HIS: The Crusades and Richard I
Who was the Byzantine Emperor?
Alexius I Comnenus, was Byzantine Emperor from 1081 to 1118
What happened at the Battle of Antioch?
At the Battle of Antioch, the Muslim army surrounded the city and trapped the Crusaders inside. Without supplies they were forced to leave the city.
Why couldn't Richard capture Jerusalem?
His troops were hot (fighting in chain mail), diseased (insects), and starving (stretched supply lines)
When did the Second Crusade happen, and what was its purpose?
In 1145, 44 years after the First Crusade, Louis VII of France, accompanied by his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, set out to reinforce the soldiers at Jerusalem.
Why did the Christians want to recapture Jerusalem?
Jerusalem is very important to Christians, as the place where Jesus was crucified, and the birthplace of the Christian religion?
When did the Crusaders take control of Jerusalem?
Jerusalem was under the control of the Crusaders by July 1099.
What did the Crusaders do with the Holy Lance?
The Crusaders believed the Holy Lance was a sacred talisman, and to encourage the Crusaders to fight on.
What is the Holy Lance?
The Holy Lance was supposed to be the spear which pierced the side of Christ as he was hanging on the cross.
How far away was the Holy Land?
The Holy Land was 2000 miles from Europe.
What monastic orders were founded after the first crusade?
The Knights of the Temple (Templars) and the Knights of St John (Hospitallers)
Who were the rulers of the Holy Land from the 7th Century?
The Mulsims
What do we call the crusade organized by Peter the Hermit?
The People's Crusade
Where did Richard spend most of his life?
The Plantagenet continental possessions (now France)
Was the first attack on Jerusalem a success?
The first attack on Jerusalem was a failure, but Duke Godfrey led the Crusaders successfully into the city
How much of his 10 year reign did Richard spend in England?
six months
How long was Richard a prisoner in Austria?
18 months
When did Richard die?
6 April 1199
Who was accused of plotting against Richard?
His brother Count John and Philip II of France
Who was Richard's heir?
His brother, John
What is the term for a person who makes trips to show their devotion to God?
A pilgrim is a person who makes trips to show their devotion to God?
What was a surcoat, and why was it so useful?
A surcoat is a loose white linen coat worn over the the chain mail to protect it from rain and dirt. In hot countries the white fabric reflected the sun and helped to keep the knight cool.
What siege machine could throw stones farther than the catapult?
A trebuchet is a siege machine which can throw stones farther than the catapult
What was Richard I's nickname?
Coeur de Lion (Lionheart)
How was Richard's release secured?
Count John raised taxes sent a ransom 2 times the annual revenue of England
What is another common term for the soldiers who fought to reclaim Jerusalem for the Christians?
Crusaders
Who was the leader of the first Royal Crusade?
Duke Godfrey of Lorraine
What city did the Crusaders recapture?
Jerusalem
Who led the Third Crusade?
Richard I of England, Philip II of France, and Frederick Barbarossa of Germany
What were the conditions of the treaty with Saladin?
Richard kept a strip of land near Jaffa and the pilgrims would be allowed travel freely in the Holy Land. In exchange, England would never join another crusade.
Who was the leader of the Saracens?
Saladin
What do we call the Muslim fighters in the Crusades?
Saracens
Who were Richard I parents?
Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine
There are many reasons why the First Crusaders wanted to recapture Jerusalem - name 9
1. To revenge the massacre of 3000 pilgrims 2. To fight in God's army against the Muslims 3. To protect the pilgrims travelling to Jerusalem 4. To go on an adventure in the name of God 5. To answer the call of Peter the Hermit, priest 6. To follow the orders of Pope Urban II 7. To prevent Islam from spreading to Europe 8. To find new lands to settle in 9. To bring back gold, treasure and plunder
How many knights fought in the First Crusade on the side of the Europeans?
100,000 knights from all over Europe fought in the First Crusade
When did the first Crusade start?
1095
When was Richard I born?
1157
What are the dates of the Third Crusade?
1190-1192
What year was the treaty with Saladin?
1192
What is the difference between a Moor and a Saracen?
A Moor is a Spanish Muslim and a Saracen is an Arabic Muslim.
Why did the broadsword have a narrow channel down the centre?
A broadsword is a double-edged sword which has a narrow channel down the centre to drain away the victim's blood
What type of weapon is a lance?
A lance is a long pole with a steel tip use for charging. It was often more than three metres (12ft) long
What was chain mail made from?
Chain mail was made from rows of small steel rings looped together. This protected the knight from the cutting blows of an enemy sword, but did not stop the sharp tip of a spear or a fast-flying arrow.
What did the red cross on a knight's shield and surcoat indicate?
Christian crusaders from different countries had different symbols on their shields and surcoats, the English Knights Templar wore a red cross, the Hospitaller battle shield was black with a white cross, the Teutonic Knights battle shield was white with a yellow or gold cross, with a spread black eagle.
During the first few days of the attack on Jerusalem, what happened?
During the first 7 days of the attack on Jerusalem, the crusaders massacred the citizens of Jerusalem whether they were Christian or Muslim. They used siege towers and catapults to break in.
What happened to Philip II?
He and Richard argued and he took all but 10,000 of his troops home
Why did Saladin surrender Acre?
He couldn't get supplies through
What happened to Frederick Barbarossa?
He drowned in a river in Armenia
How did Richard get to the Holy Land?
He marched his troops through France and sailed
Why was Richard called Lionheart?
He was a courageous and brave warrior
Were the French nobility the first to set off for the Holy Land?
In fact, before the French nobility had set off for the Holy Land, a number of minor nobles and peasants set off under the guidance of a holy man called Peter the Hermit. They were not very successful and were defeated
What did the Crusaders build to finally get into Jerusalem?
In order to conquer Jerusalem it became necessary for the Crusaders to build siege towers
When the Byzantine Emperor asked the Pope for help defending Constantinople, where did the Pope send armies?
Initially the goal of the First Crusade was to free Constantinople, but quickly it turned to reclaiming Jerusalem, and freeing Christians from Muslim rule.
Why was the siege of Acre important?
It was a critical seaport
Who captured Richard on his way home?
Leopold of Austria
What happened to the Second Crusade?
Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine were forced to turn back in 1148 after failing to take the city of Damascus.
How did Richard I conquer Acre?
Paid his troops by the stone to take the walls apart
Was Peter Bartholomew a trustworthy?
Peter Bartholomew was a bit of a drinker, and people doubted his claims that he had visions from God, which showed him where the spear could be found.
Who led the People's First Crusade?
Peter the Hermit
How did Pope Urban II recruit soldiers for the First Crusade?
Pope Urban II held a great council called the Council of Clermont on Tuesday 27 November. He told the noblemen that the Saracens were mis-treating the Christians in the Holy Land.
What year did Pope Urban II initiate the First Crusade?
Pope Urban II initiated the First Crusade in 1095
When did Pope Urban II launch the First Crusade to free the city of Jerusalem from the Saracens?
Pope Urban II launched the First Crusade in 1095
What are Spanish Muslims called?
Spanish Muslims are called Moors
What was the main battle of the Third Crusade?
The Battle of Arsuf, won by Richard
The Battle of Tours stopped the spread of what?
The Battle of Tours stopped the spread of Islam
When was the Church of the Holy Sepulcher destroyed?
The Church of the Holy Sepulcher was destroyed in 1009
How did the Crusaders divide up the Holy Land once they had taken Jerusalem?
The Crusaders divided the Holy Land into Crusader states, depending on the nationality of the Crusaders.
What was the first city to fall during the First Crusade?
The Crusaders managed to take the city of Antioch in June 1098, three years after they had set off.
When did the Crusaders take Jerusalem?
The Crusaders took Jerusalem in 1099, four years after they had set off, two years after they had reached Constantinople, and a year after they had taken Antioch.
How did the Crusaders reach Constantinople?
The Crusaders travelled to Constantinope in Turkey via a variety of routes, capturing Nicacea, the Turkish capital.
What were the holy wars called?
The Crusades
When did the First Crusade take place?
The First Crusade took place in Israel between 1095 and 1099.
Who was at war during the First Crusade?
The First Crusade was a battle between the European Christians and Turkish Muslims - they were fighting over the city of Jerusalem.
Who led the First Crusade?
The First Crusade was led by a Frankish knight, Godfrey of Bouillon and his brother Baldwin.
What happened to Duke Godfrey following the successful attack on Jerusalem?
The First Crusade was successful and Duke Godfrey took control of the city - many Crusaders settled in the Holy Land, becoming Knights Templar and Hospitaller, though many also returned home.
Who found the Holy Lance?
The Holy Lance was found by Peter Bartholomew, a French soldier, during the siege of Antioch in 1097
Where was the Holy Lance found?
The Holy Lance was found during the siege of Antioch in 1097.
What do we call the time when Christian kingdoms pushed the Saracens out of Spain?
The Reconquest of Spain is the name for the time when Christian kingdoms pushed the Saracens out of Spain
What were the Turkish Muslims otherwise called
The Saracens
Why was there a second crusade?
The Saracens had retaken Jerusalem
Why did Pope Urban declare a holy war?
The Saracens were killing Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land
Who ruled the Holy Land from the 11th Century
The Turkish Muslims (Saracens)
The city of Antioch in Syria was besieged and then captured in what years?
The city of Antioch in Syria was besieged and then captured in 1097-1098
What was a coif?
The coif is a balaclava helmet made of chain mail
What were the two symbols of Knighthood?
The two symbols of Knighthood are the knights sword and his spurs.
What happened to the Second Crusade?
They lost, leaving the Holy Land in Muslim hands
What happened to the People's Crusade?
They were slaughtered
How many people marched to the Holy Land in the First Crusade?
Thousands of people marched to the Holy Land, but not all were soldiers - many were cooks, or people to look after the horses. Many died as they were not trained fighters.
What were the responsibilities of the Hospitallers and the Templars?
To protect the pilgrims visiting the Holy Land
What is the Holy Land?
Where Jesus lived
