HIST 2620 Exam 1 terms

Dry farming

a way of farming dry land in which seeds are planted deep in ground where there is some moisture

13th Amendment

Abolished Slavery

Wade-Davis Bill

Bill proposed by radical Republicans Benjamin Wade and Henry W. Davis; requires 50% of all eligible voters in the 1860 election to pledge loyalty; pocket vetoed by Lincoln.

Haymarket Bombing

Bomb thrown at a labor protest rally, led to the public turning against labor gatherings and unions

Albion W. Tourgee

Carpetbagger against racial segregation and the beginning of Jim Crow laws in the 1890's

Election of 1876

Close race, ended with Hayes winning and ended Reconstruction

Quanah Parker

Comanche chief who left reservation and fought US army; eventually returned to the Reservation

Industrial Workers of the World

Emerged through the Western Federation of Miners, sought to raise wages, improve working conditions, and gain union recognition for the most exploited segments of American Labor. Nicknamed the "Wobblies," wanted to overthrow capitalism

Gospel of Wealth

Essay by Andrew Carnegie where he distinguished between charity and philanthropy, the latter meaning to build institutions that would raise educational and cultural standards, and that the rich should act as stewards of the wealth they earned.

Roosevelt Corollary

Extended the Monroe Doctrine and claimed that Latin American countries had to behave or else the US army would come in.

Hiram Revels

First black senator during Reconstruction; symbol of black success after Civil war

Ku Klux Klan

First version founded during Reconstruction; targeted mainly white republicans in the South, who were the ones predominantly lynched during this time

Terrance Powderly

Founder of the Knights of Labor; labor union that promoted strikes; had radical demands

Nathan Bedford Forest

Founder of the first KKK from Tennessee; refused to acknowledge participation; said it was a social group

Treaty of Fort Laramie

Gives the Black Hills to the Sioux, promises that the US army will keep Americans out

Radical Republicans

Hardcore abolitionists; spent entire Civil War mad at Lincoln for not being harsh enough on the South

Evidence

Have to back up history with supporting documents, media, art, etc.

Compromise of 1877

Hayes wins the election if he promises to do 2 things: 1) elect some democrats 2) end Reconstruction and remove Army from the South

John M. Harlan

Held the dissenting opinion in Plessy v. Ferguson. Became a black rights activist in his time after seeing the KKK; used to oppose emancipation, but changed his mind.

Interpretation

History is open to change depending on time, new evidence, etc.

Dawes Act

Homestead Act for American Indians; stop being a nomad, start being a farmer; leads to the US stripping the reservations of over half of their lands

Farmers' Alliance

"The Grange 2.0" 1) get rid of gold standard 2) subtreasury plan 3)bi-racial

Battle of Wounded Knee

(1890) US army massacred over 250 Indians (mainly women and children) in an attempt to stop the Ghost Dance. This is the end of Indian resistance, and there is no more armed conflict between the US and the tribes.

14th Amendment

1) makes civil rights act of 1866 permanent 2) if you deny men the right to vote, your representation can be decreased 3) any oaths taken to protect the US constitution that were broken by joining the COnfederacy, you cannot serve in Congress 4) cannot pay back confederate debts 5) Congress has right to enforce the amendment

Abraham Lincoln

16th President during the Civil War; moderate Republican, wanted to get the South to rejoin the Union without severe punishment

Andrew Johnson

17th president of the US; 1st president to be impeached but not convicted, strongly disliked by Congress, tried to be harsh on the South but ended up being pretty lenient on everyone except rich plantation owners

Homestead Act

1862 gave free land in the West to those who supported the North during the Civil War

Gilded Age

1865-1900; named by Mark Twain; shiny on the outside but worthless on the inside; big business boom

Tenure of Office Act

1867 deemed unconstitutional; Congress prohibits Johnson from firing officials without congressional approval

Enforcement Acts

1870-1871 laws that were created to supress the KKK and other anti-Republican groups; not super effective; did not allow people to wear masks and made harsher punishments for those convicted

15th Amendment

1870; all american men have the right to vote, and that right cannot be denied by any state; made to remind the South of this fact

American Centennial Exposition

1876 Official end of Reconstruction; America's 100th Birthday; northerners no longer care about Reconstruction, but want to look into the future

Battle of Little Big Horn

1876 Sioux defeat and kill entire troop led by Custer

Interstate Commerce Act

1887 gives federal jurisdiction over businesses that cross over state lines (mainly railroads); not effective

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

1890 makes monopolies illegal; poorly worded with many loopholes and not effective

Pullman Strike

1894 railway strike that the militias joined; unsuccessful; led to major wage cuts and many people were fired

Industrial Pirates

1st type of robber barons during the Gilded Age. Predators in the industrial businesses and only sought out for their own financial gains. Did not care about making anything that could last. Jay Gould, etc.

Industrial Statesmen

2nd type of robber barons. They built rather than destroyed, and built huge entreprises that lasted and led to technological advancements during the Gilded Age. Carnegie, Rockefeller, etc.

Freedmen

A person who has been freed from slavery

Coxey's Army

A protest march in DC led by populist Jacob Coxey; mainly unemployed people who marched and wanted federal public works programs to provide jobs. It was broken up by police and completely disregarded.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Anyone (male) born or naturalized is a U.S. Citizen; gives blacks the right to vote; vetoed by Johnson, overridden by Congress; extended the Freedmen's Bureau

James Longstreet

Confederate general, right hand man to Robert E. Lee, leads all-black police force in New Orleans

Emancipation Proclamation

Declared all slaves free, even in the South

Pullman Sleeping Car

Developed by George M. Pullman; A luxury car with seats that converted into beds for overnight journeys

Ghost Dance

Indian prophet Wavoka from the Paiute tribe had a vision that Indians would regain control of their lands, and that the Creator provided him a dance that would make that happen. It spread among the tribes, leading the massacre at Wounded Knee where the US army killed 250 Indians, mostly women and children.

Jack Wavoka

Indian prophet who created the Ghost Dance

Indian Boarding Schools

Indians were forced to assimilate to Anglo-American Culture; when returned to Reservations, were caught between two worlds

Swing around the Circle Tour

Johnson goes on speaking tour around the North to convince them not to ratify the 14th Amendment; everyone turns against Johnson

Henry B. Brown

Justice who delivered the verdict of Plessy v. Ferguson. Upheld that separate but equal was constitutional

Black Codes

Laws created right after the Civil War in the South to try to limit the rights of Blacks to the point of making them slaves again

10 Percent Plan

Lincoln's plan for allowing the South back into the Union; if 10% of eligible voters in the 1860 election in each state promised to be loyal; no further restitution needed.

Anti-Imperialist

Many opposed the Spanish-American war, such as Mark Twain, Samuel Gompers, and others. They argued it violates the US's anti-colonialist heritage by taking the Philippines, as well as the financial cost and racial inferiority

Homer A. Plessy

Mostly white guy (partially black) who bought a seat ticket in the white section. He was then forced off the train and arrested, and he took his case to court, where the famous Plessy v. Ferguson case established that you could be separated by race if the conditions were equal.

Samuel Tilden

NY democrat who ran in the Election of 1876 on an anti-corruption campaign

Jay Gould

NY robber baron with a financial mind; bought out many companies, mainly newspapers, and harassed people to bankruptcy. Once he gained control of a company, he manipulated it to suit his own personal finance needs and then retire, leaving a broken company in his wake.

James Weaver

Nominee for the populist party; won 4 states in the electoral college and over 1 million voters; showed influence of party and the frustrations of poor Americans.

1892 Election

One of few times where a 3rd party managed to take multiple states and have a significant amount of voters

Populist Party

Party formed in 1892 to represent farmers and laborers. Bi-racial alliance, technically a 3rd party

Freedman's Bureau

Provided services for freedmen during and after the Civil War; find jobs, prevent them from signing exploitative contracts, establish a separate court system, sometimes provided food and shelter, establish schools

Congressional Election of 1866

Radical republicans hold 3/4 of House and Senate (veto-proof congress); Congress fully in charge of Reconstruction

New South

Reconstruction failed to make the south more industrial; still rural with many farmers and the farmers start to get fed up with being mistreated

Rutherford B. Hayes

Republican who ran (and won, kind of) in the Election of 1876 on an anti-corruption and 1-term only campaign

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Sexist; loved war

Sitting Bull

Sioux chief who led and won the Battle of Little Big Horn, tried to flee to Canada but was captured and sent to the reservation

Zitkala-Sa

Sioux woman who was forced into assimilation and later opposed it; hair cut in the style of cowards in her culture

Redemption

Southern democrats return to power during the 1870's; electing democrats to office, taking Ironclad Oath to get back into politics

Corner Stone Speech

Speech by Alexander Stephens that claimed slavery is the corner stone of the country, and that's what it was built for

Second Industrial Revolution

Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s and has Civil War origins

Knights of Labor

Superunion of all races and genders to end the labor disparity; unsuccessful and eventually dwindled in influence

Edmund J. Davis

TX Unionist who fought against Confederacy; elected governor and had Republican ideals

Oran Roberts

TX governor that led them out of the Union, and elected many former confederates to Congress

Las Gorras Blancas

The White Caps in english, Mexican Amercian laborers in the West who were masked night riders who protested the treatment they received from Anglo-Americans.

Context

The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text. History looks different depending on what time you're looking at it.

Treaty of Medicine Lodge

Treaty in which Southern Plains Indians agreed to move onto reservations in exchange for medicine, supplies, and ability to hunt buffalo on special occasions

Depression of 1893

Triggered when the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad went bankrupt; the stock market crashed, and Europe was already in an economic downturn. Many banks failed and along with them credit. 12% of the workforce unemployed. Became chief political issue. Populist party collapsed.

George A. Custer

US general who led, lost, and died in the Battle of Little Big Horn

Alexander Stephens

Vice President of the confederacy; elected to be a senator for GA despite not having a presidential Pardon and therefore was not a citizen of the US

Chief Joseph

Wants to be treated the same, wants land returned to his tribe, addressed congress in DC and didn't understand why they were promising so many things but nothing never came of it

Ellen Parton

Woman who was a victim of a vicious KKK attack

Whiskey Ring

a scandal, exposed in 1875, involving diversion of tax revenues in a conspiracy among government agents, politicians, whiskey distillers, and distributors.

Grange

an organization made to support poor farmers in the South and West and to get change in policy. They wanted 1) keep low taxes/keep govt small 2) cut out middle man in sales 3) regulate the railroads. They dwindle away, not super successful

J. P. Morgan

banker who invests selectively and supports people who had potential to be successful, and helps failing businesses and fixes them

Social Darwinism

belief that some people in society are better suited for success than others; survival of the fittest; Carnegie and Rockefeller's success fueled this theory

John D. Rockefeller

born poor, founded the Standard Oil Company, started the Trust form of management, developed Horizontal integration

Horizontal Integration

buy out all competitors

Adobe Walls

camps of white buffalo hunters that Quanah Parker and the Comanche attacked

Ranald S. Mackenzie

colonel who fought the Comanche with Indian Scouts and killing the horses; wins the Red River War

Red River War

conflict between US army and Comanches that lasts for around a year; Comanche yield and return to the reservation

Mail-Order Catalog

created by Aaron Montgomery Ward; allowed people out in the West to purchase and receive the same luxuries that they had in the East

Command of the Army Act

deemed unconstitutional; 1867, prevented Johnson from directly talking to overseeing military leaders in the South, can only talk to Commanding General or Sec. of War

Amnesty Act of 1872

done with punishment of southerners, allows all people to vote, leading to republicans being removed from office

Aaron Montgomery-Ward

eastern shop owner who made it easier to buy and receive things in the West via his Mail Order Catalogs and the railroads

Tenant Farming

farming system where people with the materials and tools needed to farm go to a landlord to grow crops on their land and pay them once the crops come in. Still poor, but they can pay back their debts at the end of the season.

Sharecropping

farming system where the farmer has nothing and has to rent out everything from the landlord. Can't pay back debt, get stuck in a cycle of being basically enslaved again.

Exodusters

former slaves who moved West to avoid South and the KKK; formed all-black communities; mainly in KS

Samuel Gompers

founded the American Federation of Labor; skilled cigar roller; against stirkes

Andrew Carnegie

immigrant who saves up enough money to found a steel company, thus monopolizing the steel industry with vertical integration

Convict Lease System

imprisoned blacks (typically on minor offenses) were hired out to private companies to serve their time of pay off their debt. Left black laborers impoverished and virtually enslaved

Carpetbaggers

northerners who moved to the south after the Civil War; smallest group in coalition

Reconstruction Act of 1867

outlines what the South has to do to re-enter Union; Ironclad oath, 5 military districts to rule over south

Vertical Integration

owning the business from any and all angles; cut out the middle man; spend less, lover prices, end competitors; monopoly

Pacific Railroad Act

passed in 1862, finished in 1867; 1st transcontinental railroad

Thomas Edison

patented the lightbulb, changed America's working and social life

Alexander Graham Bell

patented the telephone; real-time business decisions

Robber Barons

people who make money by taking from others; typically refers to big business owners

Depression of 1893

reduced wages, less workers, scaled back production

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

started in Pennsylvania but spanned 10 different states; laborers took control of switch places; eventually broken up by army; led by the Knights of Labor; had wages raised

Laissez Faire Capitalism

the economy works best if left to its own devices; hands -off capitalism

Tenements

thrown-together housing for the working class in urban places; no windows, no privacy, no electricity nor heat; covered in soot; no individual bathrooms; tons of disease and death

American Federation of Labor

white skilled laborers who asked for small negotiations, against strikes

Scalawags

white southerners who decide to work with republicans