His 102 Exam II

What new model for European expansion did Britain establish in Egypt? Group of answer choices A combination of financial manipulation, indebtedness, and exploitation A combination of migration, land expropriation, and Christianity A combination of military force, political domination, and an ideology of beneficial reform A combination of trade, educational support, and technological assistance A combination of economic collaboration, political alliances, and mutual respect

A combination of military force, political domination, and an ideology of beneficial reform

What was the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916? Group of answer choices An agreement between France and Great Britain on one hand and Italy on the other that allowed Italy to claim parts of the Austro-Hungarian empire in exchange for abandoning its alliance with Germany and entering the war on the side of the Allied Powers An agreement between Germany and the Bolsheviks by which Germany funded Lenin's effort to overthrow the monarchy in Russia An agreement between Great Britain and France to divide up parts of the Near East and Middle East after the war An agreement between France and Belgium to establish a new German border after the end of the war An agreement between Germany and France to abandon the use of mustard gas

An agreement between Great Britain and France to divide up parts of the Near East and Middle East after the war

How did the Hungarian revolutionaries envision a future Hungary? Group of answer choices As a unified, centralized Hungarian nation As a collection of ethnic groups with cultural independence As a group of allied states with political autonomy As a territory divided into noble domains As an absolute monarchy under Habsburg leadership

As a unified, centralized Hungarian nation

Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe? Group of answer choices As a classical liberal, he feared that it would lead to intolerance and violence. Austria's rulers feared the power of a resurgent nationalist Ottoman Empire. Austria pursued a policy of free trade, which was incompatible with economic nationalism. Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire. Above all, Metternich feared French nationalism.

Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire.

Why did the conservative Bismarck pioneer the creation of an expansive system of social welfare? Group of answer choices Bismarck sought to blunt the attraction of socialism to the working classes and give them a small stake in the existing political system. Bismarck sought to undermine the power of the landed aristocracy by building a political movement based on support from the masses. Bismarck was compelled to offer greater social benefits so that German workers would not migrate to France and Great Britain, where such programs already existed. Bismarck believed that social welfare programs were a moral responsibility of a government. Bismarck believed that his successful campaign against the Catholic Church had left a void that the state had to fill by providing charity to the poor.

Bismarck sought to blunt the attraction of socialism to the working classes and give them a small stake in the existing political system.

What was Britain's decisive advantage in its war with China? Group of answer choices Britain had superior military technology. Britain had superior military leadership. Britain had greater financial resources. Britain had paid spies in the Chinese military. Britain had control of the seas.

Britain had control of the seas.

What was the primary consequence of the First Moroccan Crisis in 1905? Group of answer choices The United States chose to withdraw from European affairs. The French Empire in northern Africa began to collapse. The Ottoman Empire abandoned its lands claims throughout most of the Middle East. Britain, France, and Russia began to see Germany as a threat. Britain lost its first colonial lands, inspiring the Indian independence movement.

Britain, France, and Russia began to see Germany as a threat.

How did Louis Napoleon believe that the people should be represented in government? Group of answer choices By special citizens' committees that would watch over the work of political officials By special-interest groups that presented the ideas and views of people to government officials By political parties that established clear platforms for reform By parliaments freely elected by universal male suffrage By a strong national leader whose reforms would aid all of the people

By a strong national leader whose reforms would aid all of the people

How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment? Group of answer choices Cities could expand, for even people of modest means could access new, improved, and less congested housing. The wealthy and middle classes could isolate themselves since the streetcar was too expensive for the poor. Urban dwellers adopted the practice of returning home for lunch, diminishing the sense of attachment one felt to the workplace environment. Cities became far more quiet as electric streetcars replaced the noisy, horse-drawn streetcars. Cities abandoned efforts to control urban growth as the boundaries of cities expanded.

Cities could expand, for even people of modest means could access new, improved, and less congested housing.

What idea did Heinrich von Treitschke promote in relationship to colonies? Group of answer choices Colonies violated the spirit of liberty that had led to progress in Europe. Colonies sapped the resources and strength of nations for meager gains. Colonies guaranteed a nation greatness. Colonies were essential to great nations, who would weaken without colonial lands. Colonies undermined the entrepreneurial spirit in a nation by permitting easy wealth.

Colonies were essential to great nations, who would weaken without colonial lands.

How did romanticism affect music? Group of answer choices Composers adopted folk music as the foundation for classical symphonies. Composers turned toward opera as the dominant musical form, since it could better focus on romantic love. Composers decreased the size of orchestras to small, intimate groupings that could better complement one another's emotions while performing. Composers abandoned well-defined structures and used a wide range of forms to evoke powerful emotions. Composers developed a series of key models and structures in order to create an emotional repertoire in their music.

Composers abandoned well-defined structures and used a wide range of forms to evoke powerful emotions.

How was the attention of the National Assembly meeting in Frankfurt diverted from the task of writing a German federal constitution? Group of answer choices Austria declared war on France, leading the German states to have to choose whether or not to support Austria. The economic collapse was so severe that working classes were making radical demands that the liberals in the National Assembly had to address. Delegates turned attention to undermining the labor union movement, in which socialists had made strong gains. Russia threatened to invade the German speaking lands if any effort was made to unify into a single nation. Delegates turned attention to Denmark's claims on the largely German-speaking provinces of Schleswig and Holstein.

Delegates turned attention to Denmark's claims on the largely German-speaking provinces of Schleswig and Holstein.

Why did Prussia and Austria attack Denmark in 1864? Group of answer choices Denmark sought to establish trade tolls along the narrow passage that linked the Baltic Sea with the North Sea. Denmark was attempting to bring two provinces that belong to the German Confederation into a more centralized Danish state. Denmark established a series of laws that limited the civil rights of German-speaking people in Danish territory. Denmark sought to form a political alliance among the Scandinavian nations as a counter to growing Prussian power. Denmark rejected the claims of the German Confederation to have the right to secure the freedom of religion for Catholics and Lutherans in all German-speaking lands.

Denmark was attempting to bring two provinces that belong to the German Confederation into a more centralized Danish state.

In 1848 in France, what would the government not consider that created a sense of class injustice? Group of answer choices Electoral reform Land redistribution Repeal of high tariffs on imported food A minimum wage Repeal of laws forbidding labor unionism

Electoral reform

The largest share of European foreign investment went to Group of answer choices sub-Saharan Africa. East Asia. European states, North America, Australia and New Zealand, and Latin America. the Third World. the Middle East.

European states, North America, Australia and New Zealand, and Latin America.

After 1860, why did foreign aggression diminish in China until near the end of the century? Group of answer choices Europeans had obtained their primary goal of commercial and diplomatic relations. The scramble for Africa distracted Europeans from China. Christian missionaries influenced governments to treat China with dignity. Warfare in Europe distracted the Europeans from East Asia. The deep recession of the 1870s diminished European's enthusiasm for foreign military

Europeans had obtained their primary goal of commercial and diplomatic relations.

Migration out of Europe often followed what pattern? Group of answer choices Migrants sought out anonymity so that they could re-create themselves as new people with new lives. Families and friends would coordinate their migrations so that they would settle together in a new land. National governments organized random migrants to settle together in a new land in order to create their own support systems. Various churches sponsored migrant groups in order to increase the political clout of the churches in the new lands. Migrants signed contracts with businesses to pay for their migrations in return for several years of labor in the business's factories or mines.

Families and friends would coordinate their migrations so that they would settle together in a new land.

What part of Bismarck's alliance system did William II abandon? Group of answer choices Germany's alliance with Austria-Hungary to resist Russian expansion into the Balkans Germany's non-aggression pact with Russia Germany's alliance with Great Britain to control the North Sea Germany's mutual defense agreement with France Germany's alliance with the Ottoman Empire to oppose British imperial ambitions.

Germany's non-aggression pact with Russia

Why did Great Britain choose to seize land in Africa and Asia in the late nineteenth century? Group of answer choices Great Britain believed that it was the best and most experienced country to aid in the development of local, native people. Great Britain wished to establish a land corridor of colonial territories stretching from Africa across Asia. Great Britain feared that France and Germany would seal off their empires with high tariffs, and Great Britain would lose future economic opportunities. Great Britain believed that it needed more land in order to be able to compete with the United States for world power. Great Britain sought to gain experience for its armies in anticipation of future conflict in Europe.

Great Britain feared that France and Germany would seal off their empires with high tariffs, and Great Britain would lose future economic opportunities.

Tensions between Germany and Great Britain in the first decade of the 1900s were raised by all of the following except Group of answer choices Germany's decision to build a large fleet of battleships. commercial rivalries in world markets. Germany's pursuit of colonies. Great Britain's new tariffs that prevented the import of German chemical products. Britain's growing ties with France.

Great Britain's new tariffs that prevented the import of German chemical products.

In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of Group of answer choices Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Austria. the Netherlands and Great Britain. Great Britain, France, and Russia. Great Britain.

Great Britain, France, and Russia.`

How did Muhammad Ali reorganize the Egyptian army? Group of answer choices He established the army as a permanent religious organization launching jihad against the infidels. He instituted requirements that all soldiers be educated in mathematics so that they could understand and effectively use modern armaments. He abandoned the draft and adopted a volunteer army of highly paid recruits. He created a meritocratic system in which officers were drawn from the drafted common soldiers who demonstrated skill and leadership. He drafted peasants and hired French and Italian army officers to train the recruits and their Turkish officers.

He drafted peasants and hired French and Italian army officers to train the recruits and their Turkish officers.

How did Muhammad Ali finance his modernization of Egyptian society? Group of answer choices He forced farmers to become tenants of large, private landowners who adopted commercial agriculture. He invaded the Sudan to the south and established a trade in slaves from the Sudan to the Middle East. He instituted a high tax on all foreign firms and business in Egypt. He seized control of the Suez Canal and established transit fees for passage through the canal. He established Egypt as a tourist destination and required European tourists to pay for their trips in foreign currencies.

He forced farmers to become tenants of large, private landowners who adopted commercial agriculture.

How did Charles X of France seek to rally political support for himself? Group of answer choices He expanded voting rights to include nearly all men. He invaded Algeria and established it as a French territory. He promoted the Constitutional Charter then guaranteed civil liberties. He overturned the law that prohibited the formation of labor unions. He created an expanded, free public school system in France.

He invaded Algeria and established it as a French territory.

How did Lenin respond to the peasants' seizure of land when he rose to power in 1917? Group of answer choices He attacked the peasants in order to be able to collectivize all land. He used the peasants' actions to coerce the nobility to support his new regime in hopes of reclaiming their lands. He mandated land reform in order to offer his approval for what the peasants had already done. He obtained loans from the Western powers to support his regime in exchange for a promise to overturn the actions of the peasants. He required peasants to join the Red Army in order to "earn" the right to their land.

He mandated land reform in order to offer his approval for what the peasants had already done.

Why did Bismarck enact high tariffs on grain from the United States, Canada, and Russia in 1878? Group of answer choices He intended to drive up grain prices in order weaken the growing Socialist Party. He hoped to break the alliance among the great grain-producing nations in order to isolate Russia politically. He planned to promote a policy of economic nationalism in which Germany would provide all of its needed commodities. He sought to win support from both the Catholic Center and the Protestants Junkers, who had large land holdings. He sought to aid Germany's new colonies in Africa by granting them exclusive trading rights to supply Germany with grains.

He sought to win support from both the Catholic Center and the Protestants Junkers, who had large land holdings.

In the nineteenth century, the archipelago that is today Indonesia came under the domination of Group of answer choices Spain. Great Britain. Holland. Portugal. France.

Holland.

How did the French provisional government respond to the worsening depression and rising unemployment in 1848? Group of answer choices It expanded the size of the army to provide employment. It provided free bread and cheese rations in all of the major cities. It ordered the deportation of all non-French citizens. It established national workshops to provide public works jobs. It created an internal police force to spy on workers' organizations.

It established national workshops to provide public works jobs.

How did the Union of South Africa function differently than any other territory in Africa? Group of answer choices It functioned as a largely "self-governing" colony. It instituted racist policies. It had few economic resources from which Britain could profit. It permitted Muslims to worship freely. It recognized national liberation as a primary goal.

It functioned as a largely "self-governing" colony

What did Germany's Auxiliary Service Law require? Group of answer choices It required colonial people to serve in support roles in the national militaries. It required soldiers who had served their draft requirement to re-enlist in the military after a three-month break if they were healthy and fit for battle. It required unmarried women to join the medical corps to help take care of wounded soldiers. It required children bring with them to school scrap metal and other war materials collected from home and from waste facilities. It required all men between seventeen and sixty to work at jobs considered critical to the war effort.

It required all men between seventeen and sixty to work at jobs considered critical to the war effort.

Which of the following best characterizes the new imperialism? Group of answer choices It resembled the old European colonial empires of the seventeenth century. It emphasized economic exploitation without direct political control. It supported large migrations of Europeans to these new imperial lands. It promoted a clear consideration of the costs of empires in relationship to their benefits. It placed a priority on the Christianization of native populations.

It resembled the old European colonial empires of the seventeenth century.

Which of the following best describes France's Constitutional Charter? Group of answer choices It marked an effort to re-establish the prerevolutionary society, with the nobility and the Catholic Church reclaiming their authority. It was a reaction against the Napoleonic regime that had attempted to establish a military police state. It secured most of the gains made by the middle class and the peasantry during the Revolution and permitted intellectual and artistic freedom. It was required by Louis XVIII in order to protect him and his family in case of revolt. It outlined the responsibilities of the Catholic Church as it was re-established in France after the Revolution

It secured most of the gains made by the middle class and the peasantry during the Revolution and permitted intellectual and artistic freedom.

Which of the following best characterizes the February Revolution in Russia in 1917? Group of answer choices It was the result of an unplanned uprising of people in the capital. It was largely a military coup; the tsar was forced to abdicate in the midst of a mutiny. It was the result of a planned and coordinated communist takeover of the government. It originated as a peasant rebellion in the provinces and then moved into the cities. It was backed financially by German spies working in Moscow.

It was the result of an unplanned uprising of people in the capital.

All of the following nations joined the war on the side of the Central Powers except Group of answer choices Bulgaria. Germany. the Ottoman Empire. Austria-Hungary. Italy.

Italy.

By 1890, how had Japan met the challenge of Western expansion? Group of answer choices Japan completely adopted Western forms and traditions, imposing them on the poor and uneducated. Japan rejected Western forms and practices and developed an indigenous alternative to Western industrialization. Japan isolated itself from the Western world, banning most foreign travel and foreign visitors. Japan selectively adopted those elements of Western society that were in keeping with Japanese tradition. Japan united East Asia under its leadership to repel Western military activity.

Japan selectively adopted those elements of Western society that were in keeping with Japanese tradition.

How did the landlord leasing patterns in Ireland encourage population growth? Group of answer choices The amount of land a peasant could lease increased with the number of children in his household, encouraging peasants to have lots of children. Landlords, believing that large families were a sign of stability and motivated the peasant to work hard, would only lease land to families with at least five children. Because few peasants owned land, they had many children to try to lease land close together and establish a monopoly in the local market. Land leases could be passed to children, encouraging families to have many children so that at least a few would live into adulthood. Land leases were for short periods of time, which inhibited people from improving their land and encouraged them to have many children as their only source of support in old age.

Land leases were for short periods of time, which inhibited people from improving their land and encouraged them to have many children as their only source of support in old age.

How did the goals of middle-class feminists differ from those of socialist women? Group of answer choices Middle-class women believed that women's liberation would be achieved by women gaining greater access to educational opportunities, while socialist women emphasized the need of women to support men's work in the factory and on the barricade. Middle-class women supported the efforts to obtain economic rights for women, while socialist women fought for an expansion of the welfare state. Middle-class women fought for the right to vote, while socialist women argued that women's liberation could only occur as part of a working-class revolution. Middle-class women endorsed the separate spheres theory in order to enhance women's power in the home, while socialists emphasized the need to empower women in the workplace immediately. Middle-class women adopted radical ideas of Darwin to propose that women were naturally superior to men and should hold power, while socialist women embraced traditional family values.

Middle-class women fought for the right to vote, while socialist women argued that women's liberation could only occur as part of a working-class revolution.

What did the Petrograd Soviet Army Order No. 1 state? Group of answer choices All troops were free to return to their homes and farms and abandon the war effort. Military officers were stripped of their authority and power was placed in the hands of elected committees of soldiers. Soldiers who abandoned their positions were to be shot on sight as deserters. All military equipment was not to be handed over to the new Provisional Government. Military authority was placed under the control of the Bolshevik Leon Trotsky.

Military officers were stripped of their authority and power was placed in the hands of elected committees of soldiers.

Which of the following correctly characterizes early-nineteenth-century British cities? Group of answer choices The population growth of the eighteenth century had slowed. City officials demolished row houses in order to build more efficient apartment complexes. Overcrowding was eased by new laws limiting capacity in buildings to two persons per room. Nearly all land was used for buildings. Effective sanitation systems alleviated the problem of overcrowding.

Nearly all land was used for buildings.

How did the British have access to the opium that they smuggled into China? Group of answer choices Dutch settlers in South Africa grew poppies and sold opium in order to support themselves against the Zulu nation. British landlords in Ireland forced Irish peasants to abandon potato fields and grow poppies. Opium was widely grown in the recently seized lands of Australia. The British seized opium that was illegally grown in the Middle East. Opium was grown legally in British-occupied India.

Opium was grown legally in British-occupied India.

In most European countries, how was out-migration related to population growth in the late nineteenth century? Group of answer choices Out-migration encouraged population growth as employment and land became more available. Out-migration occurred as population growth occurred, maintaining a rather constant balance. Out-migration was caused principally by warfare and was largely unrelated to population growth. Out-migration increased after rapid population growth, as land became scarce. Out-migration decreased as population growth increased, providing evidence of stable growing economies.

Out-migration increased after rapid population growth, as land became scarce.

What was the principle of national self-determination that Woodrow Wilson promoted? Group of answer choices People should be able to choose their own nationality and form whatever borders they find most convenient. People should be able to select the form of government that they wish, whether authoritarian or democratic, and establish their own place in the international order. People should be able to choose a structure of government within the framework of the League of Nations to ensure that individual rights are sustained. People should be able to join themselves to any nation that can protect them. People should be able to choose their own national government through a democratic process and live free from outside interference.

People should be able to choose their own national government through a democratic process and live free from outside interference.

How did the expanding right to vote affect national politics across Europe? Group of answer choices Radical parties lost nearly all support as the working classes followed their middle-class employers into liberal parties. Politics became much more conflict driven, as working classes successfully resisted efforts by established politicians to manipulate them. Politicians and parties became more responsive to the people they represented. Nearly all political parties sought to establish international parties that moved across borders to unite people of similar wealth and status. The number of political parties decreased as a few major parties gained dominating positions in the political system.

Politicians and parties became more responsive to the people they represented.

Which of the following correctly describes late-nineteenth-century prostitution? Group of answer choices Prostitution was strictly divided along class lines; wealthy men visited expensive courtesans and poor women provided sexual services for working-class men. Prostitution was increasingly outlawed and suppressed across Europe as middle-class women pressed their morality on society. Prostitution was a stage of life for many poor young women, which they moved beyond as they established their own homes and families. While young men visited prostitutes, once married such action usually stopped abruptly in order to create family harmony. Young women from upper- and middle-class families visited male prostitutes in order to gain the sexual experience expected of them as wives.

Prostitution was a stage of life for many poor young women, which they moved beyond as they established their own homes and families.

What were the most popular sports in the late nineteenth century? Group of answer choices Boxing and rugby Cricket and fencing Cockfighting and bearbaiting Equestrian events and field hockey Racing and soccer

Racing and soccer

How did the building of railroads in Latin America, Asia, and Africa facilitate Western economic interests as opposed to regional economic interests? Group of answer choices Railroad lines connected cities to seaports to facilitate Western trade but did not link inland cities to each other. Local economies had no need for railroads since they already had extensive trade networks. Railroad lines destroyed regional trading patterns by offering more profitable trade with Western markets. Local political leaders accepted huge bribes to permit Western railroads to build across their land regardless of the economic damage caused by the building process. Railroad lines created a sense of Western superiority that led local merchants and political leaders to abandon efforts to resist Western goals in their territories.

Railroad lines connected cities to seaports to facilitate Western trade but did not link inland cities to each other.`

Which of the following best characterizes the changes in wages in the late nineteenth century? Group of answer choices Real wages decreased for the mass of the population, and the gap between the rich and the poor increased. Real wages rose for the mass of the population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease. Real wages increased for the mass of the population so that most left behind hardship and poverty, and the gap between the rich and poor decreased. Real wages decreased for the mass of the population, but so did prices thanks to industrialization, leading to an increase in living standards. Real wages increased for the mass of the population, but prices rose even more dramatically, leading to a decrease in living standards.

Real wages rose for the mass of the population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease.

What were both of the two-front wars that military planners had anticipated prior to the First World War? Group of answer choices Russia had assumed a two-front war against Germany and the Ottoman Empire and Germany had assumed a two-front war against France and Italy. The Ottoman Empire had assumed a two-front war against Russia and Austria-Hungary and France had assumed a two-front war against Germany and Spain. Germany had assumed a two-front war against France and Russia and Italy had assumed a two-front war against Austria-Hungary and France. Austria-Hungary had assumed a two-front war against Russia and Italy and the Ottoman Empire had assumed a two-front war against Austria-Hungary and Italy. Russia had assumed a two-front war against Germany and Austria-Hungary and Germany had assumed a two-front war against Russia and France.

Russia had assumed a two-front war against Germany and Austria-Hungary and Germany had assumed a two-front war against Russia and France.

Why did the Western world fashion the global economic system? Group of answer choices So that the Western world would control local regional economies throughout the world So that the national economic policies of nations across the globe would be controlled and determined by the Western world So that the largest share of gains from trade, technology, and migration would flow to the West and its propertied classes So that non-Western merchants could connect with the global economy and develop their own nation's wealth So that the wealth of the Western world would spread to rest of the world

So that the largest share of gains from trade, technology, and migration would flow to the West and its propertied classes

How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks' view of the Marxian party in Russia differ from the Mensheviks' view of the party? Group of answer choices The Bolsheviks wanted a militaristic party, while the Mensheviks wanted a party that promoted peace and an end to the war. The Bolsheviks wanted a purely Marxist party, while the Mensheviks wanted a party that mixed Marxist and liberal ideas. The Bolsheviks wanted a party that focused on electoral victory, while the Mensheviks wanted a party that focused on a military coup. The Bolsheviks wanted a populist party that emerged from below, while the Mensheviks wanted a party that was hierarchically shaped by its leadership. The Bolsheviks wanted a small, disciplined party, while the Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership.

The Bolsheviks wanted a small, disciplined party, while the Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership

What was the goal of the British Corn Laws? Group of answer choices The Corn Laws lowered tariffs on grains in order to provide inexpensive food for the poor. The Corn Laws allowed reciprocal trade between Britain and the United States, marking the formal end of hostilities following the War of 1812. The Corn Laws placed duties on certain foreign products in reaction to duties established by foreign governments on British products, marking the beginning of an organized world trade system. The Corn Laws forbade the importation of foreign grain unless prices in Britain reached very high levels, selfishly benefiting the aristocratic landowners in Britain. The Corn Laws permitted the importation of food products into Britain only if they had not been cultivated or harvested with slave labor, marking the beginning of British actions to end slavery.

The Corn Laws forbade the importation of foreign grain unless prices in Britain reached very high levels, selfishly benefiting the aristocratic landowners in Britain.

Which of the following does not correctly characterize the various socialist parties in Europe prior to 1914? Group of answer choices Russian and Austro-Hungarian socialists tended to be the most radical. The German socialist party talked revolution but practiced reformism. The British socialists, except for the Marxian Labor Party, was formally committed to gradual reform. Marxian socialism was weakest in Spain and Italy. The French Socialist Party was the most modest due to the powerful labor unions that controlled the party.

The French Socialist Party was the most modest due to the powerful labor unions that controlled the party.

As Hungary gained its independent status in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, how did it organize its domestic politics? Group of answer choices A liberal constitution was created that granted universal male suffrage. The Magyar nobility dominated both the peasantry and minority populations through the parliament. A radical socialist state was formed in which committees of workers had full authority to review the actions of the parliament. The Hungarian military established a police state in which most civil liberties were sharply curtailed. The Hungarians placed themselves under the direct supervision of the Austrian Emperor.

The Magyar nobility dominated both the peasantry and minority populations through the parliament.

Why did war in the Balkans appear inevitable from 1900-1914? Group of answer choices Russia had destabilized the region by claiming control over the straits to the Black Sea. The Ottoman Empire had been forced to give up its territory in the region, leading to growing ethnic nationalism. The region had failed to begin the process of modernization, leaving it backward and extremely poor. The religious groups within the region—Orthodox, Catholic, and Muslim—had never been able to live together in peace. Famine caused by Austro-Hungarian trade restrictions had left the region struggling for survival and furious at Austrian policies.

The Ottoman Empire had been forced to give up its territory in the region, leading to growing ethnic nationalism.

What happened to the Ukraine and Belarus that the Soviet Union seceded to Germany in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? Group of answer choices They were made protectorates of the League of Nations The Soviet Union reconquered those territories during its civil war. They were established as independent nations. Germany incorporated most of those lands into its new, expanded empire. They were incorporated into the new Yugoslavia.

The Soviet Union reconquered those territories during its civil war.

Why were extensive social welfare programs slow to form in Great Britain? Group of answer choices The conservative, aristocratic House of Lords resisted the formation of such programs until the king threatened to appoint new nobles who would support the programs. Social welfare programs violated the broad idea of liberalism that was powerfully supported by the middle class in Great Britain. Great Britain's tradition of low taxes provided no income for such programs, which would require a restructuring of government finances and additional taxation. Great Britain lacked the administrative system to organize such programs and the data needed to implement them. Social welfare programs were seen as a foreign idea that would destroy Britain's sense of its exceptionalism in European affairs.

The conservative, aristocratic House of Lords resisted the formation of such programs until the king threatened to appoint new nobles who would support the programs.

In the late nineteenth century, what was the central tension in how non-scientists came to understand the triumph of science and technology? Group of answer choices The discovery of natural processes that followed rigid laws, leaving little room for human will, also demonstrated the progress of humanity. The recognition that diseases could be controlled and limited in their deadly force would also exacerbate the problem of overpopulation. The idea that humans could come to dominate nature also implied that humans had the ability to destroy nature. The linking of theoretical science to practical technology would produce more effective goods, including more effective military weapons to kill humans. The rejection of magical understandings of nature improved the human condition but left little room for the divine.

The discovery of natural processes that followed rigid laws, leaving little room for human will, also demonstrated the progress of humanity.

Which of the following best characterizes the economic gains of the new imperialism? Group of answer choices The gains were substantial because the new lands had vast resources that had been largely undeveloped. The gains were substantial but could only be enjoyed after decades of development of the local infrastructure. The gains were limited because European resources were dedicated to warfare on the continent. The gains were limited because the new, more democratic governments lacked the political skill to dominate subject peoples. The gains were limited because the new colonies were too poor to buy European goods and offered few immediately profitable investments.

The gains were limited because the new colonies were too poor to buy European goods and offered few immediately profitable investments.

How did the expansion of the industrial revolution affect the middle class's work life? Group of answer choices The middle class increasingly used their ownership of business to distance themselves from active roles in the economy. The middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge and advanced education. The middle class was increasingly undermined by wealthy industrialists who turned them into wage laborers barely functioning above the laboring poor. The middle class left positions of managers in large private and public organizations, believing them to be beneath their dignity. The middle class increasingly defined job status as a function of income level.

The middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge and advanced education.

How did the process of Italian unification survive the French betrayal of Sardinia in its effort to unify Italy? Group of answer choices Cavour publicly exposed the betrayal by the French, and French public opinion forced Louis Napoleon to re-establish its support of Italian unification. Cavour gained the support of the papacy and used pro-Catholic French to pressure Louis Napoleon to withdraw his support of Austrian claims in northern Italy. The industrialists building railroads in Italy needed unified states to manage the railroad system and provide logistical support to the nationalists. The papacy gave its blessing to the unification process, which permitted northern nationalists to use the church's political network to press forward for unification. The nationalist leaders in central Italy overthrew their local princes and merged with Sardinia.

The nationalist leaders in central Italy overthrew their local princes and merged with Sardinia.

How did the urban working class change in the latter half of the nineteenth century? Group of answer choices The working class increasingly formed a unified, coherent culture that became the basis of class unity. The sharp distinction between highly skilled artisans and unskilled manual workers broke down as semiskilled groups of workers became more prevalent. Skilled artisans increasingly join the middle class, leaving the working class largely unskilled. The labor aristocracy disappeared as their positions were forced into mechanized factory labor. The urban working class abandoned cities and moved into the rural countryside to avoid the danger of cities.

The sharp distinction between highly skilled artisans and unskilled manual workers broke down as semiskilled groups of workers became more prevalent.

How did the war on the eastern front differ from the war on the western front? Group of answer choices The war on the eastern front immediately became immobile as both sides established vast trench networks. The war on the eastern front included a more significant naval component with competition for the Black Sea. The war on the eastern front lacked the use of modern technologies and, therefore, led to less loss of life. The war on the eastern front remained more mobile, with Germany in a more dominant position. The war on the eastern front was a traditional combat between two enemies, Germany and Russia, whereas the war on the western front was a more complicated battle between groups of allies.

The war on the eastern front remained more mobile, with Germany in a more dominant position.

During the Prussian revolution in 1848, why did the alliance between middle-class liberals and workers dissolve? Group of answer choices The middle-class liberals reinforced free trade economic policies that would harm working-class laborers. The workers demanded a series of democratic and vaguely socialist reforms The middle-class liberals instituted high property requirements for voting rights. The workers demanded property redistribution. The emperor skillfully manipulated the two sides against each other in promising more and more reforms.

The workers demanded a series of democratic and vaguely socialist reforms

Why did the German military command recommence submarine warfare in the Atlantic despite knowing that it would lead the United States to enter the war against them? Group of answer choices They believed that the United States had already decided secretly to enter the war and wanted to inflict as much damage as possible on Britain before U.S. troops arrived. They believed that the war was already lost and want to inflict as much damage as possible on Britain so that it would be weakened in its victory. They believed that improved submarines could starve Britain into submission before the United States could come to Britain's rescue They believed that Britain would abandon its war effort once the power of the new German submarines was recognized. They believed that the United States was too insignificant to worry about.

They believed that improved submarines could starve Britain into submission before the United States could come to Britain's rescue

What did the early French socialist thinkers find disturbing about the emerging industrial society? Group of answer choices They believed that machine technology dehumanized industrial workers. They believed that industrial society fomented selfish individualism and split the community into isolated fragments. They believed that industrial society separated humans from the rhythms of nature through which the human spirit was continually restored. They believed that industrial society promoted a meaningless consumerism that was corrosive to human values. They believed that industrial society undermined religious faith because of its demonstration of human control of nature.

They believed that industrial society fomented selfish individualism and split the community into isolated fragments.

How did the moderate Social Democrats in Germany put down the radical communist Spartacist Uprising? Group of answer choices They called on bands of demobilized soldiers called Free Corps to crush the uprising. They had the communists condemned by the Catholic Church, who authorized parishioners to join in a revolt against the communists. They called for a labor strike against the communists until their movement collapsed. They accused the communists of being Soviet spies and had them arrested on counter-espionage charges. They undermined the Sparticists' support among the peasants by calling for a land redistribution.

They called on bands of demobilized soldiers called Free Corps to crush the uprising.

What was the primary political weakness of the White forces as they fought against the Bolsheviks? Group of answer choices They insisted on the complete restoration of the monarchy, which had little support among the peasants. They were led by members of the nobility who had been discredited among the general public. They refused to negotiate with the Bolsheviks when invited to participate in the new government. They lacked any financial backing from foreign governments. They had a poorly defined political program that failed to unite the enemies of the Bolsheviks.

They had a poorly defined political program that failed to unite the enemies of the Bolsheviks.

Which of the following best characterizes the Carlsbad Decrees? Group of answer choices They established a free trade zone within the German Confederation and offered economic privileges to member states. They created a legislature that united all of the German states but left real decision-making authority with local rulers. They formed a mutual defense pact among the members of the German Confederation with the formation of a single, joint military in case of French aggression. They defined an idea of German nationalism built around a common language, culture, and set of values. They required members of the German Confederation to root out subversive ideas and to spy on liberal and radical organizations.

They required members of the German Confederation to root out subversive ideas and to spy on liberal and radical organizations.

Why did social scientists develop statistical methods to test their theories? Group of answer choices They believed that humans were reducible to numerical quantities. They sought to discover how average individuals functioned and to ignore the below average or exceptional. They believed that numerical averages were superior to observation as a form of analysis. They sought to analyze the massive sets of numerical data that governments had collected. They wanted to give the appearance of objectivity to their research.

They sought to analyze the massive sets of numerical data that governments had collected.

Why did romantics and early nationalists investigate folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs? Group of answer choices They sought to disprove the value of folk wisdom in their promotion of Enlightenment rationalism. They sought to find the unique greatness of every people in its folk culture. They sought to identify fundamental stories and themes that could be used by governments to manipulate the population. They sought to demonstrate the superiority of their culture over other cultures. They sought to create humorous stories for children primarily to make money.

They sought to find the unique greatness of every people in its folk culture.

How did some British women seek to affect British colonialism in India? Group of answer choices They demanded that the British government establish limitations on the number of hours that Indians could be required to work. They called for an end to opium production in India because of its negative consequences for Indian families. They insisted that British welfare benefits be extended to British India in order to support the population during economic downturns. They undermined British efforts to create religious conflict between Hindus and Muslims. They worked to improve the lives of Indian women, moving them closer to Western standards through education and legislation.

They worked to improve the lives of Indian women, moving them closer to Western standards through education and legislation

What was the goal of the Prussian Parliament in the 1850s and 1860s? Group of answer choices To establish a radical program of land redistribution in favor of the peasantry To undermine the authority of the customs union that controlled trade policy To form a Prussian alliance with France as a counterweight to growing Russian power To establish that the Parliament held final political authority and that the army was responsible to the Parliament To establish a national bank that could fund growing industrialization

To establish that the Parliament held final political authority and that the army was responsible to the Parliament

How did labor unions in Germany change in the early 1900s? Group of answer choices Unions became more radical as resistance to their demands by industrialists grew. Unions sought to organize white-collar workers rather than industrial laborers since white-collar workers had more political clout. Unions increasingly focused on basic issues of wages, hours, and working conditions rather than dissemination of socialist doctrine. Unions began to establish independent, worker-owned businesses to compete with those of the industrialists. Unions became political power brokers among the competing political parties.

Unions increasingly focused on basic issues of wages, hours, and working conditions rather than dissemination of socialist doctrine.

How did Bismarck structure the North German Confederation in order to secure the authority of the Prussian Emperor? Group of answer choices The parliament was permitted only a minor role in the enforcement of legislation, while all new bills had to originate from the emperor himself. The parliament had no right to override an imperial veto over legislation, while the emperor had independent control of the army and the bureaucracy. Universal male suffrage permitted the emperor to go directly to the people if the middle-class liberals resisted his bills in the legislature. The emperor's edicts could be reviewed by the legislature but could not be overridden without agreement of the high law court, which was comprised of individuals appointed by the emperor. The emperor had the authority to declare a state of emergency, which would suspend all legislative rights and functions.

Universal male suffrage permitted the emperor to go directly to the people if the middle-class liberals resisted his bills in the legislature.

How did Sardinia and its monarch, Victor Emmanuel, gain the reputation of a liberal, progressive state? Group of answer choices Victor Emmanuel retained the liberal constitution forced upon his father in 1848, which included substantial civil liberties. Victor Emmanuel instituted a series of reforms designed to strip the Catholic Church of most of its land and power in the region. Victor Emmanuel passed legislation that seized land from nobles and redistributed it more equitably to the peasantry. Victor Emmanuel established the first systems of nationwide childhood education and free university education for those admitted. Victor Emmanuel formed an alliance with the leading liberal states at the time, Great Britain and Holland, against Louis Napoleon's increasingly authoritarian rule in France.

Victor Emmanuel retained the liberal constitution forced upon his father in 1848, which included substantial civil liberties.

How did the Western powers react to the declarations of independence by Syria and Iraq shortly following the First World War? Group of answer choices Western powers invaded the two regions and defeated the independence movements. Western powers pointed to the declarations as models of national self-determination. Western powers accepted the claims of independence but acted to prevent their spread to any other peoples in the region. Western powers reinforced the ability of the Ottoman Empire to reclaim the territories. Western powers placed the regions under the protectorate of the League of Nations.

Western powers invaded the two regions and defeated the independence movements.

In the 1890s, how did Sergie Witte seek to transform Russia? Group of answer choices Witte sought to re-establish Slavic culture in order for Russia to return to greatness. Witte adopted the radical land redistribution proposed by the socialists. Witte collectivized land in order to apply modern, rational farming methods. Witte implemented industrial policies to catch up with the West. Witte worked to link Russia politically and economically with the Asian powers of Japan and China.

Witte implemented industrial policies to catch up with the West.

The long-established customs union among the German states was known as the Group of answer choices zemstvo. Zollverein. Reichstag. North German Confederation. Sadowa.

Zollverein.

The romantic movement was characterized by all of the following except Group of answer choices a belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination. lives lived with tremendous emotional intensity. a commitment to romantic love as the highest virtue. a bohemian lifestyle with the rejection of materialism. a belief in the full development of one's unique human potential.

a commitment to romantic love as the highest virtue.

The war affected women in all of the following ways except Group of answer choices large numbers of women left home and domestic service to work in industry, transportation, and offices. a new image emerged that highly restricted women's sexuality and public appearance in the new work environment and public places. women served as auxiliaries and nurses at the front. women moved into many highly visible professions, such as bank tellers, mail carriers, police officers, and fire fighters. many countries granted women the right to vote immediately after the war.

a new image emerged that highly restricted women's sexuality and public appearance in the new work environment and public places.

The Boxer Rebellion was Group of answer choices a revolt of Chinese military officers who supported westernization against the Qing Empress Dowager. a rebellion of traditionalist Chinese patriots who wished to expel all Westerners from China. a mutiny in the British Mediterranean fleet. an uprising of militant Muslims against British rule in Sudan. a revolution made by patriotic samurai who overthrew the Japanese shogun.

a rebellion of traditionalist Chinese patriots who wished to expel all Westerners from China.

Giuseppe Garibaldi is best described as Group of answer choices a hard-line socialist. a liberal technocrat. an amoral opportunist. a visionary industrialist. a romantic nationalist.

a romantic nationalist.

The typical European immigrant was Group of answer choices a middle-class professional. an urban factory worker. a small farmer or skilled craftsperson. a landless peasant. an aristocrat.

a small farmer or skilled craftsperson.

The romantic poet William Wordsworth Group of answer choices sought to write poems as the coded identification of social norms designed as a puzzle to be solved. abandoned flowery classical conventions for the language of ordinary speech and endowed simple subjects with the loftiest majesty. conceived of poetry as the light and airy demonstration of wit meant to express social conflicts. promoted the structured use of rhyme and meter to clarify the expression of ideas. emphasized the formless movement of tone and pitch to highlight the aesthetic beauty of language.

abandoned flowery classical conventions for the language of ordinary speech and endowed simple subjects with the loftiest majesty.

The first and most important of the Great Reforms in Russia was the Group of answer choices abolition of serfdom. creation of the zemstvos, the local, elected governmental councils. granting of a constitution. nationalization of church property. modernization of the legal system.

abolition of serfdom.

Edwin Chadwick gained fame as Group of answer choices a trade union leader. an advocate of improved public sanitation. a proponent of mass migration to the countryside. an influential follower of Marx. a successful businessman.

an advocate of improved public sanitation.

According to the text, realist writers fit within the late-nineteenth-century glorification of science because they Group of answer choices generally made the heroes of their novels scientists. turned toward science fiction. denied the importance of emotion in determining human action. were generally optimistic. attempted to observe and record life in an objective manner.

attempted to observe and record life in an objective manner.

After the conclusion of World War I, Austria-Hungary Group of answer choices gained greater control of the Balkans due to the Ottoman collapse. quickly formed a constitutional monarchy. devolved into anarchy until Britain intervened to prevent chaos. broke apart into several nation-states. was sustained by the Allied Powers as a buffer against the Soviet Union.

broke apart into several nation-states.

Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established Group of answer choices through electoral victories and control of legislatures. by violent revolution. by the cooperation of all classes to alleviate poverty and exploitation. through the efforts of enlightened rulers. by a gradual process of concentration of ownership of economic enterprises

by violent revolution.

The event that directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs, was the Group of answer choices defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-1856. revolution of 1905. Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. assassination of Alexander II in 1881. Lena Goldfields Massacre of 1912.

defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-1856.

In his novels Tess of the D'Urbervilles and The Return of the Native, Thomas Hardy Group of answer choices depicted men and women frustrated and crushed by fate and bad luck. developed a fatalistic theory of history, which regards free will as an illusion and the achievements of even the greatest leaders as only the channeling of historical necessity. tells the ordinary, even banal, story of a frustrated middle-class housewife who has an adulterous love affair and is betrayed by her lover. offered an optimistic assessment of the human condition by a revival of Christian mysticism. described his native Germany as the morally and intellectually superior European land.

depicted men and women frustrated and crushed by fate and bad luck.

As an inspiration for nationalism, Johann Gottfried von Herder argued that Group of answer choices nationalism emerged as a companion of liberalism. each people had its own national genius and cultural unity. the national spirit was shaped by a specific religious sensibility that required religious unity among all citizens. nations were defined by a distinct biological and genetic inheritance. nations thrived when all internal dissent was squelched.

each people had its own national genius and cultural unity.

According to Marx, the driving force in history was the Group of answer choices unfolding of universal consciousness. expansion of individual liberty. emergence of a secular challenge to the church. economic relationship between classes. desire for racial and gender equality.

economic relationship between classes.

The principle by which the European powers established their claim to an African territory after the Berlin Conference was known as Group of answer choices extraterritoriality. annexation. effective occupation. military subjugation. the white man's burden.

effective occupation.

One of the most important scientific and technological developments in the nineteenth century saw a form of commercial energy useful in communications and manufacturing developed from Group of answer choices natural gas. coke. coal. oil. electricity

electricity

The Mexican War of 1848 Group of answer choices reduced tensions between the North and South by generating an atmosphere of renewed patriotic unity. exacerbated tensions between the North and South, as debate erupted over the extension of slavery into territory acquired from Mexico. provided a crucial stimulus to the development of cotton culture in the Southwest. led to a national policy toward African Americans. left the South devastated and weakened.

exacerbated tensions between the North and South, as debate erupted over the extension of slavery into territory acquired from Mexico.

Central to improvements in sanitation was the discovery that Group of answer choices horses carried many of the diseases that afflicted humans. the creation of communal baths would reduce the spread of dangerous bacteria. schools could be used as centers for the vaccination of children from common diseases. excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost. most diseases were carried into cities by rural laborers who came into the cities for work.

excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost.

As a result of the gendered system created by the idea of separate spheres, married women who sought to work outside the home Group of answer choices found that they could not gain well-paying jobs and their wages were less than men's for the same work. gained a series of legal rights over their property and their wages. were largely supported by their husbands so that the family income could raises its standing in society. were now eligible for professional employment if they had the proper education. had easy access to child care.

found that they could not gain well-paying jobs and their wages were less than men's for the same work.

During the First World War, the African colonial subjects of Britain and France Group of answer choices used the war as an opportunity to revolt. played no part in the war. opposed the war as irrelevant to their interests. lent clandestine support to Germany. generally supported their foreign masters.

generally supported their foreign masters.

All of the following correctly characterize Charles Darwin and his work except Group of answer choices he concluded that all life had evolved from a common ancestral origin. he served as the official naturalist on a five-year scientific cruise to Latin America and the South Pacific. he asserted that genetics provided the mechanism by which favorable characteristics are passed on to future generations. he asserted that the variations in a species that prove useful in the struggle for survival are selected naturally and gradually spread to the entire species through reproduction. he was hailed as the Newton of biology.

he asserted that genetics provided the mechanism by which favorable characteristics are passed on to future generations.

All of the following correctly characterize the ideas of Sigmund Freud except Group of answer choices he believed that hysteria originated in bitter early childhood experiences in which children had been obliged to repress strong feelings. he believed that through the free association of ideas people could identify and learn to deal with the causes of their emotional difficulties. he believed that much unconscious psychological energy is sexual energy, which is repressed and precariously controlled by rational thinking and moral rules. he believed that much human behavior is motivated by unconscious emotional needs. he believed that most psychological energy is caused by guilt imposed on children by their parents.

he believed that most psychological energy is caused by guilt imposed on children by their parents.

Ismail transformed Egypt in all of the following ways except Group of answer choices he refused to borrow money from Western banks. he promoted large irrigation networks for cotton production. he supported the completion of the Suez Canal. young Egyptians were educated in Europe. Cairo acquired modern roads and hotels.

he refused to borrow money from Western banks.

According to the text, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Group of answer choices helped the Bolsheviks, who could appeal to patriotic nationalism against the Allies. helped the Whites with a massive infusion of military aid. blocked the German advance into Ukraine. caused the Bolsheviks to initiate their policy of terror. helped the Finns to gain their independence.

helped the Bolsheviks, who could appeal to patriotic nationalism against the Allies.

Bismarck's Kulturkampf refers to Group of answer choices his drive to make German workers more cultured. his attack on the Catholic Church in the German Empire. his attempt to stamp out anti-German attitudes in France following the Franco-Prussian War. his 1864 war against Denmark. his promotion of the German Empire's new National Theater.

his attack on the Catholic Church in the German Empire.

Bismarck's social reforms were motivated primarily by Group of answer choices the Long Depression. his goal of stimulating the economy. humanitarian concern for the suffering of the urban poor. the failure of his Kulturkampf against German Catholics. his fear and distrust of socialism.

his fear and distrust of socialism.

Louis Napoleon's great success with the economy included all of the following except Group of answer choices his government encouraged new investment banks and railroad construction. his government improved the urban environment with its rebuilding of Paris. his government launched a massive public works program. his government prevented the formation of labor unions or laws permitting labor strikes. the wages of workers grew ahead of the pace of inflation.

his government prevented the formation of labor unions or laws permitting labor strikes.

In his book Imperialism, J. A. Hobson maintained all of the following except Group of answer choices imperialism violated Christian morals and ethics. imperialism diverted attention from needed domestic reforms. imperialism resulted from the need of the rich to find outlets for their surplus capital. imperialism only benefited special-interest groups. imperialism harmed taxpayers and native peoples.

imperialism violated Christian morals and ethics

After the Franco-Prussian War, Prussia Group of answer choices imposed a harsh peace on France. imposed a generous peace on France. asked for international participation in the formation of the peace treaty. acknowledged its own role in starting the war. made the status quo before the war the basis of the peace treaty.

imposed a harsh peace on France.

Japan opened its shores to Western trade Group of answer choices because it wanted to enter the world economy. in response to U.S. military pressure. as a result of the Meiji Restoration. under the influence of Dutch missionaries there. to reduce its dependence on China.

in response to U.S. military pressure.

The Russian zemstvo was the Group of answer choices peasant commune that owned the land distributed by the Great Reforms. new Russian parliament established after the revolution of 1905. institution for local government established by the Great Reforms. name of the currency issued when Russia adopted the gold standard. state-run investment bank set up to promote railroad construction.

institution for local government established by the Great Reforms.

In Great Britain, the Great Reform Bill of 1832 accomplished all of the following except Group of answer choices it allowed the House of Commons to emerge as the all-important legislative body. it gave greater representation to the new, industrial areas of the nation. it eliminated many electoral districts that the landed aristocracy controlled. it increased the number of voters by about 50 percent. it granted the vote to substantial farmers but not the middle-class urban population.

it granted the vote to substantial farmers but not the middle-class urban population.

Bismarck's alliance system was designed to isolate France and Group of answer choices expand German territory eastward. challenge Britain's dominant world position. create rival diplomatic blocs in Europe. maintain peace between Russia and Austria-Hungary. control the Balkans.

maintain peace between Russia and Austria-Hungary.

The all-important goal of the architects of the Meiji Restoration was to Group of answer choices bring an end to imperial rule. expand trade with the West. meet the threat posed by outside powers. form an alliance with China. return Japan to its pre-1640 society.

meet the threat posed by outside powers.

Grigori Rasputin was assassinated by Group of answer choices Bolshevik revolutionaries. agents of the tsarist police force. German mercenaries. members of the high aristocracy. Japanese spies.

members of the high aristocracy.

Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek Revolution for all of the following reasons except Group of answer choices a love of Greek classical culture. Russians were stirred by the piety of their Orthodox brethren. merchants sought access to Greek markets for trade. writers and artists were moved by the romantic impulse of liberation. they responded enthusiastically to the idea of national struggle.

merchants sought access to Greek markets for trade.

All of the following correctly characterizes middle-class morality except Group of answer choices the middle classes agreed on a strict code of behavior. the middle classes emphasized hard work and self-discipline. individuals who fell into poverty or crime were assumed to be responsible for their own circumstances. morality was based on natural law rather than on Christianity. the middle-class person was expected to know right from wrong and to choose to act morally.

morality was based on natural law rather than on Christianity.

Unlike other political parties, the Marxian socialists Group of answer choices refused to seek electoral office. failed to gain many members due to their radical message. rejected all forms of patriotism. organized themselves into an international organization. consistently sought the violent overthrow of national governments.

organized themselves into an international organization.

In 1848 in France, the Second Republic instituted all of the following reforms except Group of answer choices expanding the right to vote to all adult men. freeing slaves in all French colonies. abolishing the death penalty permitting both men and women to file for divorce. establishing a maximum ten-hour work day.

permitting both men and women to file for divorce.

The most important factor influencing the peaceful mid-century reforms in Great Britain was Group of answer choices the fear of working-class revolution. the ideas of Karl Marx. the outbreak of revolution on the continent. the moderating influence of the monarch. political competition between the aristocracy and the middle class.

political competition between the aristocracy and the middle class.

According to Joseph Proudhon, property was Group of answer choices a natural right. profit stolen from workers. derived from labor invested in land and products. a gift from God. a sign of the owner's virtue and conscientiousness.

profit stolen from workers.

Following the First World War, one of the most difficult domestic problems faced by governments was Group of answer choices building memorials to commemorate the war. providing care for the large number of injured veterans. identifying collaborators who had aided the enemy. adopting new expectations about women's voting rights. returning to peacetime economic production.

providing care for the large number of injured veterans.

Georges Haussmann is remembered for Group of answer choices developing the antiseptic method. rebuilding Paris. his realistic novels of lower-class life. enunciation of the positivist philosophy. pioneering the use of anesthesia.

rebuilding Paris.

The greatest impediment to nation building in the United States was Group of answer choices its weak colonial economy. regional differences exacerbated by slavery. the lack of common ancestry among its citizens. the intellectual legacy of the American Revolution.

regional differences exacerbated by slavery.

The Dreyfus affair Group of answer choices revived the prestige of the French army. drove a wedge between Catholics and anti-Semites. revived republican distrust of Catholicism. fanned the flames of French imperialism. created a witch-hunt for German spies in the French army and intelligence services.

revived republican distrust of Catholicism.

Walter Rathenau is remembered for his Group of answer choices May Day rally in opposition to the German war effort. assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. role in Germany's total war mobilization. antiwar novels, which he wrote after the war. advocacy of violent revolution against the German government.

role in Germany's total war mobilization.

The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 Group of answer choices set the terms for the division of China into economic zones of influence. declared Africa off-limits to colonization. determined peace terms that ended the Sino-Japanese War. set up the terms for the division of most of Africa among European colonial powers. established high tariffs to protect German industry.

set up the terms for the division of most of Africa among European colonial powers.

Socialist parties become more moderate by the late 1800s for all of the following reasons except Group of answer choices socialist leaders saw revolution as a threat to their now respectable positions in society. as the socialist parties grew in size, they looked more toward gradual change. workers' standard of living rose considerably, blunting the message of radical change. as workers gained the right to vote, they focused attention on elections rather than revolution. workers were influenced by patriotic education and indoctrination during military service.

socialist leaders saw revolution as a threat to their now respectable positions in society.

As the nineteenth century progressed, the upper middle class Group of answer choices tended to merge with the old aristocracy. formed tighter bonds with the rest of the middle class. expressed a high degree of social conscience. retained its frugal attitudes. increasingly turned toward socialism.

tended to merge with the old aristocracy.

The breakthrough implication of Louis Pasteur's work was Group of answer choices that human dietary habits affected immunization to diseases. that diseases passed to humans through airborne agents that could be eliminated by moving sources of filth and decay away from humans. that diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled. that most human diseases were the result of molds that occurred naturally in human environments. that diseases affected the old and young more severely because their immune systems were the weakest.

that diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled.

Native opponents to European colonial rule drew on all of the following except Group of answer choices the Christian call for love and charity. an idea that human dignity was incompatible with foreign rule. the credo of civil liberty. the nationalist assertion that every people had a right to control their destiny. the Leninist version of Marxian socialism.

the Christian call for love and charity

The immediate cause of British entry into the First World War was Group of answer choices the sinking of the Lusitania. the German invasion of neutral Belgium. the Austrian ultimatum to Serbia. the Algeciras Conference. German mobilization following the Austrian ultimatum to Serbia.

the German invasion of neutral Belgium.

Germany's initial offensive was stopped on the outskirts of Paris at the Battle of Group of answer choices Verdun. the Somme. the Marne. Ypres. Tannenberg.

the Marne.

Germany's last, all-out effort for victory on the western Front was defeated in 1918 at Group of answer choices the Battle of Ypres. the Battle of Verdun. the Second Battle of the Marne. the Battle of the Somme. the Battle of Tannenberg.

the Second Battle of the Marne

During the revolutions of 1848 in central Europe, an alliance of reforms included all of the following except Group of answer choices urban workers. students. middle-class liberals. peasants. the clergy.

the clergy.

Comte believed that application of the positivist method would result in Group of answer choices the discovery of the eternal laws of human relations. social revolution. economic growth. the establishment of socialism. travel to other planets.

the discovery of the eternal laws of human relations

The revolutionary reduction in the size of European families was caused in large part by Group of answer choices the family's desire to improve its economic and social position. the effectiveness and availability of birth control. women wanting to pursue careers outside the home. oppressive Victorian morality. an epidemic of infertility related to environmental contamination.

the family's desire to improve its economic and social position.

Theodore Herzl was Group of answer choices the anti-Semitic mayor of Vienna. speaker of the Reichstag during much of Bismarck's tenure. the creator of modern psychoanalysis. the founder of the Zionist Jewish national movement. a German socialist and author of Evolutionary Socialism.

the founder of the Zionist Jewish national movement.

The decline in illegitimacy rates after 1850 was probably the result of Group of answer choices the higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers. decreased premarital sexual activity. urban renewal. the increased availability of contraception and abortion. the increased influence of religion among the lower classes.

the higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers.

Count Henri de Saint-Simon believed that Group of answer choices the key to progress was proper social organization. sexual freedom was a necessary component of political freedom. society should return to seventeenth-century norms. nature should be worshiped as a god. ownership of private property was a crime

the key to progress was proper social organization.

My Secret Life explored Group of answer choices the inner emotional turmoil of a bored middle-class housewife. the life of a sexual adventurer from the servant-keeping class. the activities of a double agent who betrayed France in the Crimean War. the story of a clergymen who had responded to Darwin's theory by becoming an atheist. the efforts of a colonial traveler to completed adopt to African society.

the life of a sexual adventurer from the servant-keeping class.

Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points called for all of the following except Group of answer choices open diplomacy. reduction in armaments. freedom of commerce and trade. the punishment of war criminals. the establishment of the League of Nations.

the punishment of war criminals.

Eugène Delacroix's work celebrated all of the following except Group of answer choices dramatic, colorful scenes. remote subjects. the transforming power of industrialization. the exoticism of the romantic movement. the stirring of emotions.

the transforming power of industrialization.

Following the war, the principle of national self-determination was flawed in its application in all the following ways except Group of answer choices the borders of new states cut through a jumble of ethnic and religious groups who often despised each other. the victorious powers sought to create puppet states throughout central Europe. many new states were too economically weak to support themselves. many new states were too politically unstable to sustain themselves. the desires of colonized peoples for self-determination were simply ignored.the victorious powers sought to create puppet states throughout central Europe.

the victorious powers sought to create puppet states throughout central Europe.

In her great novel Middlemarch, George Eliot examined Group of answer choices the effect of consumer culture on the lower classes as they strove to expand their purchasing power at the expense of family relationships. the ways in which people are shaped by their social environment as well as their inner striving and moral choices. the ordinary life of an adulturous housewife in a petty and smug middle-class society. the illusion of free will in a society shaped by inalterable historical forces. how the young abandon their idealism in the face of society's pervasive greed.

the ways in which people are shaped by their social environment as well as their inner striving and moral choices.

Rudyard Kipling's "white man's burden" referred to Group of answer choices the social costs of industrialization. the difficulties of reaching consensus in a democratic society. the supposed innate inferiority of the white race. the white race's supposed duty to civilize inferior, nonwhite races. the high costs of maintaining colonial rule.

the white race's supposed duty to civilize inferior, nonwhite races.

According to the text, one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists was that Group of answer choices several of them were of noble birth. they were wrong to believe that a socialist society could be built without gender equality. they underestimated the intelligence of the working classes. central economic planning was inefficient. their appeals to the wealthy to help the poor were naive.

their appeals to the wealthy to help the poor were naive.

Middle-class families spent considerable portions of their income on food because Group of answer choices the price of food skyrocketed as farm labor became more scarce. they had to feed not only their families but their large staff of servants and assistants. they developed a habit of spending on expensive and exotic colonial products. they gave frequent, large dinner parties as their favored social activity. they lacked an effective means to store food and thus had to constantly buy fresh food at the market.

they gave frequent, large dinner parties as their favored social activity.

According to the text, one of the social functions of the labor aristocracy's strict moral code was Group of answer choices to convince the middle classes that they belonged. to create a strong barrier against socialist influences. to maintain their unstable social and economic position. to prevent their children from joining the supposedly morally corrupt middle classes. to serve as an example to lower-paid, unskilled workers.

to maintain their unstable social and economic position.

According to the text, German Social Democrats recovered their losses of the 1907 election and became the largest party in the Reichstag in 1912, in part because they Group of answer choices endorsed Marx's call for a violent revolution. accepted trade unions' call for evolutionary rather than revolutionary socialism. took on a more patriotic tone and broadened their base. began courting Catholics in southern Germany. merged with the German Liberal party.

took on a more patriotic tone and broadened their base.

In the late nineteenth century, masturbation was Group of answer choices viewed with horror. seen as a normal part of adolescence. considered unhealthy for women, but normal for men. considered unhealthy for men, but normal for women. promoted as an alternative to premarital sex.

viewed with horror.

At the Paris Peace Conference, French premier Georges Clemenceau Group of answer choices strongly supported the creation of a League of Nations. advocated lenient treatment of Germany. agreed to renounce France's claim to Alsace and Lorraine. wanted to create a buffer state between Germany and France. objected to the breakup of the Austrian Empire.

wanted to create a buffer state between Germany and France.

Generally, the offensives on the western front Group of answer choices made significant territorial gains. relied heavily on flanking movements of cavalry units. were depressingly similar slaughters of massed infantry units. were won by the army on the offensive. were launched by the Germans.

were depressingly similar slaughters of massed infantry units.

At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies Group of answer choices were guided by the principle of the balance of power. resurrected the Holy Roman Empire. treated France harshly. established constitutional monarchies in the areas conquered by Napoleon. sought to reduce armaments.

were guided by the principle of the balance of power.

The allied powers at the Congress of Vienna Group of answer choices were sharply divided over how to re-establish international stability to Europe. required France to hand over large amounts of territory and pay steep reparations. were lenient in their treatment of the defeated France. re-established France as a republic. refused to station troops on French soil after the war ended.

were lenient in their treatment of the defeated France.

All of the following marked changes in child-rearing practices except Group of answer choices women increasingly breast-fed their infants literature on child-rearing practices emerged. women increasingly hired wet-nurses to free them to care for other children. the practice of swaddling disappeared. fewer illegitimate children were abandoned at foundling hospitals.

women increasingly hired wet-nurses to free them to care for other children.