HIS 113 Midterm Review

Patrick Henry

"No taxation without representation"

Fort Duquesne

1st battle of French & Indian War

Constitution

A body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed.

Slavery

After 1700, becomes big part of the economy Replaced indentured servants They grow the crops being sold Slaves can have kids who become slaves More slaves than immigrants coming to America 1774 1 in 7 was a slave in RI

French and Indian War

Also known as the 7 Years War (1754-1763) French & Natives ( Algonquin, Lenape, & Ottawa) vs Britain Fighting ended 1760 but Treaty signed in 1763 Started in Ohio Valley GW kicked off the War- 1st battle right by Fort Duquesne July 4th, 1754- surrendered to 1000 french (only 150 of them)

Manhattan

Attractive for its land and hunting for fur

Ft. Ticonderoga

Battle of Ticonderoga (1759), a British approach that forced a small French garrison to withdraw. Battle of Ticonderoga (1775) or Capture of Fort Ticonderoga, a surprise capture of the fort by Americans. Battle of Ticonderoga (1777), a British army approach that forced the Continental Army to withdraw.

Henry Hudson

British but with the Dutch Hudson River named after him

Maryland

British owned it from the start 1st Catholic Colony- Lord Baltimore- Head of Charter Struggled from the start religiously Chesapeake Bay settled in 1634 Soon Protestants outnumbered Catholics Catholics soon left- didn't feel welcomed

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker A philosopher of Concept of Man

Benjamin Franklin

He was one of the founding fathers of the United States. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity.

Quakers

Led by William Penn Settled in Pennsylvania Good relations with the Natives

Declaration of Rights

The Declaration of Rights and Grievances was a document written by the Stamp Act Congress and passed on October 14, 1765. It declared that taxes imposed on British colonists without their formal consent were unconstitutional.

King George III

The King of Great Britain from 1760-1801

Stamp Act

The first internal tax directly on American colonists by the British Tax on special paper used for documents & newspaper

Cash Crop

Tobacco

Jamestown

1607, named after the king The Virginia Company- Queen Elizabeth I Investors, Merchants- lazy, poor work ethic- hard to build outpost

Plymouth

1620, Pilgrims arrived for religious freedom brought families Got off course and ended in Massachusetts Didn't land in Plymouth but settled there

Halfway Covenant

1662 Allows those not born into the church to be able to join the church Positive- able to convert to Puritanism Negative- more numbers but people fear it will weaken the church

Philadelphia

1682- 2000 people 1685- 8000 people wide streets, low houses to help house fires from spreading building to building Became the center of the Triangle Trade 1 out of 6 were slaves

Salem Witch Trials

1692 Not the 1st witch trials- the 1st was in Hartford CT...The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693.

Marquis de Lafayette

19-year-old major general, he had the most experience out of all of the soldiers (this was not a good thing if a 19-year-old boy has more experience than the rest of the soldiers of all ages, means they're not in good shape for this fight), George Washington's right hand man in the American Revolutionary War.

John Winthrop

1st Leader of Massachusetts Bay Colony Wrote "A Model of Christian Charity" "We shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us..."

William Bradford

1st leader under the Mayflower Compact Served 31 years (1621-1652)

Charles Cornwallis

A British Army officer and colonial administrator. In the United States and the United Kingdom he is best remembered as one of the leading British generals in the American War of Independence. His surrender in 1781 to a combined American and French force at the Siege of Yorktown ended significant hostilities in North America.

New Sweden

A Swedish colony along the lower reaches of the Delaware River in North America from 1638 to 1655, established during the devastating Thirty Years' War while Sweden was a significant Northern European military power. New Sweden was one part of Swedish colonization efforts in the Americas.

Nathanael Greene

A major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War. He emerged from the war with a reputation as George Washington's most gifted and dependable officer, and is known for his successful command in the Southern theater of the war.

Shay's Rebellion

An armed uprising in Massachusetts (primarily in Springfield) during 1786 and 1787. In 1787, the rebels marched on the United States' Armory at Springfield in an unsuccessful attempt to seize its weaponry and overthrow the government. Daniel Shay (revolutionary war veteran) led these 4,000 rebels (called Shaysites) in an uprising against against perceived economic and and civil rights injustices. During this time, the US was under the Articles of Confederation and this uprising was part of the reason why the Constitutional Convention was called because it proved that the US needed a stronger government and laws. This led retired Washington back into the public eye by becoming President and serving two terms.

Comte d'Estaing

Commander of the first French fleet sent in support of the American colonists during the American Revolution.

Crispus Attacks

Crispus Attucks was the first person killed in the Boston massacre, in Boston, Massachusetts, and is widely referred to as the first American killed in the American Revolution. Before he died, Attucks was an icon of the anti-slavery movement in the mid-19th century.

New Amsterdam

Dutch Present day New York City (Lower Manhattan)

Thomas Paine

England-born political philosopher and writer, he helped to shape many of the ideas that marked the Age of Revolution. Wrote "The American Crisis, 1776". A point in this book was about him explaining how fall is very difficult because the Patriots were losing battle after battle. He reminded people on the home front that they need to support the troops in anyway that they could. He also stated that he has major respect for troops that stay in the game even though they keep losing. The ones who stayed are truly dedicated and passionate about what they do.

Ethan Allen

Ethan Allen was born in 1738 in Litchfield, Connecticut. He fought in the French and Indian War and the American Revolution. With Benedict Arnold, he led the Green Mountain Boys to capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775. After the war, he petitioned to have Vermont become a state.

Triangle Trade

Europe sends goods to Africa, Africa sends slaves to North America, North America grows crops which is sent to Europe

Battle of Trenton

George Washington devised a plan for his troops to cross the Delaware River and surprise the British. 2,400 men had to get across (march 9 miles) before sunrise, which they did successfully. The British were celebrating since it was Christmas Eve so the patriots took them by surprise and won. The patriots raided their supply closets following the 1,500 British men surrendering.

Ann Hutchinson

Had 14 children She would talk about the church with other moms Started preaching against the church Felt no need to obey God's law or men's law On trial in 1638, banished and moved to Long Island, Rodger Williams invited her to RI She settled in Aquidneck Island Gained followers there and left for New York- bad conditions at the time in NY

Paul Revere

He took part in the Boston Tea Party and was principal rider for Boston's Committee of Safety. In that role, he devised a system of lanterns to warn the minutemen of a British invasion, setting up his famous ride on April 18, 1775.

Baron von Steuben

In 1777, Steuben, a former captain in the Prussian army, presented himself to George Washington as a Prussian general and volunteered to train the Continental Army. arrives at General George Washington's encampment at Valley Forge on this day in 1778 and commences training soldiers in close-order drill, instilling new confidence and discipline in the demoralized Continental Army.

Boston Tea Party

In Boston Harbor, a group of Massachusetts colonists disguised as Mohawk Indians board three British tea ships and dump 342 chests of tea into the harbor.The Boston Tea Party was a political protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16, 1773. To protest British Parliament's tax on tea. "No taxation without representation."

Second Continental Congress

It succeeded the First Continental Congress, which met in Philadelphia between September 5, 1774 and October 26, 1774. The Second Congress managed the Colonial war effort and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. the Second Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. The questions were different this time. First and foremost, how would the colonist meet the military threat of the British. It was agreed that a Continental Army would be created.

Massachusetts Bay

Late 1820s- early 1830s 11 ships 1000 people (not just men) Landed in Salem Puritans- wanted to reform not separate Led by John Winthrop No separation b/w Religion & State Well Educated- read the bible everyday Divinity schools- Harvard College 1636 1st Divinity school Role based on merit not your parents Life was good- educated, concrete laws, religions, good relations with with the natives

Samuel Adams

Leader of Committee of Correspondence Spread awareness- tried gathering people to fight against the British They helped organized the Boston Tea Party Made the 1st Continental Congress Organized local elections

George Washington

Leader of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War 1st President Built a government from scratch Established the Judicial & Executive branch ceremonial functions of office Built the cabinet Foreign affairs- Selective isolationism

William Penn

Leader of the Quakers Was given Pennsylvania by King Charles II due to his father's debt Spoke out against the church in England He and his followers moved to Penn. Good spokesman Designed the grid in Philly- wide streets, low houses to help house fires from spreading building to building

John Smith

Leader of the Virginia Company "He who shall not work, shall not eat" Was able to get investors off his back He was captured by the Natives Pocahontas saved him from execution They got married He was accident prone and died

New Spain

Led in Power & had the most land in the New World Biggest rival- Portuguese 1st to reach the Pacific Ocean Sent Explorers everywhere looking for the Fountain of Youth Also for wealth, new crops & convert people to Christianity "Adopted" the Natives- Slaves Toke over the Aztecs 160,000 Spanish by 1600 Came in 1519 Kicked out in 1800s

Rodger Williams

Led the way to Rhode Island He liked the Puritans idea of reform Went back to Boston and openly criticized the Puritans Moves to Plymouth with the Pilgrims Wasn't extreme enough for him Moves to Salem- quickly banished finally heads to Providence- Names it that because he thought God's providence led him there

James Madison

Madison was a member of the Continental Congress. A leader in the drafting of the Constitution, he worked tirelessly for its adoption by the states, contributing several essays to The Federalist Papers. He served as president from 1809 to 1817, after Thomas Jefferson.

Evacuation Day

March 17th, it's the day the British leave Boston for NYC during the American Revolutionary War.

Boston Massacre

March 5, 1768 5 died started more riots than stopped 10 days before this a child killed by soldiers- created tension Led to appeal all taxes except the one of Tea

Proclamation of 1763

Not allowed to cross the Alps Do so at your own risk, no backup from the army (did not allow any settlement passed the Alps)-King George III made this

Saratoga

October 7th, 1777-huge victory for the American colonists, loss of 6,000 men for the British. John Bulgoin was so embarrassed that he went back to Britain. The French joined the colonist's side because they hate the British and wanted to show off their new navy. The French gave the colonists $13 million for this battle.

Battle of Long Island

On August 27th, the British defeat George Washington and his troops in this battle. Everyone wanted Manhattan because of the harbor-you can see who's coming in and it's close to Philadelphia. This is the largest battle of the war, 20,000 men, southern tip of Manhattan. The British arrived in large numbers and caught the patriots from behind. The Patriots lost a total of 2,000 men, 1,000 men are killed and 1,000 are also captured and made prisoners. British only lost 400 men. Washington and troops retreat into Brooklyn and on August 30th they forfeit Brooklyn to see if they can get Manhattan back, the Patriots were forced to evacuate on September 15, 1776 and went to New Jersey where they lost to the British. After this, they head to Pennsylvania and people started to wonder if Washington was actually good for the job.

Navigation Act

Only products from British ships can be sold to the American colonies

New Lights

People with a new way of thinking No longer thought bad things were a cause of bad actions, now think they are due to Science and Math reasons

New France

Quebec Goal- Fur 1st trading post in 1589 Large amount of land (Canada, Michigan & Minnesota) Bad weather= little farming Lived among the Natives & learned hunting skills Tried to build a settlement- Struggled to keep population Sent farmers & missionaries

Great Awakening

Religious Movement 1730s-1740s Influence of church weakened in time due to diversity, less ties to the church, out of touch Church tried to adjust to the community Separation of Church & State George Whitfield and Edwards - Sermons- Preached to believe in God

Roanoke

Roanoke Island, North Carolina Tried making a settlement Gone in 3 years No one knows what happened

Rhode Island

Rodger Williams Providence RI 1631 Aquidneck Island (Newport) 1st Baptist church- Providence RI All Religions welcomed Total separation between church and state Any Man can run for office 1st State to outlaw Slavery Church was not in the center of towns unlike Massachusetts

Separatists

Settled in Plymouth Mass. 1620 Wanted to separate from the church King James said to convert or leave, so they left Made an agreement with Jamestown to move to America

Mayflower Compact

Signed by the men Serve 1 yr then revote 1st leader served 31 yrs, An agreement reached by the Pilgrims on the ship the Mayflower in 1620, just before they landed at Plymouth Rock. The Mayflower Compact bound them to live in a civil society according to their own laws.

Indentured Servants

Someone pays for your passage to the New World and you work 7 years for them

Declaratory Act

Stated that British Parliament had the authority in America as they do in Great Britain

Townshend Acts

Taxes on imported goods such as tea, paper, lead, paints, glass

Sugar Act

Taxes on sugar

Stamp Act Congress

The 1st Congress of the American Colonies held in New York City Representatives of British colonies and elected representatives of each of the 13 colonies were in attendance.

Albany Congress

The Albany Congress was a gathering that took place in Albany, New York, in 1754. Officials of some of Great Britain's American colonies met with members of the Native American Iroquois Confederacy. The main purpose of the Albany Congress was to discuss the plans for a war with France that was just beginning.

The American Crisis

The American Crisis is a collection of articles written by Thomas Paine during the American Revolutionary War. The American Crisis is a pamphlet series by 18th century Enlightenment philosopher and author Thomas Paine, originally published from 1776 to 1783 during the American Revolution.

Salutary Neglect

The Americans avoided parliamentary laws being enforced by England

Battle of Rhode Island

The Battle of Rhode Island began on August 9, 1778, when 11,000 Continental line troops and militia crossed Howland's Ferry to reinforce the state militia in preparation for an attack on the British in that state. Meanwhile, the French fleet under d'Estaing blocked the small naval force at Narragansett Bay.

Lexington and Concord

The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. The battles were fought on April 19, 1775. On the night of April 18, 1775, hundreds of British troops marched from Boston to nearby Concord in order to seize an arms cache. Paul Revere and other riders sounded the alarm, and colonial militiamen began mobilizing to intercept the Redcoat column. A confrontation on the Lexington town green started off the fighting, and soon the British were hastily retreating under intense fire. Many more battles followed, and in 1783 the colonists formally won their independence.

Hessians

The British hired Hessian soldiers to fight for them. These soldiers were known to be experienced, professional and ruthless. They don't have loyalty to the crown so they're just in it for the paycheck. If it came down to them either dying or surrendering, they would surrender because they are in it for the money, not for the passion of helping Britain.

Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries

Committees of Correspondence

The Committees of Correspondence were the American colonies' first means for maintaining communication lines in the years before the Revolutionary War. In 1764, Boston formed the earliest Committee of Correspondence to encourage opposition to Britain's stiffening of customs enforcement and prohibition of American paper money. The following year, New York formed a similar committee to keep the other colonies notified of its actions in resisting the Stamp Act. In 1773, the Virginia House of Burgesses proposed that each colonial legislature appoint a committee for intercolonial correspondence. The exchanges that followed built solidarity during the turbulent times and helped bring about the formation of the First Continental Congress in 1774.

Articles of Confederation

The Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the United States, on November 15, 1777. However, ratification of the Articles of Confederation by all thirteen states did not occur until March 1, 1781. Very weak, was meant to be very weak, this made American's realize that change needed to happen so they could have a stronger government, this happened at the Second meeting. Emphasizes state's rights, written by John Dickinson and Ben Franklin, doesn't formally take effect until all colonies ratify it in 1781, forms a firm league of friendship

Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776. United States Declaration of Independence is an important document in the history of the United States of America. It was ratified on July 4,1776. It says that the Americans were no longer under British rule. Instead, the thirteen British colonies came together to become a new country.

Deism

The Divine Creator works like a clockmaker He created the world but no longer takes an active role Instead, it operates according to the natural laws

First Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress was a meeting of delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies (all except Georgia) who met from September 5 to October 26, 1774 at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania early in the American Revolution. They met to organize colonial resistance to Parliament's Coercive Acts.

Gaspee Affair

The Gaspee Affair was a very significant event in the lead-up to the American Revolution. HMS Gaspee was a British customs ship that ran aground in shallow water in 1772. A group of men led by Abraham Whipple and John Brown attacked, boarded, and torched the ship. The event increased hostilities between the American colonists and British officials, following the Boston Massacre in 1770.

Intorable/Coercive Acts

The Intolerable Acts (also called the Coercive Acts) were harsh laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774. They were meant to punish the American colonists for the Boston Tea Party and other protests. The first was the Boston Port Bill, closing that city's harbor until restitution was made for the destroyed tea. Second, the Massachusetts Government Act abrogated the colony's charter of 1691, reducing it to the level of a crown colony, substituting a military government under Gen. Thomas Gage, and forbidding town meetings without approval. The third, the Administration of Justice Act, was aimed at protecting British officials charged with capital offenses during law enforcement by allowing them to go to England or another colony for trial. The fourth Coercive Act included new arrangements for housing British troops in occupied American dwellings, thus reviving the indignation that surrounded the earlier Quartering Act, which had been allowed to expire in 1770. The Intolerable Acts represented an attempt to reimpose strict British control over the American colonies, but, after 10 years of vacillation, the decision to be firm had come too late. Rather than cowing Massachusetts and separating it from the other colonies, the oppressive measures became the justification for convening the First Continental Congress later in 1774.

Newburgh Conspiracy

The Newburgh Conspiracy was what appeared to be a planned military coup by the Continental Army in March 1783, when the American Revolutionary War was at its end. Possibly instigated by political actors in the Congress of the Confederation, an anonymous letter was circulated in the army camp at Newburgh, New York, on March 10, 1783. The letter suggested that the army, whose soldiers were discontented over pay that was in arrears and a lack of funding for promised pensions, should take unspecified action against Congress to resolve the issue.

Olive Branch Petition

The Olive Branch Petition was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 5, 1775 in a final attempt to avoid a full-on war between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies represented in that Congress. Colonists last try to ask King George III to take away some taxes.

Savannah

The Siege of Savannah or the Second Battle of Savannah was an encounter of the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), in 1779. The year before, the city of Savannah, Georgia, had been captured by a British expeditionary corps under Lieutenant-Colonel Archibald Campbell. The siege itself consisted of a joint Franco-American attempt to retake Savannah, from September 16 to October 18, 1779.

Yorktown

The Siege of Yorktown, also known as the Battle of Yorktown, the Surrender at Yorktown, German Battle or the Siege of Little York, ending on October 19, 1781, at Yorktown, Virginia, was a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and French Army troops led by the Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by British peer and Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France, as well as their respective allies. In the terms of the treaty, France gave up all its territories in mainland North America, effectively ending any foreign military threat to the British colonies there.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France, as well as their respective allies. In the terms of the treaty, France gave up all its territories in mainland North America, effectively ending any foreign military threat to the British colonies there.

Stamp Act Resolves

The Virginia Resolves were a series of resolutions passed by the Virginia House of Burgesses in response to the Stamp Act of 1765. Virginia Resolves on the Stamp Act, 1765 May 30. In 1765 the British Parliament passed the Stamp Act, which placed a tax on newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets and broadsides, all kinds of legal documents, insurance policies, ship's papers, licenses, dice and playing cards.

Valley Forge

The coldest winter, it was an army camp 25 miles north and west of Pennsylvania-lots of snow and ice-not fit to be an army camp. They had limited resources, 1/3 of the American soldiers went without shoes. Men died from hypothermia, small pox and the flu. 1777/1778 was the darkest period of the war, soldiers were actually considering raiding local houses for food among other things since they were so desperate but Washington quickly shut that down and they all felt bad fro thinking about it in the first place. Of the 11,000 soldiers, hundreds died of these diseases. The rest of the men were held together by the loyalty to one another and Washington.

Bunker Hill

This battle didn't actually occur on Bunker Hill, it took place on Breeds Hill. People involved were William Prescott and and Putnam (50 year old man, amazing cause people usually died around 60 back then. The patriots went to Bunker Hill but moved up to Breed Hill cause they thought it was better. The 1st and 2nd times that the British stormed the hill, the patriots were able to repel them, the 3rd time, the British surround and take the hill and the Patriots lost. The British lost 1,000/3,000 men and the Patriots lost 240/2,400. This was okay for the British since they can reload soldiers to help whenever they want because they always have backups, this was not the case for the Patriots.

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson was an American statesman, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and the principal author of the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809.

Enlightenment

Transatlantic movement Biggest ecological movement Science and literature Isaac Newton & Rene Descartes- The age of reason

Middle Passage

Trip from Africa to the New World Part of the Triangle Trade

Alexander Hamilton

United States statesman and leader of the Federalists; as the first Secretary of the Treasury he establish a federal bank; was mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr (1755-1804) Synonyms: Hamilton Example of: national leader, solon, statesman. a man who is a respected leader in national or international affairs.

John Adams

Vice President under GW 2nd President

Sons/Daughters of Liberty

Vigilantes seeking personal justice

King Phillip's War

War between British settlers in the southern New England and the Narragansett and Wampanoag tribes that took place during the 1670s

Common Sense

Written by Thomas Paine in 1776, it advocated independence from Great Britain to the people in the Thirteen Colonies. He actually moved to the colonies and agreed with what they were fighting for. He thinks it is silly that little Great Britain controls a third of the world. He believes that they should rule with popular sovereignty. He puts this book in biblical terms since everyone in that day read the bible. Last Olive Branch Petition- petition written to the king by the colonists, asking him to take away the taxes. In the January of 1776, the colonists forget about the petition and now want independence because all the colonists are reading the "Common Sense" pamphlets on independence.

Jonathan Edwards

Yale Grad preaches to believe in God Did speaking tours travelled New England Had converts (groupie) 100 of thousands listened

Townshend Tea Act

taxes specifically on tea