His, ch 15

How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?

Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests.

On Map 15.3: The Growth of Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia to 1748, what territories did Austria acquire after the decisive victory over the Ottoman Empire (1718)?

Banat, Serbia, and Wallachia

The Baroque style flourished in the context of the

Catholic Reformation

Why did the English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640?

Charles I imposed unwelcome laws and reforms on the country.

Political power in the Dutch Republic was

Controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen.

Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprisings of 1648-1653, known as the

Fronde

What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments?

Growth in armed forces

How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?

He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's 32 districts

What was the consequence of Prince Francis Rákóczy's rebellion for Habsburg rule?

Hungary was never fully integrated into a centralized, absolute Habsburg state.

France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of

Jean Baptiste Colbert

The Glorious Revolution and the concept of representative government found their best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil Government by

John Locke.

The following is an excerpt from a letter written by the king's representative in Burgundy, the prince of Condé, to Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV's controller general (Thinking Like a Historian). In it, the prince reports on his efforts to compel the leaders of the province to pay taxes levied by the royal government: "Since then the Estates have deliberated every day, persuaded that the extreme misery in this province—caused by the great levies it has suffered, the sterility [of the land] in recent years, and the disorders that have recently occurred—would induce the king to give them some relief. That is why they offered only 500,000 for the free gift. Then, after I had protested this in the appropriate manner, they raised it to 600,000, then 800,000, and finally 900,000 livres. Until then I had stood firm at 1.5 million, but when I saw that they were on the verge of deciding not to give any more. . . I finally came down to the 1.2 million livres contained in my instructions and invited them to deliberate again." Based on this passage, one can conclude that

Louis XIV had to negotiate with local elites to achieve his desired objectives.

What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system?

People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions.

After a defeat at Narva, Peter the Great constructed a new army and eventually beat the Swedish in 1709 at

Poltava

The Junkers were

Prussian nobles who reluctantly worked with Frederick William to consolidate the Prussian state

The final collapse of Spain as a great military power was symbolized by the defeat at the Battle of Rocroi and the resulting Treaty of

Pyrenees

What mistaken belief did the Count-Duke of Olivares hold that brought disaster to Spain?

Spain must return to the imperial tradition of the sixteenth century in order to solve its economic and political difficulties.

After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style city on the Baltic called

St. Petersburg

The following is an excerpt from John Locke's Two Treatises of Government (Evaluating the Evidence 15.3): "'Tis true, governments cannot be supported without great charge, and 'tis fit every one who enjoys his share of the protection, should pay, out of this estate, his proportion for the maintenance of it. But still it must be with his own consent, i.e., the consent of the majority, giving it either by themselves, or their representatives chosen by them; for if any one shall claim a power to lay and levy taxes on the people, by his own authority, and without such consent of the people, he thereby invades the fundamental law of property, and subverts the end of government. For what property have I in that which another may be right to take when he pleases to himself." Based on this passage, which of the following did Locke see as legitimate?

Taxes consented to by the majority of the people

Within the Ottoman government, who staffed the top levels of the bureaucracy?

The sultan's slave corps

The following is an excerpt from the Louis XIV's Memoir for the Instruction of the Dauphin (Thinking Like a Historian). In it, he offers advice to his son about kingship: "For however it be held as a maxim that in every thing a Prince should employ the most mild measures and first, and that it is more to his advantage to govern his subjects by persuasive than coercive means, it is nevertheless certain that whenever he meets with impediments or rebellion, the interest of his crown and the welfare of his people demand that he should cause himself to be indispensably obeyed; for it must be acknowledged there is nothing can so securely establish the happiness and tranquility of a country as the perfect combination of all authority in the single person of the Sovereign." Based on this passage, what did Louis XIV see as the ultimate goal of the absolute monarch?

To bring peace and happiness to his nation

The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was

a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II.

In eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by the

consolidation of serfdom

Mercantilist theory postulated that

economic activity should be regulated by and for the state

The following is an excerpt from Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet's Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture (Thinking Like a Historian): "The service of God and the respect for kings are bound together. St. Peter unites these two duties when he says, 'Fear God. Honour the king.' . . . But kings, although their power comes from on high, as has been said, should not regard themselves as masters of that power to use it at their pleasure; . . . they must employ it with fear and self-restraint, as a thing coming from God and of which God will demand an account." Based on this passage, the historian can conclude that, in Bossuet's view,

kings are accountable to God.

The Ottomans divided their subjects into religious communities or

millets

Typically, French classicism

presented subject matter associated with classical antiquity.

French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the

prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France.

In the Netherlands, tensions were always present between supporters of the staunchly republican Estates and supporters of

the House of Orange.

The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that

the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war.