Histology 111 -Nervous system

Which of the following is the most abundant neuroglia cell? a. Astrocytes b. Ependymal cells c. Oligodendrocytes d. Microglia e. Schwann cells

a. Astrocytes

Which of the following is involved in the blood brain barrier? a. Astrocytes b. Ependymal cells c. Oligodendrocytes d. Microglia e. Schwann cells

a. Astrocytes Neuroglia are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are all neuroglia.

Which of the following is the largest neuroglia cell? a. Astrocytes b. Ependymal cells c. Oligodendrocytes d. Microglia e. Schwann cells

a. Astrocytes Of the neuroglia cells, astrocytes are the most abundant and the largest. These are star shaped cells involved in the blood brain barrier.

Which meninx is made of a dense irregular connective tissue? a. Dura mater b. Arachnoid c. Pia mater d. Both a and b e. All of the above

a. Dura mater The meninges cover the brain and spinal cord. There are three: dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater. The dura mater is the outer meninx. The dura mater is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. The arachnoid is made of a delicate spider web like connective tissue. The pia mater is the innermost meninx. It covers the brain intimately.

What is a collection of cell bodies outside the CNS called? a. Ganglion b. Perikaryon c. Astrocyte d. Nissl e. Terminal bouton

a. Ganglion A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the central nervous system.

What is the connective tissue covering around the brain and spinal cord? a. Meninges b. Myelinated nerve fibers c. Cell bodies d. Nodes of Ranvier e. Neurofilaments

a. Meninges

Which of the following forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system? a. Schwann cells b. Basket cells c. Ganglion d. Neuroglia e. Satellite cells

a. Schwann cells Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

What is a group of fibers traveling together? a. Tracts b. Islets c. Soma d. Cortex e. Nuclei

a. Tracts A group of fibers traveling together to a destination is a tract. Islets of Langerhans are seen in the pancreas. Soma is another term for a neuron cell body. The outer part of the brain is gray matter called the cortex. The conglomerations of gray matter deep within the cerebrum and cerebellum are called nuclei.

Which meninx is made of a delicate web like connective tissue? a. Dura mater b. Arachnoid c. Pia mater d. Both a and b e. All of the above

b. Arachnoid The arachnoid is made of a delicate spider web like connective tissue.

Which of the following is found in the cerebellum? a. Schwann cells b. Basket cells c. Ganglion d. Neuroglia e. Satellite cells

b. Basket cells

What is the innervation of an eccrine sweat gland? a. Cholinergic; parasympathetic b. Cholinergic; sympathetic c. Adrenergic; parasympathetic d. Adrenergic; sympathetic e. Cholinergic; motor

b. Cholinergic; sympathetic Eccrine sweat glands are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. The neurotransmitter for the eccrine sweat glands is acetylcholine. Thus it is cholinergic. Note from Sarah Bellham: For most postganglionic sympathetic neurons, the neurotransmitter is norepinephrine. Eccrine sweat glands are an exception to this generalization, as the innervation for eccrine sweat glands is cholinergic sympathetic.

What is the dura mater composed of? a. Loose irregular connective tissue b. Dense irregular connective tissue c. Dense regular connective tissue d. Simple squamous epithelium e. Nervous tissue

b. Dense irregular connective tissue The meninges cover the brain and spinal cord. The dura mater is the outer meninx. The dura mater is composed of dense irregular connective tissue.

Which of the following lines the ventricles? a. Astrocytes b. Ependymal cells c. Oligodendrocytes d. Microglia e. Schwann cells

b. Ependymal cells Ependymal cells line the ventricles and spinal canal.

What is white matter? a. Meninges b. Myelinated nerve fibers c. Cell bodies d. Nodes of Ranvier e. Neurofilaments

b. Myelinated nerve fibers

What is the cell body of a neuron called? a. Ganglion b. Perikaryon c. Astrocyte d. Nissl e. Terminal bouton

b. Perikaryon The cell body of a neuron is called a perikaryon or soma.

What surrounds a bundle of nerve fibers? a. Neurium b. Perineurium c. Epineurium d. Endoneurium e. None of the above

b. Perineurium The endoneurium surrounds a nerve fiber. The perineurium surrounds a bundle of nerve fibers. The epineurium surrounds a nerve.

What is the cell body of a neuron called? a. Ganglion b. Soma c. Astrocyte d. Nissl e. Terminal bouton

b. Soma The cell body of a neuron is called a perikaryon or soma.

How many neurons are in the body of man? a. 10,000 (10 to the 4th) b. 10,000,000 (10 to the 7th) c. 10,000,000,000 (10 to the 10th) d. 10,000,000,000,000 (10 to the 13th) e. 10,000,000,000,000,000 (10 to the 16th

c. 10,000,000,000 (10 to the 10th) There are 10,000,000,000 (10 to the 10th) to 100,000,000,000 (10 to the 11th) neurons.

Which of the following is supporting cell of the central nervous system? a. Ganglion b. Perikaryon c. Astrocyte d. Nissl e. Terminal bouton

c. Astrocyte An astrocyte is a supporting cell seen in the central nervous system

What are neurons in the retina? a. Unipolar b. Pseudounipolar c. Bipolar d. Multipolar e. Both a and b

c. Bipolar A bipolar neuron has two process that branch from it: an axon and a dendrite. Bipolar neurons are not very common and are found in some of the organs for special senses. Bipolar neurons are found in the retina, inner ear, and the region of the nose involved with smell.

Which of the following is an element of the central nervous system? a. Receptors b. Brachial plexus c. Brain d. Ganglia e. Sciatic nerve

c. Brain

The colloquialism "gray matter" refers to somebody using his intellect or reasoning ability. In reality, what is gray matter? a. Meninges b. Myelinated nerve fibers c. Cell bodies d. Nodes of Ranvier e. Neurofilaments

c. Cell bodies Gray matter is essentially neuron cell bodies.

What surrounds a nerve? a. Neurium b. Perineurium c. Epineurium d. Endoneurium e. None of the above

c. Epineurium The endoneurium surrounds a nerve fiber. The perineurium surrounds a bundle of nerve fibers. The epineurium surrounds a nerve.

What is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the central nervous system called? a. Schwann cells b. Basket cells c. Ganglion d. Neuroglia e. Satellite cells

c. Ganglion

What is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the central nervous system called? a. Schwann cells b. Basket cells c. Ganglion d. Neuroglia e. Satellite cells

c. Ganglion A ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS. Neuroglia are the supporting cells in the central nervous system Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia.

Which type of neuron is also called an internuncial neuron? a. Sensory neurons b. Motor neurons c. Interneurons d. Both a and b e. All of the above

c. Interneurons

Which type of neuron is most abundant? a. Sensory neurons b. Motor neurons c. Interneurons d. Both a and b e. All of the above

c. Interneurons The vast majority of neurons are interneurons.

Which of the following forms myelin in the central nervous system? a. Astrocytes b. Ependymal cells c. Oligodendrocytes d. Microglia e. Schwann cells

c. Oligodendrocytes Oligodendrocytes form myelin in the central nervous system. Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages. Schwann cells are seen in the peripheral nervous system and are not considered neuroglia. Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system

Which meninx covers the brain intimately? a. Dura mater b. Arachnoid c. Pia mater d. Both a and b e. All of the above

c. Pia mater The pia mater is the innermost meninx. It covers the brain intimately.

What is another term for the cell body of a neuron? a. Tracts b. Islets c. Soma d. Cortex e. Nuclei

c. Soma A group of fibers traveling together to a destination is a tract. Soma is another term for a neuron cell body.

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid? a. Between the dura mater and bone b. Subdural space c. Subarachnoid space d. Between the pia mater and brain e. None of the above

c. Subarachnoid space The cerebrospinal fluid is found in the subarachnoid space. The subarachnoid space is the space between the arachnoid and the pia mater.

What is the innervation of an apocrine sweat gland? a. Cholinergic; parasympathetic b. Cholinergic; sympathetic c. Adrenergic; parasympathetic d. Adrenergic; sympathetic e. Cholinergic; motor

d. Adrenergic; sympathetic Apocrine sweat glands are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. The neurotransmitter for the apocrine sweat glands is norepinephrine. Thus it is adrenergic.

Which type of neuron is multipolar? a. Motor neurons b. Interneurons c. Sensory neurons d. Both a and b e. All of the above

d. Both a and b Both motor neurons and interneurons are multipolar.

What is the outer gray matter of the brain called? a. Tracts b. Islets c. Soma d. Cortex e. Nuclei

d. Cortex

What is the covering of a nerve fiber? a. Neurium b. Perineurium c. Epineurium d. Endoneurium e. None of the above

d. Endoneurium The endoneurium surrounds a nerve fiber. The perineurium surrounds a bundle of nerve fibers. The epineurium surrounds a nerve.

All of the following are properties of neurons, except: a. High metabolic rate b. Longevity c. Specialized for conduction d. High mitotic rate e. Limited ability for oxygen deprivation

d. High mitotic rate Neurons do not divide; therefore they do not have a high mitotic rate. Neurons have a high metabolic rate. They are unable to survive long without oxygen. They have an extremely long longevity, lasting a lifetime. Neurons are specialize for conduction. They send signals via a nervous impulse.

What is the primary component of myelin? a. Amino acids b. Protein c. Carbohydrate d. Lipid e. Both b and c

d. Lipid The primary component of myelin is lipid. It is formed by the cell wrapping itself around the axon. Thus, it is primarily the plasma membrane of either the Schwann cells or the oligodendrocytes.

Which of the following is the CNS macrophage? a. Astrocytes b. Ependymal cells c. Oligodendrocytes d. Microglia e. Schwann cells

d. Microglia

What are interneurons? a. Unipolar b. Pseudounipolar c. Bipolar d. Multipolar e. Both a and b

d. Multipolar

What are motor neurons? a. Unipolar b. Pseudounipolar c. Bipolar d. Multipolar e. Both a and b

d. Multipolar

What are most neurons in the body? a. Unipolar b. Pseudounipolar c. Bipolar d. Multipolar e. Both a and b

d. Multipolar Most neurons in the body (over 99%) are multipolar.

What are the supporting cells in the central nervous system called? a. Schwann cells b. Basket cells c. Ganglion d. Neuroglia e. Satellite cells

d. Neuroglia A ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS. Neuroglia are the supporting cells in the central nervous system Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia.

What are the basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum seen in neurons called? a. Ganglion b. Perikaryon c. Astrocyte d. Nissl e. Terminal bouton

d. Nissl The basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic seen in neuron cell bodies is called Nissl, Nissl bodies or Nissl substance.

What are the gaps that occur within the myelin sheath? a. Meninges b. Myelinated nerve fibers c. Cell bodies d. Nodes of Ranvier e. Neurofilaments

d. Nodes of Ranvier Nodes of Ranvier are the gaps that occur in the myelin sheath.

What is tissue which surrounds a nerve fascicle? a. Perimysium b. Periosteum c. Perichondrium d. Perineurium e. Endosteum

d. Perineurium The perimysium is the connective tissue sheath around fascicles of muscle. The periosteum is the connective tissue covering of a bone. The perichondrium is the connective tissue which surrounds cartilage. The perineurium is the covering of nerve fascicles. The endosteum is the lining of the inner bone (the side which abuts the medullary cavity).

What percentage of neurons are interneurons? a. 0.1% b. 1% c. 20% d. 80% e. 99.9%

e. 99.9% Interneurons are the neurons between the sensory and motor neurons. 99.9% of all neurons are interneurons.

Which of the following is an element of the peripheral nervous system? a. Receptors b. Brachial plexus c. Ganglia d. Sciatic nerve e. All of the above

e. All of the above The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. All other nervous system elements are considered to be in the peripheral nervous system. Thus the peripheral nervous system includes receptors, the brachial plexus, the sciatic nerve, and ganglia.

Which of the following are considered to be part of the meninges? a. Dura mater b. Arachnoid c. Pia mater d. Both a and c e. All of the above

e. All of the above The meninges cover the brain and spinal cord. There are three: dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater. The dura mater is the outer meninx. The dura mater is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. The arachnoid is made of a delicate spider web like connective tissue. The pia mater is the innermost meninx. It covers the brain intimately.

What are sensory neurons? a. Unipolar b. Pseudounipolar c. Bipolar d. Multipolar e. Both a and b

e. Both a and b Sensory neurons are unipolar. Unipolar neurons are sometimes also called pseudounipolar.

Where is the ependyma found? a. Lining ventricles b. Lining spinal canal c. Covering the brain d. Covering the spinal cord e. Both a and b

e. Both a and b The ependyma lines the ventricles and spinal canal.

Where is gray matter? a. Outer surface of the cerebrum and cerebellum b. Outer surface of the spinal cord c. Inner portion of the spinal cord d. Both a and b e. Both a and c

e. Both a and c The outer part of the cerebrum and cerebellum is gray matter. It is called the cortex. Underneath the cortex, is white matter. Gray matter is also found in conglomerations within the cerebrum and cerebellum where it is called nuclei. Gray matter is found in the central portion of the spinal cord in a butterfly shape. White matter is on the outer portion of the spinal cord.

Where is white matter? a. Outer surface of the cerebrum and cerebellum b. Outer surface of the spinal cord c. Inner portion of the brain d. Both a and b e. Both b and c

e. Both b and c

Which cell is a macrophage found in the central nervous system? a. Kupffer cells b. Histiocyte c. Dust cell d. Langerhans cell e. Microglia

e. Microglia Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages.

What provides tensile strength to a neuron? a. Meninges b. Myelinated nerve fibers c. Cell bodies d. Nodes of Ranvier e. Neurofilaments

e. Neurofilaments Neurofilaments are a type of intermediate filaments seen in neurons which provide rigidity and tensile strength.

What are the conglomerations of gray matter deep within the cerebrum and cerebellum called? a. Tracts b. Islets c. Soma d. Cortex e. Nuclei

e. Nuclei The conglomerations of gray matter deep within the cerebrum and cerebellum are called nuclei.

Which of the following is a supporting cell found in the ganglia? a. Schwann cells b. Basket cells c. Ganglion d. Neuroglia e. Satellite cells

e. Satellite cells Satellite cells are found in the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system.

Which of the following is NOT considered neuroglia? a. Astrocytes b. Ependymal cells c. Oligodendrocytes d. Microglia e. Schwann cells

e. Schwann cells

Which of the following is found in the peripheral nervous system? a. Astrocytes b. Ependymal cells c. Oligodendrocytes d. Microglia e. Schwann cells

e. Schwann cells

Which of the following is an element of the central nervous system? a. Receptors b. Brachial plexus c. Sciatic nerve d. Ganglia e. Spinal cord

e. Spinal cord

What is the end of an axon called? a. Ganglion b. Perikaryon c. Astrocyte d. Nissl e. Terminal bouton

e. Terminal bouton The terminal bouton is the end portion of an axon. It is also called an axon terminal or end bulb. The terminal bouton will be associated with another neuron in a synapse.