of uterine rupture and brain damage as well as infant death . As the risks of such deliveries have become widely known, the rate of VBACs among U.S. women has fallen by 67 percent since 1996. Today, if a woman has had a _____________ delivery, chances are about 92 percent that any subsequent deliveries will be by cesarean

neonates (both boys and girls) at birth are how long (inches and cm) Weigh how much

is about 20 inches long and weighs about 7½ pounds. At birth, 95 percent of full-term babies weigh between 5½ and 10 pounds and are between 18 and 22 inches long. Boys tend to be slightly longer and heavier than girls, and a firstborn child is likely to weigh less at birth than laterborns. In their first few days, neonates lose as much as 10 percent of their body weight, primarily because of a loss of fluids. They begin to gain weight again at about the 5th day and are generally back to birth weight by the 10th to the 14th day.

The second stage Descent and Emergence of the Baby tell me how long What happens

descent and emergence of the baby, typically lasts up to an hour or two. It begins when the baby's head begins to move through the cervix into the vaginal canal, and it ends when the baby emerges completely from the mother's body.

preterm babies immediate concerns

die in infancy. undeveloped immune systems =especially vulnerable to infection, which has been linked to slowed growth and developmental delays nervous systems may be too immature for them to perform functions basic to survival, such as sucking, so they may need to be fed intravenously (through the veins). Feeding them breast milk can help prevent infection. Moreover, because they do not have enough fat to insulate them and to generate heat, it is hard for them to stay warm.

The third stage Expulsion of the Placenta tell me how long What happens

expulsion of the placenta, lasts between 10 minutes and 1 hour. During this stage, the placenta and the remainder of the umbilical cord are expelled from the mother.

parietal lobe

is involved with integrating sensory information from the body. It helps us move our bodies through space and manipulate objects in our world.

The first stage, dilation of the cervix, tell me how long What happens

is the longest, typically lasting 12 to 14 hours for a woman having her first child. In subsequent births, the first stage tends to be shorter. During this stage, regular and increasingly frequent uterine contractions—15 to 20 minutes apart at first—cause the cervix to shorten and dilate, or widen, in preparation for delivery. Toward the end of the first stage, contractions occur every 2 to 5 minutes. This stage lasts until the cervix is fully open (10 centimeters, or about 4 inches) so the baby can descend into the birth canal.

infant mortality rate statistics

fallen almost continuously since the beginning of the twentieth century, However, the rate plateaued from 2000 to 2006, More than half of U.S. infant deaths take place in the first week of life, and about two-thirds occur during the neonatal period Birth defects are the leading cause of infant deaths in the United States, followed by disorders related to prematurity or low birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), maternal complications of pregnancy, and complications of the placenta, umbilical cord, and membranes (Heron et al., 2009). In 2005, more than two-thirds of all deaths in infancy were of preterm babies, and more than half were of very preterm infants. In that same year, only 0.8 percent of U.S. infants were born weighing less than 1,000 grams (about 2 pounds), but they represented nearly half (48.2 percent) of all infant deaths (Mathews & MacDorman, 2008). The overall improvement in U.S. infant mortality rates since 1990 is attributable largely to prevention of SIDS as well as to effective treatment for respiratory distress and medical advances in keeping very small babies alive (Arias et al., 2003). Still, mainly because of the prevalence of preterm births and low birth weight, U.S. babies have less chance of reaching their 1st birthday than do babies in many other developed countries (MacDorman & Mathews, 2009). The U.S. infant mortality rate in 2008 was higher than in 44 countries worldwide (U.S. Census Bureau, 2009a; Figure 6).

children grow ____ during the first 3 years of life especially during the first few months, than they ever will again

faster

temporal lobe

helps us interpret smells and sounds and is involved in memory.

preterm baby long term concerns

increased risk of adult-onset diabetes, and small-for-gestational-age infants appear to be at increased risk of cardiovascular disease ___________ birth leads to heightened risk of death throughout childhood, diminished reproductive rates in adulthood, and, for women, increased risk of bearing ________ infants themselves the shorter the period of gestation, the greater the likelihood of cerebral palsy, mental retardation, autistic disorders, and low educational and job-related income levels A brain lipid called Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is not adequately developed in infants born before 33 weeks' gestation and can lead to impaired mental development. extremely low-birth-weight infants (about 1 to 2 pounds at birth) and infants born before 26 weeks of gestation, the survivors tend to be smaller than full-term children and more likely to have neurological, sensory, cognitive, educational, and behavioral problems those born at or before 25 weeks of gestation—especially boys—were about 5 times more likely to show serious behavior problems at age 6 than a control group who had not been born ___________, possibly because early separation from the mother affects the developing brain (Samara et al., 2008). The less low-birth-weight children weigh at birth, the lower their IQs and achievement test scores tend to be and the more likely they are to require special education or to repeat a grade Cognitive deficits, especially in memory and processing speed, have been noted among very-low-birth-weight babies (2 to 3½ pounds at birth) by age 5 or 6 months, continuing through childhood Very-low-birth-weight children and adolescents also tend to have more behavioral, mental health problems, impaired motor development2009).

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

is a neurological and behavioral test to measure a neonate's responses to the environment. It is used to help parents, health care providers, and researchers assess neonates' responsiveness to their physical and social environment, to identify strengths and possible vulnerabilities in neurological functioning, and to predict future development The test is suitable for infants up to 2 months old. It assesses motor organization, as shown by such behaviors as activity level and the ability to bring a hand to the mouth; reflexes; state changes, such as irritability, excitability, and ability to quiet down after being upset; attention and interactive capacities, as shown by general alertness and response to visual and auditory stimuli; and indications of central nervous system instability, such as tremors and changes in skin color. The ____ takes about 30 minutes, and scores are based on a baby's best performance.

occipital lobe

is the smallest of the four lobes and is primarily concerned with visual processing.

increases in breast-feeding in the United States are most notable in socioeconomic groups that historically have been?

less likely to breast-feed: black women, teenage women, poor women, working women, and those with no more than high school education, but many of these women do not continue breast-feeding. Postpartum maternity leave, flexible scheduling, the ability to take relatively frequent and extended breaks at work to pump milk, privacy for nursing mothers at work and at school, as well as education about the benefits of breast-feeding and availability of breast pumping facilities might increase its prevalence in these groups

fontanels

on Newborn infants areas on their heads where the bones of the skull do not meet. Many people refer to these holes as soft spots. Fontanels are covered by a tough membrane that allows for flexibility in shape, which eases the passage of the neonate through the vaginal canal. In fact, many vaginally delivered newborns have a misshaped skull for a few weeks after birth as a result of squeezing through the vaginal canal. Over time, the skull rounds out again to a more typical form. In the first 18 months of life, the plates of the skull gradually fuse together.

The brain at birth is only about ____________ of its adult volume?

one-fourth to one-third of its eventual adult volume (Toga, Thompson, & Sowell, 2006). By age 6, it is almost adult size, but specific parts of the brain continue to grow and develop functionally into adulthood. The brain's growth occurs in fits and starts called brain growth spurts. Different parts of the brain grow more rapidly at different times.

Neonatal distinctive features visually

pinkish cast- their skin is so thin that it barely covers the capillaries through which blood flows. lanugo- a fuzzy prenatal hair, has not yet fallen off. vernix caseosa ("cheesy varnish")- an oily protection against infection that dries within the first few days. Witch's milk- a secretion that sometimes leaks from the swollen breasts of newborn boys and girls around the 3rd day of life. Like the whitish or blood-tinged vaginal discharge of some newborn girls, this fluid emission results from high levels of the hormone estrogen, which is secreted by the placenta just before birth and goes away within a few days or weeks. A newborn, especially if premature, also may have swollen genitals.

Types of medicated pain relief used during labor

pudendal block- A woman may be given local (vaginal) anesthesia, usually during the second stage of labor or if forceps are used. analgesic (painkiller), which reduces the perception of pain by depressing the activity of the central nervous system regional (epidural or spinal) injections- which is injected into a space in the spinal cord between the vertebrae in the lumbar (lower) region, blocks the nerve pathways that would carry the sensation of pain to the brain. Epidurals given early can shorten lab or with no added risk of needing cesarean delivery

postural reflexes:

reactions to changes in position or balance As the higher brain centers become active during the first 2 to 4 months, infants begin to show postural reflexes

Autism

severe disorder of brain functioning characterized by lack of normal social interaction, impaired communication, repetitive movements, and a highly restricted range of activities and interests. ______ may involve a lack of coordination between different regions of the brain needed for complex tasks. Postmortem studies have found fewer neurons in the amygdala in the brains of people who had ______. People with _________ also show deficits in executive function and theory of mind

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

sometimes called crib death, is the ___________________ of an infant under age 1 in which the cause of _______ remains unexplained after a thorough investigation that includes an autopsy. _________ is the leading cause of postneonatal infant death in the United States suspected causes: Research strongly supports a relationship between ______ and sleeping on the stomach. defects in the brain stem, which regulates breathing, heartbeat, body temperature, and arousal. These defects may prevent ______ babies who are sleeping face down or on their sides from waking or turning their heads when they breathe stale air containing carbon dioxide trapped under their blankets. low levels of serotonin may not awaken under conditions of oxygen deprivation and carbon dioxide buildup Doctors recommend that infants not sleep on soft surfaces, such as pillows, quilts, or sheepskin, or under loose covers, which, especially when the infant is face down, may increase the risk of overheating or rebreathing

meconium

the dark green substance forming the first feces of a newborn infant. During the first few days infants secrete ______________, a stringy, greenish-black waste matter formed in the fetal intestinal tract. When the bowels and bladder are full, the sphincter muscles open automatically; a baby will not be able to control these muscles for many months.

cerebrum and development

the largest part of the brain, is divided into right and left halves, or hemispheres, each with specialized functions. This specialization of the hemispheres is called lateralization. The left hemisphere is mainly concerned with language and logical thinking, the right hemisphere with visual and spatial functions such as map reading and drawing. The regions of the cerebral cortexx (the outer surface of the ________) that govern vision, hearing, and other sensory information grow rapidly in the first few months after birth and are mature by age 6 months, but the areas of the frontal cortex responsible for abstract thought, mental associations, remembering, and deliberate motor responses grow very little during this period and remain immature for several years

frontal lobes

the newest region of the brain, are involved with a variety of higher-order processes, such as goal setting, inhibition, reasoning, planning, and problem solving.

Teething

usually begins around 3 or 4 months, when infants begin grabbing almost everything in sight to put into their mouths; but the first ______ may not actually arrive until sometime between 5 and 9 months, or even later. By the 1st birthday, babies generally have 6 to 8 _____; by age 2½, they have a ________ of 20.