Hist 1010 Exam
The Byzantine Empire officially came to an end in
1453, when eh ottomans conquered Constantinople
the spacious grasslands of the Americas allowed large Eurasian animals like cows and horses to flourish.
Domesticated animals began to intrude on the land of opposing tribes, prompting conflict, while horses introduced new methods of warfare and military expansion.
In addition to his military victories, what were some of the key innovations of Tlacélel in expanding the Aztec empire?
He destroyed the records of conquered peoples, but also those of the Aztecs themselves, in order to invent a new, mythic past for the Aztecs.
The Silla dynasty ruled
Korea
What religion was nearly made the state religion of the Roman Empire in the 270s before Christianity became dominant?
Mithraism
The Abbasid Caliphate established a new capital city in
baghdad
What role did smaller communities like Jews and Armenians play in the medieval economy?
because these groups were highly literate and mobile, hey were able to help manage trade and commerce across long distances
Which type of currency was common in the Indian Ocean and found in the Maldives Island?
cowrie shells
A common factor that led to the migration of nomadic raiders from Central Asia outward was
droughts that starved nomadic pastoralists simultaneously weekend agrarian states
Which one of the following was the most significant cause of the loss of millions of Chinese lives between the 1200s and the 1400s?
famines and epidemics
Of all the various innovations, improvements, and inventions of the Song, which one benefitted the average person in China the most?
champa rice
The Chola kingdom gained wealth and power primarily by
charging for the use of its ports
What Chinese diplomatic tradition did Wu Zetian begin?
giving pandas as gifts to countries to forge a relationship
The first work that explained the pattern of winds in the Arabian Sea was written by a ___ sea captain who probably lived in ____.
greek; Egypt
How did Genghis Khan use his understanding of clan to make his military more powerful than others?
he divided soldier into units that did not consist of kin, but brought families along to war to encourage soldiers to fight harder to defend their lives
Why did An Lushan lead a revolt against the Tang Dynasty beginning in 755?
he feared he was losing his powerful position, so he chose to overthrow the government
Which 2 regions had the largest port cities of the Indian Ocean world in 1400?
china and africa
What was the major difference between the development of Christianity and Islam during the medieval period?
christianity had central institutions that attempted to standardize its practices, while islam developed largely thanks to local customs and desire of rulers
Diocletian, in an effort to unite the empire, had himself declared semi-divine, outlawed Manichaeism, and put ______ to death.
christians
Which was a consequence of the Justinianic Plague?
cities lost greater percentages of residents than villages or herder groups did
How did Khubilai Khan govern China during the Yuan dynasty?
he hired literate Chinese to handle bureaucratic paper since most mongol's were illiterate
What was Diocletian's greatest success?
he improved the overall stability of the Roman Empire during his 21-year reign
When Muhammad's cousin Ali became the fourth caliph, civil war broke out because:
he was a relative of Muhammad and the majority of the religion had decided that the ruler should not come from his lineage but from the wisest among them
Why did the Mongol Empire eventually break up?
in order to maintain control over certain regions, the mongols assimilated into local culture
Despite the human destruction wrought by the plague, what unintended political and economic effects did it have?
in places that depended on slavery, the loss of population was economically disastrous, while elsewhere survivors enjoyed a higher quality of life
What was the most distinctive aspect of the Inka state compared to other complex societies?
it did not use a system of writing
Which of the following is a way that Heian Japan joined the rest of East Asia in the 8th century?
it experienced epidemics of crowd diseases
what is the importance of the fact that Atlantic Europeans, and not the Chinese or Africans, were the ones who first began to build a world web?
it pointed to the decline of asian empires in China and India
What was the largest Southeast Asian state from the 9th-15th century?
khmer empire
Which port city was the southern limit of how far a sailor could travel and not have to wait months for monsoon winds to change before returning home?
kill
How did the rise of Bhakti affect language in India?
local languages grew in usage and Sanskrit nearly died out
the Delhi sultans gained most of their wealth through
looting and taxes on non-muslims
While ___ typically traveled across the Indian Ocean, ___ often were traded only on land.
luxury goods; everyday items
What was the most important crop from the Americas that became widely used throughout other parts of Eurasia?
maize
who were the toltecs
migrants to mesoamerica who built the city of Tollan
Despite the numerous emperors, invasions, and financial difficulties of the late 200s in Rome, the empire was saved from crumbling by its
military capabilities and infrastructure
Christopher Columbus's primary motivation in launching voyages of exploration was to
move up the social hierarchy into the aristocracy.
Which group in northern India would have been taxed at the lowest rate during the Delhi Sultanate?
muslims
Which of the following is true of farming in the Roman Empire?
nile flooding became less reliable due to climate change, particularly in the second century
What percentage of people living in the Roman and Persian Empires in 200 CE lived in cities?
not more than 10%
the inkas expanded the territory of their empire by
offering honor, prestige, and luxury goods to local elites in exchange for their loyalty.
The Seljuk Turks were originally
pastoralists from Central Asia
In general, the kings and other rulers of the Indian Ocean world promoted ___ at sea so they could pursue ___ on land.
peace; war
Both maize and cassava became important crops because they were
portable and could easily be stored or moved by migrant people, states, and armies alike
Why were elite women under the Tang able to participate in activities earlier than women had not been able to (such as dancing, archery, and polo)?
primarily because tang leaders were descended from people who did not limit women as much
How was the Tang legal code like Hammurabi's code?
punishment was based on the social status of the perpetrator
How was the Delhi sultanate ruler Rayiza different from the sultanate's other rulers?
rayiza was a women
The warmer, water climate of southern China allowed the region to become a trade center due in large part to what 2 goods?
rice and silk
Which of the following accurately reflects the extent to which India influenced southeast Asia?
rulers emulated Indian hierarchy and culture, but very few Indians actually settled in Southeast Asia
The Chinese had arguably the most advanced naval capabilities in the world by 1400 because they
sailed constantly to Southeast Asia and the Ming state devoted enormous resources to their navy.
How do scholars know what is now southern Vietnam was more influenced by India than china until the 14th century?
several of the language of the region were written with the Indian script used for Sanskrit
During the fifteenth century, technological advances in what subject helped integrate the frontiers of the Old World Web more firmly into the central web?
shipbuilding and navigation
Mediterranean and Mesopotamian societies relied on slaves to construct irrigation systems because
slaves could be forced to do the most dangerous and laborious tasks
Where did the Huns comes from originally?
somewhere east of the Volga river
The only 2 places that contributed manufactured goods to the Indian Ocean world of trade, rather than just raw materials, were...
southern china and western India
What 2 crops from India did the Sassanids begin to grow in Mesopotamia?
sugarcane and cotton
The main military strategy of the Mongols was to
terrorize citizens and demand ransom or else they would kill most of the inhabitants
The first new lands Europeans attempted to conquer and settle in the fifteenth century were
the Canary Islands
Which group turned Zoroastrianism into a state religion?
the Sassanids
Who were the Sassanids (who ruled Iran)?
the Sassanids were Persians who opposed the influence of the greeks on their region
The early success of the Abbasid Caliphate was largely due to
the agricultural revolution in Mesopotamia revenues from the Silk Road
What was it about the structure of the Abbasid Caliphate that led it to lose authority in the early ninth century?
the claiphs relied heavily on provincial governors who could easily set up their own independent states
How would the desire for male children and the resulting infanticide of the female children ultimately affect adult males in China?
the difference between number of males and females meant that many men would go unmarried
The Umayyads after 680 CE increased control over their large, diverse region through
using the expertise of groups they'd conquered and showcasing their power through awe-inspiring architecture
The central asians who formed the Delhi sultanate used large numbers of slaves for
warfare
One major difference between Muhammad and the founders of other religions was that he
was a political as well as religious leader
Emperor Constantine ended persecution of
all religions, including christianity
the vertical archipelago is
an economic model wherein members of the same tribe are placed in communities at various elevations in order to allow each tribe to benefit from a range of resources.
Justinian
and his generals nearly restored Byzantium to the size of the old Roman Empire
Which languages combined to create the new African language Swahili?
arabic, Persian, and African languages
What was the Reconquista?
the slow restoration of christian rule over what was then the Cordoba caliphate in Spain
Domesticated animals from Eurasia spread easily in the Americas because
the spacious grasslands of the Americas allowed large Eurasian animals like cows and horses to flourish.
biological globalization is
the spread and exchange of different plants, animals, and pathogens across continental and oceanic borders.
Which of the following is the reason Great Zimbabwe was abandoned, according to oral tradition?
the state ran out of salt, essential to human diet
How did the strength of states at the Indian Ocean choke points affect trade in the region?
the stronger the state, the more likely the sea captains were to avoid the port taxes by sticking to the shorter, local trips
The doctrines of God's grace, the Holy Trinity, and original sin became well established in Christianity due to
the writings of Augustine
Which of the following is true of the Yuan and sea trade?
the yuan sometimes banned sea trade, relying more heavily on taxation and forced labor
Why were Buddhism and Hinduism unable to take hold in Africa?
there was already a long standing relationship between African leaders and islam
When the climate became cooler and drier after 1290, this aided cattle keepers because...
there were fewer disease carrying insects in their area
How did the Tang improve their capital city of Chang'an?
they rebuilt it with a grid pattern and wider streets
When civil service exams were reinstated in China in 1315, how were they different from before?
they were different versions for mongols and Chinese, with the former being much easier
How did rulers in India differ from those in other states when it came to religious beliefs?
they were less likely to enforce one particular form of a religion and tolerated variety
The domestication of camels was crucial to the development of the Sahel region because
they were one of the only animals that could survive long treks through the Sahara that sustained long distance trade routes
The Mongols ____ the Old World Web and brought ____ foreign influences to China.
tightened; a large number of
Much of the Europeans' navigational knowledge and skills came from
Arabic mathematics and astronomy.
The Latin Crusaders invaded the Levant beginning in the 11th century to
Both spread christianity against the turks and secure plunder and riches
why was child sacrifice so central to inkan religion
Children were viewed as the best intermediaries to intervene with the gods and ancestral spirits on behalf of the Inkan people.
Why didn't any diseases spread from the Americas to Eurasia?
Cold from the migration through Siberia and Alaska killed pathogens, and no disease-carrying herd animals were ever domesticated in the Americas.
why was human sacrifice so central to Aztec religion?
Human sacrifices were one of the main ways Aztecs believed they could provide the "force of life" to their sun god.
How did Japan differ from Tang China despite the latter's influence?
Japanese rulers never adopted the Chinese concept of mandate of heaven
The religion that was a blend of Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, and Christianity was
Manichaeism
What were the major characteristics of sailing in the Old World Web until the 1400s?
Sailors stuck to the coasts and primarily knew only local routes.
Why did the Vikings leave Scandinavia?
Scandinavia was an increasingly complex society, and many tribes who lost wars at home ventured abroad rather than submit to defeat
What factors eventually led to the end of the Ming voyages led by Zheng He?
Subsequent rulers believed the voyages were too expensive and focused Chinese development elsewhere.
Why did diseases disproportionately affect people in the Americas and Oceania rather than those in Eurasia and Africa?
The isolation of the American and Oceanic webs meant that most people had no immunity to European diseases.
What was the main impact the Silk Road and sea routes from East Asia to the Mediterranean had on life in the Old World Web?
They began to homogenize the Old World Web as goods, ideas, languages, and religions were shared between different regions along the routes.
What were the main advantages of the new European ships in comparison to the ones that had previously been used?
They were cheaper to operate, highly maneuverable, and could sail into the wind
What change allowed for the growth of the Ancestral Pueblo between roughly 700 and 1100?
Wetter climates prompted an increase in agricultural focus and production and the creation of a more sedentary and complex society.
Sufism was
a version of islam that emphasized the mysticism and was popular among the poor
Charlemagne was
a Carolingian king who united much of Europe into a new empire
Zheng He was appointed to his position as admiral because he was
a brilliant engineer who had helped design much Chinese naval technology.
What was the Florentine Codex?
a catalog of surviving Aztec knowledge assembled by a Spanish priest.
Timbuktu was an important city because it was
a hub for trade that became a center of islamic scholarship and culture
In the fifth century, maintaining security for the Roman Empire became more problematic because
the economy had declined to the point that paying soldiers was difficult to do
sundiata was
the first king of Mali
Most American and Oceanic regions took far longer to recover from population loss than regions in Eurasia because
the harms of disease were exacerbated because of the loss of land, enslavement, and forced migration caused by Europeans.
the introduction of maize to Africa aided in
the hoarding of food and the creation of larger states and armies.
Though they are not written records, what can we learn from the quipus left by the Inkas?
the interests of the inhan state, such as the amount of tributes paid to them or the total population
What advantages were gained through the practice of Islam by elites in Mali?
the literacy and skills that came with a muslim education were helpful in running bureaucracy
How did the end of Tang rule affect China as a whole?
the population of the country grew more rapidly then before, suggesting most people's lives improved after the tang
