Histort Exam #1 terms
Civil Service Reform
(CAA) , Congress took action in the late 19th century to protect ethical politicians and create standards for political service; including, a civil service test for those seeking a job in government. Republican party, Mugwumps supported this
US policies - Native Americans
-fundamental differences -manifest destiny *Indian policies -removal -reservation -allotment
sharecropping
-which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. -a tenant farmer who gives a part of each crop as rest -have nothing/furnished w food, clothes was preferred by African-Americans to gang labor, because they were less subject to supervision
The Chinese Exclusion Act
1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers
The American Federation of Labor
1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.
populist platform
8 hour work day, graduated income tax, RRs to return land not used to build RRs so farmers could get cheap under Homestead Act, silver, government ownership of RR/telephone/telegraph, farm warehouses, direct election of senators
Granger laws
A set of laws set in midwest states, designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers, covering issues like freight rates and railroad rebates.
Spoils system
A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.
Exodusters
African Americans who migrated from the South to the West after the Civil War
Platt Amendment
Allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay.
Vertical Integration
An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process.
settlement house movement
Creation of places that offered social services to urban poor - often food, shelter, and basic higher education - Hull House was most famous
Spanish-American War
In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence The war lasted only four months and resulted in fewer than 400 U.S. battle casualties the "splendid little war"
Coxey's Army
Jacob Coxey led a march of unemployed Ohioans from Cincinnati to Washington, DC, where leaders of the group urged Congress to pass public works legislation for the federal government to hire unemployed workers to build roads and other public projects.
Mukrakers
Journalists who specialized in uncovering corruption and scandal
The Knights of Labor
Led by Terence V. Powderly; open-membership policy extending to unskilled, semiskilled, women, African-Americans, immigrants; goal was to pull all types of workers in one union began as a secret fraternal organization
Crop Lien System
Merchants extended credit to tenants based on their future crops, but high interest rates and the uncertainties of farming often led to inescapable debts.
Cripple Creek Strike
Mine owners wanted to lengthen the workday from 8 to 10 hours. The Western Federation of Miners (WFM) threatened to strike all mines working more than 8 hours. With the support of local businessman and Governor Waite, the WFM won. (1894) atypical (unusual) because it was successful
Social Gospel
Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization
Railroad Strike of 1877
Railroad workers throughout the U.S. went on strike to protest the lowering of their salaries; when more than a hundred people died during violence related to the strike, Hayes used federal troops to suppress the uprisings.
Plessy v. Ferguson
Separate but equal argued that segregated facilities did not discriminate
The money debate
Silverites argued that using gold alone for currency hindered economic growth
Redeemers
Southern Democrats who seized political control of the South after the end of Reconstruction they were merchants, planters, and business entrepreneurs
Homestead Strike
Strike at Andrew Carnegie's steel plant in which Pinkerton detectives clashed with steel workers
Anthracite Coal Strike
The Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 was one of America's largest industrial strikes and threatened a national coal shortage. The unions were willing to negotiate but the coal miners refused to participate in the conciliation process until President Roosevelt intervened. The Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 resulted in a victory for the hard-coal miners with a 10% increase in wages and an hours reduction in their working day.
Social Darwinism
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. survival of the fittest
Manifest Destiny
The belief that the US had a "God-given" right (and responsibility) to aggressively spread the values of white civilization and expand the nation from ocean to ocean
Progressivism
The willingness to use the government to achieve these ends marked a definitive break with the anti-regulatory attitude of the Gilded Age belief that government or people acting on its behalf can be used to address social problems, inequalities, or inequities facing the nation.
populist
U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies
Annexation of Hawaii
U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898 sugar ultimately led the United States in part to annex the Hawaiian islands
Dollar Diplomacy
William Taft- U.S. foreign policy that emphasized economic investment and loans from American banks, rather than direct military intervention
Laissez-faire
a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.
Tammany Hall
a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism political machine
The Philippine War
an armed conflict between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries. The conflict arose from the struggle of the first Philippine Republic to gain independence following annexation by the United States. lasted from 1899 to 1903, in which 4,200 Americans and over 100,000 Filipinos perished longer and bloodier than spanish american war
"Range Wars"
between large cattle ranchers opposed by small holders and farmers disputes over water rights or grazing rights and cattle ownership
Subtreasury Plan
ensure equitable international exchange
"Open Door" policy
established by Secretary of State John Hay regarding China to ensure that all countries be allowed to trade freely with China and other countries
The election of 1876
fraud in florida, lousiana, south carolina
Horizontal integration
holding company, absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level
Pullman Strike
in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing
Compromise of 1877
informal agreement between southern Democrats and allies of the Republican Rutherford Hayes to settle the result of the 1876 presidential election and marked the end of the Reconstruction era. -ends slavery and Hayes becomes president 1877
Settlement houses
neighborhood centers in poor areas that offered education, recreation, and social activities
Disfranchisement from black men(in the South)
poll taxes and literacy tests -cant vote until you pay property taxes
New South Ideology
promoted southern industry and economic development -forest products-yellow pine -dangerous low paying jobs -company stores -metals and minerals- iron, coal, tobacco, -mechanization
comstock load
silver rush in Nevada that causes thousands to move and settle there
Populism
the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite, appealing to ordinary people
the gospel of wealth
the rich had great responsibility in society
Free Silver
the unlimited production of silver coins
what typically triggered the lynch violence of southern white mobs?
the victim's alleged sexual conduct
silverites
thought gold hindered economic growth
What did Booker T. Washington's Tuskegee Institute emphasize?
vocational job education
Ghost Dance
was a spiritual revival among Plains Indians