HIST 120 Exam 1 Terms

"City on a Hill," 1630

*A Biblical phrase from the New Testament of the Bible used by Puritan leader John Winthrop to articulate his vision for the Puritans' Massachusetts settlement. Winthrop wanted the emigrants to found an exemplary Christian community, a "city on a hill"- that would serve as a beacon for the Church of England, which they sought to reform from within. *Believed they could be a good example for how to live *Live in right way=success

Anne Hutchinson

*A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. *Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. *She displayed the importance of questioning authority. *She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders.

Antenuptual Contracts

*A document explaining the release of assets to the husband and wife in the case of death or divorce: allowed widows to keep control of their land/property after they remarried 2nd husband, known to "keep the peace" *Only wealthy women in England did this *Became normal in the colonies *Protects women's belongings coming into new husband

Postnuptual Contracts

*A way to resolve a conflict between couples

Slander

*Against the law to say certain things--> slander--> women *Laws benefited men too--> women not allowed to rack up debt

Tobacco

*Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown *Smoking tobacco became fashionable in England *Spread throughout Europe *Indentured Servants came into the tobacco business

Divorce

*Divorces not common in New England, but could be if man left family *Divorce brought into court by women

Queen Nzinga

*From Angola *In 1623, came to power after her brother (king) committed suicide in place of her 10 year old nephew *Actively involved in keeping her people out of slave trade (Portuguese controlled the trade early on) *She converted to Catholicism

Ireland

*Protestant England at war with Catholic Spain *England believed Ireland could be a threat since close to Spain *England overtook Ireland in same way England would overtake North America

Phillis Wheatley

*Was kidnapped at 8 years ole *Came to America in 1760s *1st slave to have written anything about her experience *Owners taught her how to read (child prodigy) *Learned Latin & Greek *By teenage years, she was writing her own works *"On Being Brought from Africa to America" *Had to go to court to prove she had written her pieces & could rhyme words.

New England

*aka Massachusetts *If you follow religion to a T, then everything will be good

Scots Irish

*~200,000 ended up in the colonies *spoke English *would have fit in, but hated the British *Presbyterian

The Great Migration

*~25,000 people came in 10-15 years after colonies were established *Families came to New England, singles came to Virginia & Maryland

Neolin

-A Native American religious prophet in Delaware whose teachings contributed to Pontiac's Rebellion. -started to have religious visions: -all indigenous were all the same -needed to not trade with colonists -should give up European clothes, languages, etc. and take back their land -Indigenous heard the message & spread it to other tribes -Indigenous laid siege to Detroit in 1760s -Europeans stopped differentiating between friendly indigenous and those fighting out west.

Puritans

-A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. -Believed the English Church hadn't gone far enough away from the Catholic Church--> some same traditions -They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. -Poor people = sinful people -Believed whether a person was going to heaven or hell was decided before birth; rich=heaven, poor=hell -First went to Netherlands, then after ~10 years went to North America -When attacked by Indians, New England colonists wouldn't help and vice versa because of religious differences -Wouldn't have survived without help of Squanto -Had problems with food & disease

The Well-Ordered Family

-As people pushed further west = no churches = family in charge of religion (preoccupation) -Importance of family was emphasized -Husbands & wives responsible for their children -Men not supposed to physically harm their wives, but some colonies just said not to kill them.

Camino Real

-Big trading route

"Black" Alice

-Born into slavery In Philadelphia and lives to be 116 years old. -Met the founder of Philly -Helped start 1st Episcopal Church in Philly -Most of life worked as toll keeper at a ferry -Slaves in North didn't work on plantations, lived in cities & had more contact with whites Received pay to give to slave master

South Carolina - Rice

-Came from Barbados with slaves -Meant unrelenting, back breaking work, where in Africa, cultivating rice was part of religion -Wet work, so disease & death were common -Many to most slaves sent here -Concerned about slaves uprising, so created task system: once completed their task, they could do whatever they wanted (go home, tend garden, etc.) -Blacks = most of population, while slaves in the colonies only equaled 5%

Indentured Servants

-Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years -Signed contract for ~7 years under a master -Idea: poor people could start anew in the new world -Freedom=Land Ownership -Many servants didn't get freedom because died of Malaria -Open to many races: English, Irish, German, and some African

Alice Thomas

-Distilled liquor, ran a pub, even though women only suppose to sell to other women, but became very successful

John Peter Zenger

-Each colony had a governor, appointed by the King & was always English -Zenger was a German immigrant & publisher -not allowed to print about political officials -people did not like governor & got Zenger to publish bad stuff about said governor -jury decided in favor of Zenger b/c if what he wrote was true, he had a right to write about it

Syncretism

-Enslaved men & women started families on plantation in the South -Blended African cultures, religions, and traditions with European (English) ones -Saw this in the language -Came to blend Christianity

Mary [and Anthony] Johnson

-Free black couple -After servitude on tobacco farm, became a farmer & owned lots of land -Had white & black indentured servants -Their children not seen as legitimate, so they could not inherit what their parents had worked hard to get

Hugenots

-French Protestants escaping religious persecution

Roanoke

-In 1585, England said ok to colonize -Founded by Sir Walter Raleigh -Raleigh went back to England to get 100 more people and when he brought the 2nd group over, the 1st group was gone--> don't know what happened to them.

Germans

-Many Germans emigrated to Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania Dutch), but spread out, North & South -Didn't take part in slave ownership; ran small family farms -Found to be unusual; more free in Am.--> religious freedom, EXCEPT Catholics only in PA, NJ &MD; Jews in RI & PA -Freedom of religion, to travel & to change work drew in Germans

Femme sole

-Meaning "a woman alone," this was special legal status available in the Virginia colony that was obtained only by widows and the few women who never married. This legal status (which was denied to married women) granted these single women an independent legal identity that enabled them to make contracts and conduct business. -Margaret Brent, Maryland Attorney & landowner -Only ~15% of women got this legal status -Husband died & no adult son=femme sole -Brent brought in Indentured Servants & got them to farm tobacco -Brent was able to do this because not married

Virginia "Slave Laws" (1644)

-Placed tax on African women--> saw them as working for rest of life & white women worked temporarily -1662: passed status of slave onto a child, inherited from mother -1662: passed law against black & white relationship (aimed at white women & black men, not white men & black women)

Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge Among the Germans

-Population boomed & people pushed further West -concerned about Germans lack of involvement in American society

Gossippings

-Public & all female event of childbirth -Oversaw by midwife

Bride Ships

-Ships full of single women who came to the New World to alleviate the awful ratio of males to females -Pure & spotless women, great reputation -Were auctioned off (for 80lb tobacco) -Daughters of working class men; an opportunity for women in colony because they weren't sought after in England -Early 1700s ratio of men to women were more equal

Jamestown

-The first permanent English settlement in North America -United by loyalty to the Queen & Protestantism -Constant disease--> Malaria--> 85% of original settlers died -Relied on Indentured Servants

King George's War

-campaigned by Great Britain to push back the Native Americans -PA (mostly Quaker) was not going to fund the war -militias were founded to fight the Indians -Germans didn't want to take part -Others were concerned PA would become a German colony, wanted them to become more American--> teach them English -However, this project didn't get off the ground.

The Great Awakening

-religious revival -religious leaders thought people were too focused on worldly stuff -created divide--> some people really liked it, others did not -made it about the individual & knowing their sins & being saved -people would go to hear this guy preach & go ask their pastors about what they thought & if their pastor didn't like it, they'd split off: Baptist, Methodist, or Presbyterian -some people went to be entertained, others to be saved -first time enslaved people converted to Christianity -some colonists would go off to preach too & convert people -each colony had an established church, paid taxes for it

Protestant Reformation

-responding to writing from William Penn -Penn founded colony for religious freedom -PR: Martin Luther--> everyone reads Bible -Not noble person, couldn't choose religion

Queen Elizabeth I

1533-1603 (ruled 1558-death) *Protestant successor to Queen Mary (England) *Popular leader and the first woman to successfully hold the throne *Invested in English raids on the Spanish New World; Spain responded with the Spanish Armada *Established Protestantism in England and encouraged English business *Daughter of King Henry VIII *Not friendly to Catholic Church

Stono Rebellion

A slave uprising in 1739 in South Carolina that led to a severe tightening of the slave code and the temporary imposition of a prohibitive tax on imported slaves.

Triangle Trade Network

A trade network between the Americas, Europe and Africa that shifted economic power from Asia to Europe. This involved the gathering of raw materials in the Americas, which are manufactured in Europe, and then sold to Africa, and from Africa the slaves were sent out to make the gathering of the raw materials easier for the Americas.

Pontiac's Rebellion*************************

An Indian attack on British forts and settlements after France ceded to the British its territory east of the Mississippi River, as part of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, without consulting France's Indian allies.

Salutary Neglect

Informal British policy during the first half of the eighteenth century that allowed the American colonies considerable freedom to pursue their economic and political interests in exchange for colonial obedience.

Margaret Hardenbroek Phillipse

One of the wealthiest women in New York, she inherited her husband's money and reinvested it making her an independently wealthy woman: Dutch Fur Trader in the Dutch/New Amsterdam colony, England seized Dutch colony in 1664 and all of her assets were registered to her second husband

Stamp Act

Parliament's 1765 requirement that revenue stamps be affixed to all colonial printed matter, documents, and playing cards; the Stamp Act Congress met to formulate a response, and the act was repealed the following year.

Repartimiento system

Spanish labor system under which Indians were legally free and able to earn wages but were also required to perform a fixed amount of labor yearly. Replaced the encomienda system.

French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)

The last --and most important --of four colonial wars fought between England and France for control of North America east of the Mississippi River.

Diego de Landa

The priest who tried to convert the Mayans to Roman Catholicism, but became frustrated when the Mayans weren't understanding religion & were practicing indigenous religion with catholicism.

Land Bridge Theory

The theory that Native Americans crossed into North America from Asia over a land bridge that once connected North America and Asia.

Cahokia

an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.

Encomienda System

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.