Hinkle Chapter 30: Assessment and Management of Patients With Vascular Disorders and Problems of Peripheral Circulation

A nurse is reviewing self-care measures for a client with peripheral vascular disease. Which statement indicates proper self-care measures?

"I have my wife look at the soles of my feet each day" A client with peripheral vascular disease should examine his feet daily for redness, dryness, or cuts. If a client isn't able to do this examination on his own, then a caregiver or family member should help him. A client with peripheral vascular disease should avoid hot tubs because decreased sensation in the feet may make him unable to tell if the water is too hot. The client should always wear shoes or slippers on his feet when he is out of bed to help minimize trauma to the feet. Any type of nicotine, whether it's from cigarettes or smokeless tobacco, can cause vasoconstriction and further decrease blood supply to the extremities.

A client with peripheral arterial disease asks the nurse about using a heating pad to warm the feet. The nurse's best response is which of the following?

"It is better to put the heating pad on your abdomen, which causes vasodilation and warmth to your feet." It is safer to apply a heating pad to the abdomen, causing a reflex vasodilation in the extremities. Heat may be applied directly to ischemic extremities; however, the temperature of the heating source must not exceed body temperature. Excess heat may increase the metabolic rate of the extremities and increase the need for oxygen beyond that provided by the reduced arterial flow through the diseased artery.

The nurse is assisting a patient with peripheral arterial disease to ambulate in the hallway. What should the nurse include in the education of the patient during ambulation?

"Walk to the point of pain, rest until the pain subsides, then resume ambulation." The nurse instructs the patient to walk to the point of pain, rest until the pain subsides, and then resume walking so that endurance can be increased as collateral circulation develops. Pain can serve as a guide in determining the appropriate amount of exercise.

A nurse is teaching a client who will soon be discharged with a prescription for warfarin (Coumadin). Which statement should the nurse include in discharge teaching?

"don't take aspirin while you're taking warfarin" Because aspirin decreases platelet aggregation and interferes with clotting, concomitant use of aspirin with warfarin, an anticoagulant, may lead to excessive anticoagulant effects — and bleeding. Warfarin therapy is most effective with consistent dietary intake of vitamin K. Increase intake of foods rich in vitamin K, such as broccoli, could change the client's warfarin dose requirements. Although warfarin interrupts the normal clotting cycle, it doesn't dissolve clots that have already formed. The client should take warfarin exactly as ordered to maintain the desired level of anticoagulation. Doubling a dose could cause bleeding.

In a client with a bypass graft, the distal outflow vessel must have at least what percentage patency for the graft to remain patent?

50 The distal outflow vessel must be at least 50% patent for the graft to remain patent.

A nursing instructor is discussing the diagnosis of intermittent claudication with students. To determine whether the students understand the pathophysiology of the disease, the instructor asks, "What percentage of the arterial lumen must be obstructed before intermittent claudication is experienced?" What answer should the students give?

50 Typically, about 50% of the arterial lumen or 75% of the cross-sectional area must be obstructed before intermittent claudication is experienced.

Approximately what percentage of the arterial lumen must be obstructed before intermittent claudication is experienced?

50 Typically, about 50% of the arterial lumen or 75% of the cross-sectional area must be obstructed before intermittent claudication is experienced.

A client in the emergency department states, "I have always taken a morning walk, but lately my leg cramps and hurts after just a few minutes of walking. The pain goes away after I stop walking, though." Based on this statement, which priority assessment should the nurse complete?

Attempt to palpate the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses. Intermittent claudication is a sign of peripheral arterial insufficiency. The nurse should assess for other clinical manifestations of peripheral arterial disease in a client who describes intermittent claudication. A thorough assessment of the client's skin color and temperature and the character of the peripheral pulses are important in the diagnosis of arterial disorders.

A client is recovering from surgical repair of a dissecting aortic aneurysm. Which assessment findings indicate possible bleeding or recurring dissection?

Blood pressure of 82/40 mm Hg and heart rate of 125 beats/minute Assessment findings that indicate possible bleeding or recurring dissection include hypotension with reflex tachycardia (as evidenced by a blood pressure of 82/40 mm Hg and a heart rate of 125 beats/minute), decreased urine output, and unequal or absent peripheral pulses. Hematuria, increased urine output, and bradycardia aren't signs of bleeding from aneurysm repair or recurring dissection.

Which of the following is accurate regarding the effects of nicotine and tobacco smoke on the body? Select all that apply.

Causes vasospasm Reduces circulation to the extremities Impairs transport and cellular use of oxygen Increases blood viscosity Nicotine from tobacco products causes vasospasm and can dramatically reduce circulation to the extremities. Tobacco smoke also impairs transport and cellular use of oxygen and increases blood viscosity.

Which of the following are indications of a rupturing aortic aneurysm? Select all that apply.

Constant, intense back pain Decreasing blood pressure Decreasing hematocrit Indications of a rupturing abdominal aneurysm include constant, intense back pain; falling blood pressure; and decreasing hematocrit.

The most common site of aneurysm formation is in the:

abdominal aorta just below the renal arteries About 75% of aneurysms occur in the abdominal aorta, just below the renal arteries (Debarked type I aneurysms). Debarked type II aneurysms occur in the aortic arch around the ascending and descending aorta, whereas Debarked type III aneurysms occur in the descending aorta, beyond the subclavian arteries.

The nurse explains to a patient that the primary cause of a varicose vein is:

an incompetent venous valve Varicose veins are abnormally dilated, tortuous, superficial veins caused by incompetent venous valves.

A client reports pain and cramping in the thigh when climbing stairs and numbness in the legs after exertion. Which diagnostic test with the physician likely perform right in the office to determine PAD?

ankle brachial index The client's symptoms indicate possible peripheral artery disease (PAD). The ankle-brachial index is a simple, noninvasive test used for this diagnosis. An exercise electrocardiography may be ordered for a client with possible CAD. An EBCT is a radiologic test that produces x-rays of the coronary arteries using an electron beam. It is used to diagnose for CAD. Clients with suspected venous insufficiency will undergo photoplethysmography, a diagnostic test that measures light that is not absorbed by hemoglobin and consequently is reflected back to the machine.

To assess the dorsalis pedis artery, the nurse would use the tips of three fingers and apply light pressure to the:

anterior surface of the foot near the ankle joint The dorsalis pedis pulse can be palpated on the dorsal surface of the foot distal to the major prominence of the navicular bone.

A home health nurse is seeing an elderly female client for the first time. During the physical assessment of the client's feet, the nurse notes several circular ulcers around the tips of the toes on both feet. The bases of the ulcers are pale, and the client reports the ulcers to be very painful. From these assessment findings, the nurse suspects that the cause of the ulcers is which of the following?

arterial insufficiency Characteristics of arterial insufficiency ulcers include location at the tips of the toes, extreme painfulness, and circular shape with pale to black ulcer bases. Ulcers caused by venous insufficiency will be irregular in shape, minimal pain if superficial (can be painful), and usually located around the ankles or the anterior tibial area.

The nurse teaches the client with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) to refrain from smoking because nicotine

causes vasospasm Nicotine causes vasospasm and can thereby dramatically reduce circulation to the extremities. Nicotine has stimulant effects. Nicotine does not suppress cough; rather, smoking irritates the bronchial tree, causing coughing. Nicotine does not cause diuresis.

Health teaching includes advising patients on ways to reduce PAD. The nurse should always emphasize that the strongest risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic lesions is:

cigarette smoking Nicotine decreases blood flow, increases heart rate and blood pressure, and increases the risk for clot formation by increasing platelet aggregation. Smokers have a four-fold higher risk of developing pain from arterial disease than nonsmokers. Carbon monoxide, produced by burning tobacco, combines with hemoglobin more readily than oxygen, thus depriving tissues of oxygen.

Health teaching for a patient diagnosed with Raynaud's phenomenon would include advising the patient to avoid the most common factor known to trigger episodes. Which of the following is the most common factor?

cold and stress The most common trigger for Raynaud's phenomenon is cold and stress. Vibration can be an irritant that should be minimized or eliminated.

A health care provider wants a cross-sectional image of the abdomen to evaluate the degree of stenosis in a patient's left common iliac artery. The nurse knows to prepare the patient for which of the following?

computer tomography angiography (CTA) A CTA is used to visualize arteries and veins and help assess for stenosis and occlusion.

A client is hospitalized for repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The nurse must be alert for signs and symptoms of aneurysm rupture and thus looks for which of the following?

constant, intense pack pain and falling blood pressure Indications of a rupturing abdominal aortic aneurysm include constant, intense back pain; falling blood pressure; and decreasing hematocrit.

The most important reason for a nurse to encourage a client with peripheral vascular disease to initiate a walking program is that this form of exercise:

decreases venous congestion Regular walking is the best way to decrease venous congestion because using the leg muscles as a pump helps return blood to the heart. Regular exercise also aids in stress reduction and weight reduction and increases the formation of HDLs — which are all beneficial to a client with peripheral vascular disease. However, these changes don't have as significant an effect on the client's condition as decreasing venous congestion.

As the clinic nurse caring for a client with varicose veins, what is an appropriate nursing action for this client?

demonstrate how to apply and remove elastic supportive stockings The nurse demonstrates how to apply and remove elastic support stockings. Varicose veins do not require the nurse to demonstrate how to self-administer IV infusions. Varicose veins require the client to elevate legs regularly and perform leg exercises. However, it does not involve bleeding or skin lesions.

The nurse assessing a client who has arterial insufficiency of the legs and an ulcer on the left great toe would expect to find which characteristic?

diminished or absent pulses Occlusive arterial disease impairs blood flow and can reduce or obliterate palpable pulsations in the extremities. A diminished or absent pulse is a characteristic of arterial insufficiency.

Which statement is accurate regarding Reynaud disease?

episodes may be triggered by unusual sensitivity to cold Episodes of Reynaud disease may be triggered by emotional factors or by unusual sensitivity to cold. The disease is most common in women between 16 and 40 years of age. It is generally unilateral and affects only one or two digits.

Which class of medication lyses and dissolves thrombi?

fibrinolytic Thrombolytic (fibrinolytic) therapy lyses and dissolves thrombi in 50% of clients. Anticoagulants, platelet inhibitors, and factor XA inhibitors do not lyse or dissolve thrombi.

A nurse is instructing a client about using antiembolism stockings. Antiembolism stockings help prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) by:

forcing blood into the deep venous system Antiembolism stockings prevent DVT by forcing blood into the deep venous system, instead of allowing blood to pool. Ambulation prevents blood from pooling and prevents DVT, but encouraging ambulation isn't a function of the stockings. Antiembolism stockings could possibly provide warmth, but this factor isn't how they prevent DVT. Elevating the extremity decreases edema but doesn't prevent DVT.

A client is receiving enoxaparin and warfarin therapy for a venous thromboembolism (VTE). Which laboratory value indicates that anticoagulation is adequate and enoxaparin can be discontinued?

international normalized ratio (INR) is 2.5 Oral anticoagulants such as warfarin are monitored by PT or the INR. Because the full anticoagulant effect of warfarin is delayed for 3 to 5 days, it is usually administered concurrently with heparin until desired anticoagulation has been achieved (i.e., when the PT is 1.5 to 2 times normal or the INR is 2.0 to 3.0)

Providing postoperative care to a patient who has percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), with insertion of a stent, for a femoral artery lesion, includes assessment for the most serious complication of:

hemorrhage All choices are serious and require medical/surgical intervention. However, hemorrhage is the most serious complication that requires immediate attention.

A client in the ED has a 5-cm thoracic aortic aneurysm that was discovered during a routine chest x-ray. When obtaining the client's history, which symptoms will it be most important for the nurse to ask about?

hoarse voice and difficulty swallowing Symptoms are dyspnea, the result of pressure of the aneurysm sac against the trachea, a main bronchus, or the lung itself; cough, frequently paroxysmal and with a brassy quality; hoarseness, stridor, or weakness or complete loss of the voice (aphonia), resulting from pressure against the laryngeal nerve; and dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) due to impingement of the aneurysm on the esophagus.

The nurse is caring for a patient who has started anticoagulant therapy with warfarin (Coumadin). When does the nurse understand that therapeutic benefits will begin?

in 3 to 5 days Oral anticoagulants, such as warfarin, are monitored by the PT or the INR. Because the full anticoagulant effect of warfarin is delayed for 3 to 5 days, it is usually administered concurrently with heparin until desired anticoagulation has been achieved (i.e., when the PT is 1.5 to 2 times normal or the INR is 2.0 to 3.0) (Holbrook et al., 2012).

A client with no known history of peripheral vascular disease comes to the emergency department complaining of sudden onset of lower leg pain. Inspection and palpation reveal absent pulses; paresthesia; and a mottled, cyanotic, cold, and cadaverous left calf. While the physician determines the appropriate therapy, the nurse should:

keep the affected leg level or slightly dependent While the physician makes treatment decisions, the nurse should maintain the client on bed rest, keeping the affected leg level or slightly dependent (to aid circulation) and protecting it from pressure and other trauma. Warming the leg with a heating pad (or chilling it with an ice pack) would further compromise tissue perfusion and increase injury to the leg. Elevating the leg would worsen tissue ischemia. Shaving an ischemic leg could cause accidental trauma from cuts or nicks.

Which observation regarding ulcer formation on the client's lower extremity indicates to the nurse that the ulcer is a result of venous insufficiency?

large and superficial Ulcerations are in the area of the medial or lateral malleolus (gaiter area) and are typically large, superficial, and highly exudative. Superficial venous insufficiency ulcers cause minimal pain. The base of a venous insufficiency ulcer shows a beefy red to yellow fibrinous color.

Clinical symptoms of PAD are manifested in organs or muscle groups supplied by specific arterial blood flow. The posterior tibial artery is a major artery that is a common site for occlusion.

left calf circumference 1" (2.5 cm) larger than the right. Signs of DVT include inflammation and edema in the affected extremity, causing its circumference to exceed that of the opposite extremity. Pallor, coolness, decreased pulse, and hair loss in an extremity signal interrupted arterial blood flow, which doesn't occur in DVT.

With a severe degree of peripheral arterial insufficiency, leg pain during rest can be reduced by:

lowering the limb so that it is dependent Lowering the extremity to a dependent position improves perfusion to the distal tissues.

A client is diagnosed with peripheral arterial disease. Review of the client's chart shows an ankle-brachial index (ABI) on the right of 0.45. This indicates that the right foot has which of the following?

moderate to severe arterial insufficiency Normal people without arterial insufficiency have an ABI of about 1.0. Those with an ABI of *0.95 to 0.5* have mild to moderate arterial insufficiency. Those with an ABI of less than 0.50 have ischemic rest pain. Those with tissue loss have severe ischemia and an ABI of 0.25 or less.

A nurse is caring for a client following an arterial vascular bypass graft in the leg. What should the nurse plan to assess over the next 24 hours?

peripheral pulses every 15 minutes after surgery The primary objective in the postoperative period is to maintain adequate circulation through the arterial repair. Pulses, Doppler assessment, color and temperature, capillary refill, and sensory and motor function of the affected extremity are checked and compared with those of the other extremity; these values are recorded initially every 15 minutes and then at progressively longer intervals if the client's status remains stable.

A patient complains of a "stabbing pain and a burning sensation" in his left foot. The nurse notices that the foot is a lighter color than the rest of the skin. The artery that the nurse suspects is occluded would be the:

posterior tibial Clinical symptoms of PAD are manifested in organs or muscle groups supplied by specific arterial blood flow. The posterior tibial artery is a major artery that is a common site for occlusion.

While receiving heparin to treat a pulmonary embolus, a client passes bright red urine. What should the nurse do first?

prepare to administer protamine sulfate Frank hematuria indicates excessive anticoagulation and bleeding — and heparin overdose. The nurse should discontinue the heparin infusion immediately and prepare to administer protamine sulfate, the antidote for heparin. Decreasing the heparin infusion rate wouldn't prevent further bleeding. Although the nurse should continue to monitor PTT, this action should occur later. An I.V. infusion of D5W may be administered, but only after protamine has been given.

A postoperative client is receiving heparin after developing thrombophlebitis. The nurse monitors the client carefully for bleeding and other adverse effects of heparin. If the client starts to exhibit signs of excessive bleeding, the nurse should expect to administer an antidote that is specific to heparin. Which agent fits this description?

protamine sulfate Protamine sulfate is the antidote specific to heparin. Phytonadione (vitamin K) is the antidote specific to oral anticoagulants such as warfarin. (Heparin isn't given orally.) Thrombin is a hemostatic agent used to control local bleeding. Plasma protein fraction, a blood derivative, supplies colloids to the blood and expands plasma volume; it's used to treat clients who are in shock.

A female client is readmitted to the facility with a warm, tender, reddened area on her right calf. Which contributing factor should the nurse recognize as most important?

recent pelvic surgery The client shows signs of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The pelvic area has a rich blood supply, and thrombophlebitis of the deep veins is associated with pelvic surgery. Aspirin, an antiplatelet agent, and an active walking program help decrease the client's risk of DVT. In general, diabetes mellitus is a contributing factor associated with peripheral vascular disease.

Which of the following is the most effective intervention for preventing progression of vascular disease?

risk factor modification Risk factor modification is the most effective intervention for preventing progression of vascular disease. Measures to prevent tissue loss and amputation are a high priority. Patients are taught to avoid trauma; wear sturdy, well-fitting shoes or slippers; and use pH neutral soaps and body lotions.

A physician admits a client to the health care facility for treatment of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. When planning this client's care, which goal should the nurse keep in mind as she formulates interventions?

stabilizing heart rate and blood pressure and easing anxiety For a client with an aneurysm, nursing interventions focus on preventing aneurysm rupture by stabilizing heart rate and blood pressure. Easing anxiety also is important because anxiety and increased stimulation may raise the heart rate and boost blood pressure, precipitating aneurysm rupture. The client with an abdominal aortic aneurysm is typically hypertensive, so the nurse should take measures to lower blood pressure, such as administering antihypertensive agents, as ordered, to prevent aneurysm rupture. To sustain major organ perfusion, the client should maintain a mean arterial pressure of at least 60 mm Hg. Although the nurse must assess each client's mobility individually, most clients need bed rest when initially attempting to gain stability.

A nurse is providing education about the prevention of arterial constriction to a client with peripheral arterial disease. Which of the following includes priority information the nurse would give to the client?

stop smoking Nicotine from tobacco products causes vasospasm and can thereby dramatically reduce circulation to the extremities. When the client elevates the feet above the heart level, the heart must work against gravity to supply blood to the feet. Antiembolic stocking are helpful for venous return to the heart, but constriction is not helpful for lack of arterial blood flow. Crossing the legs for more than a few minutes at a time compresses arteries and decreases blood supply to the legs and feet.

What should the nurse do to manage persistent swelling in a client with severe lymphangitis and lymphadenitis?

teach the client how to apply a graduated compression stocking In severe cases of lymphangitis and lymphadenitis with persistent swelling, the nurse teaches the client how to apply a graduated compression stocking. The nurse informs the physician if the client's temperature remains elevated. The nurse recommends elevating the area to reduce the swelling and provides warmth to promote comfort and to enhance circulation.

Following abdominal surgery, which factor predisposes a client to deep vein thrombosis?

the client will be immobile during, and shortly after surgery Postoperative immobility and subsequent venous stasis predispose the client to deep vein thrombosis. Other predisposing factors for this condition include obesity and current pregnancy, which don't apply to this client. Exercise isn't a risk factor for deep vein thrombosis.

The nurse is assessing a hospital client who has low albumin levels due to liver disease. What assessment finding should the nurse attribute to the client's low albumin levels?

there is severe edema to the client's legs and abdomen Albumin helps to keep fluids within the vascular space. Deficiencies, as a result, cause the release of fluid into interstitial spaces, causing edema. Hypoalbuminemia does not cause excessive bleeding, reduced energy or respiratory difficulties.

Which of the following is the most common site for a dissecting aneurysm?

thoracic area The thoracic area is the most common site for a dissecting aneurysm. About one-third of patients with thoracic aneurysms die of rupture of the aneurysm.

A community health nurse teaches a group of older adults about modifiable risk factors that contribute to the development of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The nurse knows that the teaching was effective based on which statement?

"I will need to stop smoking because the nicotine causes less blood to flow to my hands and feet." The use of tobacco products may be one of the most important risk factors in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Nicotine in tobacco decreases blood flow to the extremities and increases heart rate and blood pressure by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system. This causes vasoconstriction, thereby decreasing arterial blood flow. It also increases the risk of clot formation by increasing the aggregation of platelets.

When administering heparin anticoagulant therapy, the nurse needs to make certain that the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is within the therapeutic range of:

1.5 to 2.5 times the baseline control A normal PTT level is 21 to 35 seconds. A reading of more than 100 seconds indicates a significant risk of hemorrhage.

A nurse suspects the presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. What assessment data would the nurse correlate with a diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm? (Select all that apply.)

A pulsatile abdominal mass Low back pain Lower abdominal pain Some patients complain that they can feel their heart beating in their abdomen when lying down, or they may say that they feel an abdominal mass or abdominal throbbing. The most important diagnostic indication of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is a pulsatile mass in the middle and upper abdomen. Signs of impending aneurysm rupture include severe back or abdominal pain, which may be persistent or intermittent. Abdominal pain is often localized in the middle or lower abdomen to the left of the midline. Low back pain may be present because of pressure of the aneurysm on the lumbar nerves.

A patient is suspected to have a thoracic aortic aneurysm. What diagnostic test(s) does the nurse anticipate preparing the patient for? (Select all that apply.)

Computed tomography Transesophageal echocardiography X-ray Diagnosis of a thoracic aortic aneurysm is principally made by chest x-ray, computed tomography angiography (CTA), and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).

You are presenting a workshop at the senior citizens center about how the changes of aging predisposes clients to vascular occlusive disorders. What would you name as the most common cause of peripheral arterial problems in the older adult?

atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of peripheral arterial problems in the older adult. Therefore, options A, B, and D are incorrect.

The term for a diagnostic test that involves injection of a contrast media into the venous system through a dorsal vein in the foot is

contrast phlebography When a thrombus exists, an x-ray image will disclose an unfilled segment of a vein. Air plethysmography quantifies venous reflux and calf muscle pump ejection. In lymphangiography, contrast media are injected into the lymph system. In a lymphoscintigraphy, a radioactive-labeled colloid is injected into the lymph system.

Which aneurysm results in bleeding into the layers of the arterial wall?

dissecting Dissection results from a rupture in the intimal layer, resulting in bleeding between the intimal and medial layers of the arterial wall. Saccular aneurysms collect blood in the weakened outpouching. In a false aneurysm, the mass is actually a pulsating hematoma. An anastomotic aneurysm occurs as a result of infection at arterial suture or graft sites.

A patient who had a colon resection 3 days ago is complaining of discomfort in the left calf. How should the nurse assess Homan's sign to determine if the patient may have a thrombus formation in the leg?

dorsiflex the foot while the leg is elevated to check for calf pain Homan's sign is indicated by pain in the calf after the foot is sharply dorsiflexed.

A client with venous insufficiency asks the nurse what they can do to decrease their risk of complications. What advice should the nurse provide to clients with venous insufficiency?

elevate the legs periodically for at least 15 to 20 minutes The nurse should advise the client to periodically elevate the legs for at least 15 to 20 minutes. Avoiding foods with iodine or refraining from sexual activity for a week does not relate to venous insufficiency.

A patient with diabetes is being treated for a wound on the lower extremity that has been present for 30 days. What option for treatment is available to increase diffusion of oxygen to the hypoxic wound?

hyperbaric oxygen Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) may be beneficial as an adjunct treatment in patients with diabetes with no signs of wound healing after 30 days of standard wound treatment. HBO is accomplished by placing the patient into a chamber that increases barometric pressure while the patient is breathing 100% oxygen. Treatment regimens vary from 90 to 120 minutes once daily for 30 to 90 sessions. The process by which HBO is thought to work involves several factors. The edema in the wound area is decreased because high oxygen tension facilitates vasoconstriction and enhances the ability of leukocytes to phagocytize and kill bacteria. In addition, HBO is thought to increase diffusion of oxygen to the hypoxic wound, thereby enhancing epithelial migration and improving collagen production.

A client is diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which nursing diagnosis should receive highest priority at this time?

ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion related to venous congestion Ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion related to venous congestion takes highest priority because venous inflammation and clot formation impede blood flow in a client with DVT. Impaired gas exchange related to increased blood flow is incorrect because impaired gas exchange is related to decreased, not increased, blood flow. Excess fluid volume related to peripheral vascular disease is inappropriate because there's no evidence that this client has an excess fluid volume. Risk for injury related to edema may be warranted but is secondary to ineffective tissue perfusion.

A nurse is teaching a client newly diagnosed with arterial insufficiency. Which term should the nurse use to refer to leg pain that occurs when the client is walking?

intermittent claudication Intermittent claudication is leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. Dyspnea is difficulty breathing and is subjective. Orthopnea is the inability to breathe except in the upright (sitting) position. Thromboangiitis obliterans is a peripheral vascular disease also known as Buerger disease.

A nurse is assessing a client's right lower leg, which is wrapped with an elastic bandage. Which signs and symptoms suggest circulatory impairment?

numbness, cool skin temperature, and pallor Signs and symptoms of impaired circulation include numbness and cool, pale skin. Signs of localized infection may include swelling, drainage, redness, and warm skin. Signs of adequate circulation include normal sensation and warm skin with normal return of skin color after blanching.

A client with Raynaud's disease complains of cold and numbness in the fingers. Which of the following would the nurse identify as an early sign of vasoconstriction?

pallor Pallor is the initial symptom in Raynaud's followed by cyanosis and aching pain. Gangrene can occur with persistent attacks and interference of blood flow. Clubbing of the fingers is a symptom associated with chronic oxygen deprivation to the distal phalanges.

When assessing a client with cellulitis of the right leg, which finding should the nurse expect to observe?

red, swollen skin with inflammation spreading to surrounding tissues Cellulitis, an inflammation of soft tissues, can extend to surrounding tissues. The skin becomes reddened, warm, swollen, and sometimes painful. The skin wouldn't be cold, pale, or necrotic.

The nurse is caring for a patient with venous insufficiency. For what should the nurse assess the patient's lower extremities?

ulceration Venous ulceration is the most serious complication of chronic venous insufficiency and can be associated with other conditions affecting the circulation of the lower extremities. Cellulitis or dermatitis may complicate the care of chronic venous insufficiency and venous ulcerations.

What symptoms should the nurse assess for in a client with lymphedema as a result of impaired nutrition to the tissue?

ulcers and infection in the edematous area In a client with lymphedema, the tissue nutrition is impaired as a result of the stagnation of lymphatic fluid, leading to ulcers and infection in the edematous area. Later, the skin also appears thickened, rough, and discolored. Scaring does not occur in clients with lymphedema. Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes.

The nurse teaches the client with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) to refrain from smoking because nicotine causes

vasospasm Nicotine causes vasospasm and can thereby dramatically reduce circulation to the extremities. Tobacco smoke also impairs transport and cellular use of oxygen and increases blood viscosity. Clients with arterial insufficiency who smoke or chew tobacco must be fully informed of the effects of nicotine on circulation and be encouraged to stop.

A home health nurse is seeing an elderly male client for the first time. During the physical assessment of the skin on the lower legs, the nurse notes edema, brown pigmentation in the gaiter area, pedal pulses, and a few irregularly shaped ulcers around the ankles. From these findings, the nurse knows that the client has a problem with peripheral circulation. Which of the following does the nurse suspect?

venous insufficiency Symptoms of venous insufficiency include present pedal pulses, edema, pigmentation in gaiter area, and a reddish blue color. Ulcers caused by venous insufficiency will be irregular in shape and usually located around the ankles or the anterior tibial area. Characteristics of arterial insufficiency ulcers include location at the tips of the toes, great pain, and circular shape with a pale to black ulcer base.