High Middle Ages

Vernacular

"everyday homeland language" Some scholars used this in their writings during the High Middle Ages Lots of people couldn't understand Latin, so writings in vernacular brought literature to many people

Saladin

(1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem

Guilds

-Business group formed by workers in the same occupation to promote their interests. -Were common in medieval Europe between the 11th and 16th centuries -Carpenters, weavers, painters, goldsmiths, hat makers, etc. -Established a standard quality and price of work and provided day labor and wages for journeymen

Immediate effects of the Crusades

-Failure of later crusades weakened Pope's power and feudal nobility (many knights lost their lives and fortunes) -Crusades stimulated trade between Europe and Southwest Asia

Three-field system

-Farmers would use 2/3s of their land while ⅓ of land would be unused -Helped avoid exhausting the soil, more efficient than the two-field system b/c the farmers were using more land -Caused increase in food/resources which also caused an increase in population.

Impact of the Hundred Years' War

-Gave both countries a sense of nationalism, "fighting for the country" -Strengthened French monarch and English parliament Can be considered end of Middle Ages, b/c... - Faith in religion died b/c of Great Schism, display of wealth by Church, and the discrediting of Church during bubonic plague - Chivalry died because of its failure against longbows in the battles

What did the Magna Carta guarantee?

-Guaranteed certain basic political rights -Nobles wanted to create their own feudal rights and limit king's power basic rights: no taxation without representation, a jury trial, and protection of law

Financial Revolution in England

-Increased trade with guilds created a need for a lot of cash and borrowing money -Church forbade Christians from lending money at an interest, so many Jews were moneylenders in Europe -Over time, Church relaxed rules on usury Banks became important businesses

Lasting Legacies of the Crusades

-Led the Byzantine Empire to collapse -Drained resources from Europe and didn't take them out of the Middle Ages -Prejudice by Christians left behind legacy of bitterness and hatred, relations with Christians and Jews worsened, effects still seen today

How did the success of the Mongol state help the Black Death spread?

-Mongols' success led to a period of peace, the Pax Mongolica -Allowed more trade routes to develop and flourish -Mongols ensured that the trade routes were safe and successful -The flourishing of trade allowed disease to spread on those routes

Antisemitism during the black death

-People looked for someone to blame for the plague, blamed the Jews, who were accused of poisoning the wells -Jews were driven from homes and killed

How did the black death spread and why did the spread continue?

-Rats moved into houses and spread it through their fleas -Medicine of 14th century stood no chance against the bubonic plague -Crowded, damp, and poorly sanitized streets of Europe couldn't contain the outbreak -People had no idea why or how the plague was spreading and killing people

Process of getting into a guild (becoming a master)

-To become a master, children were taught by masters for 5 to 9 years (as an apprentice) -Apprentice then became a journeyman to work for wages -Journeyman made an item of their craft called a "master piece" -If the item qualified for guild standards they were accepted into the guild as masters

How much of Europe died from the Black Death?

1/3 of the population

3rd Crusade and its goal

1187-1192 Saladin captures Jerusalem in 1187, 3rd Crusade was to recapture Jerusalem

Avignon and the Great Schism

3 popes with different capitals for Catholicism led to chaos in the Christian world, with people not knowing which to believe in, the three all resigned and a single new pope was chosen

Pilgrimage

A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes. The Pope made the Crusades seem like a pilgrimage because war wasn't accepted in Christianity

Burghers

A member of the middle class who lived in a city or town

(KAHOOT) How did the schism of 1378 end?

All three popes resigned and a new one was chosen

Council of Clermont

An assembly heard the a speech given by Pope Urban II basically he convinced a bunch of church people to convince others to fight in the Crusade

(KAHOOT) What was most responsible for outbreak of plague?

Asian trade routes

What were the 3 successful battles for the English during the Hundred Years' War?

Battle of Crecy Battle of Poitier Battle of Agincourt All 3 were successful because of the longbow easily taking out French calvalry

(KAHOOT) Which didn't contribute to the end of the Middle Ages?

Battle of Hastings (the only option we didn't learn about)

Where did the Black Death originate? How did it get to Europe?

Began in Asia, spread to and throughout Europe through trade routes

Outcome of the Reconquista

By 1400s, Christian army got most of Spain, Muslims only held Granada, eventually got Granada too -To unify power, Isabella and Ferdinand used inquisition Questioned and tortured people who had different beliefs from the Church (like Jews) -1492: monarchs expelled all practicing Jews and Muslims from Spain (same time they took Granada)

Outcome of the First Crusade

Captured holy land from Edessa to Jerusalem after a month of fighting states were then very vulnerable to Muslim attack

(KAHOOT) Who did the crusaders fight in the 4th crusade?

Christians in Constantinople (one of the reason the Byzantine empire fell)

(KAHOOT) Most important effect of Hundred Years' War

Created a sense of national identity in French and Europe

(KAHOOT) Which was not an effect of the HYW?

Decreased power of church

Outcome of 4th Crusade

Didn't make it to Jerusalem, it ended in Constantinople because the knights looted this city. Caused split between Church in east (capital Constantinople) and Church in west (capital Rome), split eventually became permanent

(KAHOOT) What was the cause of the Hundred Years' War?

Dispute over who gets the throne of France

(KAHOOT) What basic right is contained in Magna Carta?

Due process of law

Long Bow

During the Hundred Years' War, the longbow was utilized by the English to hit enemies at distance. Success of the longbow led to the end of chivalric warfare and the medieval knight.

Richard the Lion-Hearted

English king, leader of the Third Crusade, agreed to a truce with Saladin

What was the goal of the Reconquista?

For the Christians to drive the Muslims out of Spain (Muslims had controlled Spain for a while) Christian Kings told knights that they were taking back land that had been taken by the Muslims to motivate them to fight

Joan of Arc

French peasant girl who believed heavenly voices spoke to her, told her to drive English out of France and give crown to Charles VI's son Motivated the French Army to fight harder in the Hundred Years' War and led them to victory Captured and given to English in 1431. Tied to stake and burned to death in b/c they thought she was a witch

Model Parliament

In 1295: knights, burgesses, bishops, and lords met at Westminster, London to discuss taxes or something with the King Its makeup served as model for later parliaments

(KAHOOT) What helped to revive trade in Europe?

Increase in food supply

(KAHOOT) Why is the Magna Carta important?

It limits the power of the English king

Who was the Magna Carta created for?

It was first created for the nobles of England, but over centuries the rights spread down the lower classes

(KAHOOT) What city were the Christians trying to take over in the crusades?

Jerusalem

Holy Land

Jerusalem and other places in Palestine where Christians believe Jesus had lived and preached The most important Crusades were trying to take back the Holy Land from the Turks

(KAHOOT) Who helps the French win the hundred years war?

Joan of Arc

Parliament

King called knights, burgesses, nobles, and bishops for discussion whenever new tax was needed Parliament put check on royal power and became stronger over time

(KAHOOT) Which groups power decreased because of the Crusades?

Lords

(KAHOOT) Whose rights was the Magna Carta intended to protect?

Lords (trickles down to lower classes later but takes a while)

Political effects of Black Death

Lords could no longer control land-owning peasants or fill their demands Feudalism died out -Peasants + middle class gain power -Lords lose power -Kings gain power

Nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to a country, fighting for a country rather than a single ruler People felt this as a result of the Hundred Years' War

(KAHOOT) Who forced king John to sign the Magna Carta?

Nobles

(KAHOOT) What was the effect of the schism of 1378?

People lost confidence in the Church

Reason for 4th Crusade

Pope Innocent III wanted another Crusade to Jerusalem (after the Muslims won Jerusalem and made the truce with the Christians)

Pope Urban II

Pope who called for the first crusade to reclaim Jerusalem from the Muslims

(KAHOOT) What was an affect of the crusades on Western Europe?

Revival of trade

Who led the Christians in the Third Crusade? Who led the Muslims?

Richard the Lion-hearted led the Christians Saladin led the Muslims

Why was the first crusade successful?

Rivalries between Muslim groups allowed the Christians to win (muslim groups didn't want to help each other, sunni-shia divide)

(KAHOOT) What was an effect of the Black Death?

Serfs were freed

(KAHOOT) Which of these was a function of the guild?

Set quality standards

(KAHOOT) What was the role of the guild?

Setting rules for business, job training, taking care of their members (all of the above)

Economic effects of Black Death

Short term: -Fewer people to work (labor shortage) -serfs left manor for better system and serfs who stayed demanded higher payment -Financial business disrupted, debtors died, no one to collect money from -Trade declined Long term: -Lords eventually sold land to peasants, peasants became richer -Manorialism died out -Towns were desperate for workers, offer higher wages

Social effects of Black Death

Short term: -People abandoned their friends and family, fled cities and isolated -People tried to fight the plague with prayer -Society was very chaotic Long term: -Faith in religion decreased after plagues (prayer failed to prevent sickness) -Religion also became divided (Jews + Christians) -Migration of peasants to cities -Authority of Church divides

(KAHOOT) How did a journeyman become a master craftsman?

Submitting a masterpiece to the guild

Why did the First Crusade start?

The Byzantine Emperor asked Pope Urban II for help to fight against the Turks, because the Turks were threatening to conquer Constantinople, the Byzantine capital The Pope saw this as a way to unite Europe under his rule and helped

Edward III

The English guy who started the Hundred Years War

How did the Pope motivate the Christians to fight in the First Crusade?

The Pope told the crusaders they were doing it for their religion, Also told people they would get into heaven if they died on the Crusade

2nd Crusade

The Turks conquered Edessa in 1114, the 2nd Crusade was trying to take it back Failed

Papacy

The authority of the Pope

Why was the Magna Carta created?

The nobles of England didn't like King John, the Magna Carta was created to limit the king's power.

(KAHOOT) Which statement about the crusades is not true?

They were successful militarily

What was the goal of the first Crusades (and later Crusades)?

To recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslim turks

Outcome of the 3rd Crusade

Truce between Richard the Lion-Hearted and Saladin; Jerusalem remained in Muslim control and Saladin promised that unarmed Christian pilgrims could visit the city's holy places

(KAHOOT) What led to the schism of 1378?

Two popes

(KAHOOT) Which of these is not a step in the guild trying process?

Vassal

Hundred Years War

War between France and Britain, lasted 116 years, mostly a time of peace, but it was punctuated by times of brutal violence (1337 to 1453)

Reasons for and causes of the creation of towns

Warmer weather --> more land available to farm on --> need for more efficient farming (ex. use of horses for plowing and three field system) led to more food --> increased population --> trade flourished --> towns became very popular and manorialism became less

(KAHOOT) Which crusade was successful?

first, then lost Jerusalem which causes other crusades

Was the first Crusade well prepared for?

no. -Knew very little about geography, climate, or culture of the Holy Land -Had no strategy -Nobles argued, couldn't agree on a leader -Had not set up supply lines

(KAHOOT) Why did pope call the first crusade?

to defend Constantinople (gets letter from Byzantine emperor asking for assistance)