HIS CH 20 Midterm Questions 2
What did James Watt gain from his partnership with Matthew Boulton?
Capital and skills in salesmanship
Which law outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain?
Combination Acts of 1799
How did cotton transform the textile industry?
Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production
Why do many historians now believe that the continued concentration by the French on artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization?
France had long dominated that sector of product; it allowed France to capitalize on its know-how and international reputation
What was the function of the Crystal Palace?
It was the location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London
How did railroads affect the nature of production?
Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines
What did Henry Cort develop?
The puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined with coke
EXCERPT: "prior to the year 1760, manufacturers were in a great measure confined to the demands of the home market......."
as measured by the mortality of workers
The reformer Robert Owens sought to
create a single large national union for British workers
In 1850, in what occupational area did the largest number of British people work?
farming and agriculture
In the eighteenth century, railroad construction on the European continent
featured varying degrees of government involvement
Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor
improved only after 1840
Why were cottage workers accustomed to the putting-out system reluctant to work in the factories even when they received good wages?
in a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo
The Great Exhibition commemorated the
industrial dominance of Britain
Thomas Malthus argued in his Essay on the Principle of Population (1789) that
population tends to increase beyond the means of subsistence
In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that
the British middle classes were guilty of mass murder and wholesale robbery
EXCERPT: "the small farmer, spinner, or hand loom weaver...."
the preindustrial textile worker lived a sustainable, moral, and satisfying life
David Ricardo's iron law of wages states that
the pressure of population growth will always sink wages to subsistence
Why were the young, generally unmarried women who worked for wages outside the home confined to certain "women's jobs"?
the sexual division of labor replicated a long-standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality
How did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century?
the spread of coke smelting and the development of steam-powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products
In his 1835 study of the cotton industry, what did Andrew Ure conclude about conditions in most factories?
they were not harsh and even quite good
In nineteenth-century Germany, Fritz Harkort sought
to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense
EXCERPT: Based on this passage, what did Ellis believe was a woman's primary obligation each day?
to think about how best to help those who need assistance
How did industry grow in continental Europe?
Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production
What major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright?
a weaver required several spinner to stay steadily employed
How did older members of the population seek to control sexuality of the working class youths?
they supported the establishment of sex - segregated employment