His 101 Western Civilization - Exam 2
'Dictatus Papae'
"Rules" Gregory wrote for the Western church, it's more important to follow God's laws than secular laws
Who was Alexius Comnenus?
- Byzantine Emperor -Asked Western Europe for help against the Turks' assaults, which triggered the crusades
Muhammed-
- Religious, political, and military leader from Mecca -Founder of Islam
What was education and intellectual life like in Europe before 1100?
-Absent, except for the clergy -no point because of low life expectancy -Irrationalism -Monostatic schools only -Passive learning -Few books, no questioning/debating, retired entirely on faith, no logic
How did this make European knights into an unstoppable class of warriors?
-Allowed them to be above the enemy and ram them -They train their whole lives for this and became a new ruling class
What texts were discovered or rediscovered? Where were Europeans getting Greek texts?
-Ancient texts, Aristotle's work, Muslims math, Astronomy, Science, etc -They got them from Muslims/Arabs
What happened at Canossa? What did it mean for the papacy, the Church, and the emperor?
-At Canossa- Henry comes as a penitent and asked for his excommunication to be revoked -Papacy, Church, & Emperor→
Who were the "barbarians"? What kind of relationships did they have with the Romans? With what consequences?
-Barbarians - Tribes who spoke germanic languages that lived outside Roman border, no written languages/history/cities -Relationship with Romans - They fought frequently but they also had times of peace -Consequences - Intermarriages, joined armies, Romans paid them to be allies
Where/when did he live? What was his profession?
-Born in Mecca -Lived from 570-632 AD -Profession - worked as a merchant and shepard, but became a preacher from the Islamic faith (caravan leader)
The clergy emerged as a new class of society. What were some characteristics of this class?
-Both political and religious powers -From elite families -Educated -Celibate -Male
Why does the concept of 'western Europe' emerge under the Carolingians? Why not the Roman Empire?
-Carolingians are the ones who controlled/expanded the entire Western half of Europe (Frankish/Merovingians territory) -Carolingians separated from the Romans and built their own territories out West
What happened on Christmas Day, 800 C.E.?
-Charlemagne was anointed as the first Holy Roman Emperor - (when Charlemagne knelt to pray at church, Pope Leo III crowns him emperor)
What was the relationship between a member of the clergy and an ordinary lay person?
-Clergy maintained power over them -Religious officer
Who was Eleanor of Aquitaine?
-Daughter of Duke of Aquitaine -She controlled the southern half of France once her father died
Eleanor of Aquitaine
-Daughter of Duke of Aquitaine who inherited southern half of France when her father died -Married the King of France and England
What was Arabia like before Islam?
-Difficult desert to conquer -A tribal society who raided with others -Warrior culture -Most were polytheists
What did the western half of the Roman Empire look like after its "fall" in 476?
-Divided up into many different kingdoms among the Germanic tribes -Slavery based agriculture ran by Germanic barbarians
800-1000 is
-Early Middle Ages -New social structure Those who work Those who fight Those who pray
Why did people give money and gifts to churches and monasteries? What did they get in return?
-Gave money & gifts → to gain a position in the church -In return they got → the chance to gain a position
How did he contribute to the idea of Christendom?
-Gave the papacy more power -Made Christianity to universal religion in his empire -Converted all he conquered
What was Gregory VII's vision of the role of the papacy? What document expressed that new role?
-Gregory's vision - Believed the people of the church should live modestly, hold the power, and remain celibate -Document that expressed this - Dictatus Papae
What did the papacy stand to gain from the crusade?
-Growth of the Christian empire -Reunite Rome's Christian church with Constantinople's Orthodox church
Who were Heloise and Abelard? What was their relationship? What does Heloise's experience tell us about women in the 12th Century?
-Heloise & Abelard - two very intellectual people of the 12th century, who fall in love (even though he is way older and is her tutor) and Heloise eventually becomes pregnant, so her uncle insists they get married. Abelard sent Heloise off to the covenant to become a nun & her uncle thinks he's abandoning her so he sends men to castrate Abelard. -This ends the affair and Heloise becomes a nun while Abelard becomes a monk. They never saw each other again but they did send letters -Her experience told us that women could participate in intellectual debate and lectures, she is well learned, and be spiritually equal
What did Procopius have to say about Justinian?
-In The Secret History, he accused Justinian of extorting taxes and rendering state services -Calls him a demon -Claims Theodora had sex with a goose & his head could disappear during nightly walks
What kind of institution was the Church? What does this mean in terms of the Church's wealth, land-holding, and power?
-Institution of Church - Religious & political -Held a lot of power and lands, could use it as business
Why was the discovery of Aristotle in the West so important? Why was Aristotle so controversial?
-It began an intellectual movement where people began rationality, reason, and laid the groundwork of how we think today -Controversial because completely opposite teachings to what was the norm, which was that the soul isn't supposed to understand and shouldn't try
Theodora-
-Justinian's wife -came from a low class background -performer (dancer → at that time period dancers were considered prostitutes)
What was the key office of leadership in the Church? What were their duties? What class of society did they come from? How did they resemble earlier Roman officials?
-Key office of leadership of church- the bishops -Their duties- they controlled property and wealth -Acted as judges, professional prayers, maintenance, and defense of the city
What were some new military technologies?
-Knighthood (knights & armor) -Stirrups -High-backed saddles -Spears/Lances
How did he contribute to learning?
-Known as Carolingian Renaissance, supported learning although illiterate himself -Brought in Spain, Anglo-Saxon England, and Italian cultlure and learning, more books added
What happened on the People's Crusade?
-Majority of the people were unskilled in fighting but there were some well-trained minor knights (including Fulcher of Chartres) -They destroyed much of the Jewish communities along the Rhine in France and Germany where thousands of Jews were massacred, driven to suicide, or forced to convert
What are the basic beliefs of Islam?
-Monotheism -Muhummad was the final prophet and received Gods messages directly (last judgement and bodily ressurection)
Which bishop emerged as the most prominent leader of the Christian community? What was this prominence based on?
-Most prominent leader of Christian community- Bishop of Rome: the pope -Prominence of pope based on: nobility and political values
Is there a connection between the building of gothic cathedrals and the new learning style of scholasticism?
-New architectural techniques were created: before it was round arches, now they can do more intricate pointed arches -Exemplified the ways in which cultural communities in the court, the schools, and the town came together
Who was Peter Abelard? What was he famous for? Why was he so controversial?
-Peter Abelard = The most famous intellectuals, taught scholasticism -Famous for → taught scholasticism, "History of my Calamities", young love affair with Heloise -Controversial because → He used pagan philosophers and gives room for debate on religion... he pushed the limit
Who called the First Crusade? When? Where?
-Pope Urban II called the crusade -Crusade was in 1096-1099 -It happened in France and Germany
Urban II
-Pope who called the First Crusade -Pope who Emperor Alexius II called for help to retake Byzantium
What are the "five pillars?"
-Profession of FAITH -FASTING for the month of Ramadan -PRAYER 5x a day -ALMS given to charity, orphans, and widows -PILGRIMAGE given to Mecca at least once in lifetime
What are some of his accomplishments?
-Reconquered western half of roman empire from germanic tribes through wars -Shut down plutonic academy of Athens -Had the Roman Law Codes modified -Takes Italy back from East
Charlemagne-
-Reigned for 46 years - Became Holy Roman Empire in 800 -Appointed counts to different parts of the empire
What were the ramifications of this event?
-Set up 2 separate empires and two separate claims to imperial authority -For centuries to come, the emperors of both West and East would make competing claims of sovereignty over the whole -*****he did not want to be emperor*****
Why was she so notorious?
-She created the love triangle between her, the king of France, and the king of England -She sides with her sons when Henry (king of England) refuses to share the power, so he locks her in a castle until he dies -She ruled England until she died at 80 years old
Why was there a sudden rise in the number of schools? Why were they in urban areas as opposed to the countryside?
-Sudden rise in number of schools: 1.economic development 2.urban development 3.power of papacy 4.sense of hope/confidence -In urban areas because: markets become small towns, thus more skills are required for trade, people have more free time for intellectual change
What is meant by the term "papal monarchy?"
-The head of the Catholic Church (the Pope) and the Cardinals being the highest ranked in the hierarchy -The Catholic Church is an absolute elected monarchy
What were some new technologies that developed in agriculture?
-The plow was updated -Iron horsehoes -Handheld tools -Wheelbarrows -Watermills
Why did people embrace him and his "little brothers"?
-They were so in tune with their religion that they left a deep impression on all who listened -Simple love for all creation
What are some of the things he did?
-Unites almost all of Europe into one kingdom -Converts them to Christianity -Creates buffer zones and stops -Creates new social structures -Issues decrees regulating all Christian activities
Justinian-
-Unpopular Byzantium emperor -Ruled 6th century -Theodora = wife -reigned 527-565 CE -accomplishes many things -built Hagia Sophia (the church of the holy wisdom) → built in constantinople at the time -thought a lot of himself -Hagia Sophia is now a museum -He reconquered the western side of the Roman Empire -fought a war on 2 fronts (west & east) → extremely expensive -bankrupts Byzantium -believed emperor was the leader of the church -to him, both political leader & leader of church -shuts down platonic academy in Athens
Who was Justinian? In what century did he rule? Who was his wife?
-Unpopular Byzantium emperor -Ruled 6th century -Theodora = wife
What did Charlemagne do in Saxony?
-Went on conquest to Saxon territories and conquered them -Converting all Saxons to Christianity -Had to go back several times due to rebellion
Byzantium -
-ancient greek city (eastern half of Roman Empire) -continues to be an emperor -continues to exist until 1453 -roman architecture, education, and christianity continue -always spoke mainly Greek -more easter style of rule -the senate continues → declines in actual power -a lot more wealth than western (more trade - GOLD) -Justinian bankrupts Byzantium -it shrinks because of the bankruptcy -rise of Islam → comes out of nowhere
Justinian's Law Codes
-emphasizes masters over servants -fathers over wife & kids -owners over employees -he was deeply unpopular
Who was Francis of Assisi? Describe the kind of life he chose to lead.
-son of a well off merchant in Italy, had visions at 18 that caused him to convert to absolute poverty -lived a life of absolute poverty - lives as a beggar by choice -begins to preach to everyone (on the streets) ~gains followers (all young men) (started off at 11 followers) ~beginning called themselves "little brothers" after being brought to Rome in 1209 he asks the Pope if he can start a new religious order → then they became the Franciscans -started the "little brothers", Vita Apostolica
Carolingian dynasty vs. Papacy:
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Henry IV vs. Gregory VII
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What three civilizations are considered the heirs of Rome?
1.Byzantium 2.Islamic world (mid east, north africa, spain) 3."Barbaric" Germanic Kingdoms (europe)
When did Byzantium finally fall?
1453 AD
Who was her first husband? Who was her second husband?
1st husband - Louis VII (king of France) 2nd husband- Henry II (king of England)
Pilgrimage
A long journey made to a sacred place as an act of religious devotion
Scholasticism
A movement where people try to use logic to understand the universe
What is scholasticism?
A movement where people try to use logic to understand the universe
Martyr
A person who is killed for their religious beliefs
What is irrationalism?
A system of belief that does not believe in using logic to answer important philosophical questions/disregard rational principles
Carolingians-
Aristocratic family who accumulated power in the 8th century and controlled lots of land and had good relationships with religious leaders
What changes did the Gregorian Reform attempt to make?
Banish practice of investiture and simony
Why is the Islamic Empire considered a successor of the Roman Empire?
Because they conquered so much and inherited some of the Roman Empire's lands
Parchment
Before use of paper, people used animal skin (usually sheep)
Before 1059, how was the pope appointed? What about after?
Before- Pope was chosen by the Holy Roman Emperor or nobles After- Power shifted to the cardinals
Mecca-
Birthplace of Muhammad
Did the Crusade help or harm the relationship between Western Europe and Byzantium?
Both
Who is the most famous and important of the Carolingian kings?
Charlemagne
Where were the only schools before 1100?
Churches and monasteries
Jerusalem-
City Muslims and Christians fight over in the Crusades: temple of Herod and Solomon for Jews, where Muhammad ascends to heaven for Muslims, and where Jesus was crucified for Christians
What were some of the ways that Byzantium continued the traditions of the Roman Empire? What were some of the changes?
Continued traditions - -kept primary education (grammar school) -public baths -christianity -culture Changes - -language --> spoke Greek (not Latin) -emphasized the difference between the ruler and the people -Persian style of rule -Rids some of Roman laws
What do you think the long-term effects of the Crusades have been on the relationship between the Western World and the Middle East?
Damaged the relationship beyond repair. People are still fighting to this day over Jerusalem and the Middle East. While it helped Western Europe flourish with trade, education, and reform, it has created a divide in the Middle East
What lands did the Islamic world eventually encompass? (How far did the Muslims conquer?)
Egypt, Spain, Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan
Why were the Crusades so important for the self-confidence of Europe?
Europe had constantly been defending itself from the Islamic people, so to take the Holy Lands back from them boosted confidence
'Sic et non'
Famous book that examines theological debate and gives both sides, written by Peter Abelard
Constantine-
First Christian Roman Emperor (306-337), made Christianity legal (Constantine the Great)
What movement did he found?
Francis of Assisi found the Vita Apostolica movement
How did he contribute to the idea of a unified West?
Gained control of the West and had them all participate in Christianity
Who were the Franks?
Germanic people who set up kingdoms in Western Roman Empire (France)
What language was spoken in Byzantium?
Greek
What building did he famously create?
Hagia Sophia, the church of Holy Wisdom
How did Henry IV respond?
He refused to follow the Dictatus Papae
Was Justinian a successful ruler? Why/ why not?
He was when he conquered the lands, but his wishes bankrupts the empire
800-
High point of Charlemagne's reign when the nobles control the church. Pope Leo III is being deposed and Charlemagne backs him up and reinstates him, Pope Leo III then crowns Charlemagne as emperor 2 days later
Qur'an-
Holy book of Islam containing the teachings and sayings of monotheism
What is the Qur'an?
Holy book of Islam containing the teachings and sayings of monotheism
How did this change the population?
Increased the productivity and greater efficiency
Gregorian Reform
Independence from the state, appointment of rulers, Simony (stop paying for your office), marriage (priests can't marry)
What did Islam teach concerning other "religions of the book?"
Islam sees all authentic religions as being associated with a scripture. That is why Muslims call Christians and Jews the "people of the book"
Why was Jerusalem so important to Christians?
It is the place of Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection; it is also believed to be where the Second Coming will begin
What king helped it become so prestigious?
King Louis VII
What is asceticism?
Lifestyle characterized by abstinence from various worldly pleasures, often with the aim of pursuing religious and spiritual goals -UNIVERSAL
What/where is Byzantium? What is it's capital?
Located in Eastern half of Roman Empire Capital → Constantinople
Edict of Milan-
Made Christianity legal in Rome (letter signed by Roman Emperors Constantine & Licinius, letter issued in 313)
Francis of Assisi
Man who embraces absolute poverty, begins preaching repentance, began Vita Apostolica religions, patron saint of animals
First Crusade
Military expedition of Catholic Europe to regain the Holy Lands (namely Jerusalem) taken in Muslim conquests
What was the First Crusade?
Military expedition of Catholic Europe to regain the Holy Lands (namely Jerusalem) taken in the Muslim conquests
Heloise
Mistress of Peter Abelard who became pregnant and was sent to a covenant to become a nun
Peter Abelard
Most famous intellectual of medieval times who got into trouble with mistress Heloise also taught scholasticism
Who is the founder of the Islamic faith?
Muhammad
Carolingian miniscule-
New writing style before print was invented during Carolingian empire when they were trying to copy older literature
Carolingian Renaissance-
Occurred under Charlemagne's Court, late 8th-9th century, period of cultural activity
What does "catholic" mean?
Of, relating to, or forming the ancient undivided Christian church or a church claiming historical continuity from it
Pope-
Permanent bishop of Rome
Gregory VII
Pope during 1073-1085 who begins the Gregorian Reform and argues with Henry IV over investiture
Bishop of Rome-
Pope, Leader of the worldwide Catholic church
Asceticism-
Practice of self discipline for religious reasons
Before the Gregorian Reform, what was the relationship between the clergy and nobility? What about the relationship between pope and German emperor?
Relationship between: Clergy & Nobility - They worked together and used land to benefit communities, have access to wealth and power Pope & German Emperor - Held same powers. Emperor chose the pope based on political values
Monasticism-
Religious way of life characterized by the practice of renouncing worldly pursuits to fully devote oneself to spiritual work, called monks, they live in groups in monestaries
What were the possible motivations of crusaders? Was economic motivation a sound choice?
Restore Christ's supposed patrimony, expansionism, believed that if they fought, they get an automatic ticket into heaven. Yes it was an economic motivation, the East was very rich and fertile and they had all the good trade from India and China
How did the relationship between the Church and the State develop over the course of the Middle Ages?
Rocky, they could not decide on who should hold that power
Henry IV
Roman Emperor during 1056-1080 who argued with Gregory VII over the power of papacy
Diocletian-
Roman Emperor: Rose through the army to become a successful general, commander of the imperial bodyguard and then consul
What aspects did the Church inherit from the Romans?
Roman organization as a hierarchy, ALL MALE
1099 AD
Siege of Jerusalem by the Christian crusaders
Who is known as the first Christian ascetic?
St. Anthony
Plenary Indulgence
Temporary rid of all sins by repentance, act of the Catholic Church
What things allowed Christianity to continue and grow after the death of Jesus of Nazareth?
The apostles spread the faith, especially Paul the Apostle
Describe the eventual taking of Jerusalem by the crusaders.
The crusaders entered the city in 1099 where they slaughter thousands of Jews and Muslims and pillaged the city
How did the Muslims conquer so much, so quickly?
The terrorists were already weakened, and they are good at raid and plunder because they are accustomed to the desert welfare
How did European society transform in the Early Middle Ages?
There was a new social structure: work, fight, and pray
How did the Carolingians become kings?
They are an aristocratic family who had a series of good marriages, good relationships with religious leaders, founded monasteries and expected them to be allies, and they had military success
Twelfth Century Renaissance
Twelfth Century Renaissance- Social, political, and economic transformations -Intellectual revitalization with strong philosophical and scientific roots
Charles Martel-
Under the Carolingian empire in the 8th century, Charles the Hammer, wins victory over Muslims at Tours who retreat back from France
The 12th century was also witness to the birth of the university. What became the most important university in Europe?
University of Paris (Notre Dame de Paris)
What was the "Investiture Conflict?"
When the Pope and Emperor could not agree on the act of investiture
What does her experience tell us about women in the 12th Century?
Women began to gain more power as time went on, but they were still subject to the men of their life
